Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night.
The wood outside the road is long and narrow, and the evening dew is stained with clothes.
It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
Appreciation 1: Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden has five songs, and this is the third one. On the surface, this poem is about the joy of pastoral work and the idea of seclusion in the mountains; But comparing this poem with other poems, the author's "wish" actually has its special connotation.
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. These two sentences are about planting beans in Nanshan, with lush grass but sparse bean seedlings. The first sentence is very plain, just like an old farmer standing there talking, which makes people feel very cordial. Although the author is interested in the countryside, the first time he came back, the labor effect was not ideal, the crops were not growing well, and the bean seedlings were not as good as grass. On the one hand, it is difficult to eradicate because the land is barren, overgrown with weeds and sparsely populated; On the other hand, it also shows that he is not good at labor. It is reasonable and inevitable that a feudal scholar-bureaucrat, a county grandfather who has just left the official position, has neither farming experience nor farming ability, and can't grow crops well. He is not satisfied with the situation that "grass is full of beans and seedlings are scarce", but he does not exaggerate, which is in line with his consistent "Ren Zhen complacent" character. Xiao Tong said that he was straightforward and didn't lie. He once shared a drink with others, regardless of the cost. If he gets drunk first, he says to the guest, "I'm drunk and sleepy, so go!" " The poet is very liberal.
Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. In order not to make the bean field barren, the poet went to the fields early in the morning and came back in the moonlight at night. Although it was hard, he didn't complain, which can be seen from the beautiful scenery of "the moon and the lotus returning home". Chen Xing was written early; "With the Moon" was written very late, and we can see him working at sunrise, working hard every day. "Managing waste and filth" describes the difficulty of reclamation after he returned to the farm. Although the working hours are very long every day, and the body is very tired from sunrise to sunset, the poet has no complaints, but writes about his lightness after work in a leisurely style of "picking the moon lotus and hoeing home". Tao poetry is plain and interesting. The interest of Tao poetry comes from freehand brushwork. "Go home with the moon hoe", the poet who returned from work is alone, but accompanied by the bright moon. The poet under the moon walked through waist-deep grass with a hoe on his shoulder. Returning to the countryside on a moonlit night, what a beautiful picture! It is full of the poet's happy mood and seclusion pride. We seem to see the poet strolling home with a hoe on his back and humming a poem after coming out of the mountain in the middle of the month. At this time, man, the moon and the natural environment constitute a harmonious and unified whole, and the poet's spiritual comfort is purified into a noble natural beauty, spiritual beauty and poetic beauty through artistic brushwork, and a beautiful and quiet artistic conception and leisurely image emerge. The sentence "take the moon" can be said to be a stroke of genius. It turns hard work into joy, turns drowsiness into relaxation, and has a little dyeing effect. . The plain language of "planting beans in Nanshan" and the beautiful sentence of "bringing lotus home in the moon"; The first sentence is real, and the last sentence is empty. The whole poem is soft and perfect with the mutual complement of simplicity and reality.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will. The road is narrow and the grass is long, but the clothes are wet. What's the pity? These two sentences are further written that the countryside is barren and difficult to return to farming. The above six sentences describe farming life, which is true and simple, just like in the eyes. The sentence "clothes are not enough" seems dull, but this dullness just reflects the ending sentence "but I will not violate my wishes", which makes "I will not violate my wishes" fully emphasized. The "wish" here contains the meaning of not losing yourself in the dirty real world. It not only has the Confucian thought of leading an honest and clean life, but also has the Taoist thought of returning to nature and conforming to nature, and the two are often integrated. The language of this poem is very plain and natural. "Planting beans in Shannan" and "Dew on my clothes" are all random, without any modification. This natural and simple poem is integrated into the artistic conception of the whole poem, which turns spoken language into poetry, harmoniously unifies simple spoken language and poetic mellow beauty, and forms the artistic characteristics of Shi Tao's simple and mellow beauty.
This five-character poem mainly uses the method of "Fu" to express thoughts and feelings through narration. There is no description of scenery, no contrast of atmosphere, and no use of metaphor. Almost all of them were described, and finally only a little discussion was made to point out its main idea. The whole poem tells the truth and comes from the heart, so "Houshan Poetry Talk" says: "Yuan Ming is not a poem, but a wonderful thing in the chest." "Poems on Tibetan Sea" said: "Narrating Tao poems,' dry outside and fat inside, rich in quality', is meaningful." Cui Yuan Kondo, a Japanese scholar, said that this poem is "the essence of gold and jade in the Five Ancient Dynasties". Tao's poems have been praised by Chinese and foreign poetry critics, showing his artistic power to conquer people's hearts.
Appreciation 2: Plain writing and poetic cultivation
-Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden (Part III) The Joy of Life
Tao Yuanming created a large number of pastoral poems and created the school of pastoral poems. Compared with many pastoral poets in the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming's greatest feature is that he personally participated in agricultural farming, and truly expressed his joys and sorrows in his poems. There are six poems about his self-reported participation in farming, and some other poems also involve farming, but they are not dedicated to this matter. Among them, this song "Returning to the Garden" (the third song) and another song "Geng Xuxi Harvest Early Rice in September" are the most famous.
At first glance, this poem is plain and almost invisible, but it is appreciated and widely read. Why? Mainly, Tao Yuanming's perspective is a poet's perspective, not an ordinary farmer's perspective. What he expresses is the feeling that only poets can produce through farming, which is different from the feeling that a farmer sings by himself. His seemingly plain language contains the charm of Park Hou-you-yuan's poems, and he writes a quiet and rich spiritual world in his ordinary narration. How did he do it? We might as well start with his attitude towards farming.
The first two sentences of the poem say: "When planting beans in Nanshan, the grass is full of beans and the seedlings are sparse." The opening is very natural and simple. The poet planted some beans at the foot of Nanshan. In the bean field, the grass is lush, but the bean seedlings are sparse. What is the poet's attitude towards this situation? The attitude of the out-and-out farmer is likely to be anxiety or simply give up, but the poet is willing to accept it. The bean field is so barren that he has to take care of it carefully. "In the morning, I will dispose of the garbage and take the lotus home." Get up early in the morning to weed, and don't go back with a hoe until the moon appears in the sky. For this sparse bean, the poet had to walk on a narrow path covered with vegetation and let the dew at night wet his clothes. After reading this, I can't help wondering, is it worth it? The poet finally revealed the meaning of growing beans. It turns out that whether beans are rich or not is not his special concern. It is a piece of cake that his clothes are wet. What he cares about is another important thing in his life, that is, "but not against his will", as long as it is not against his will. What exactly is his will? This poem does not say that we can see it from the poet's other poems.
"Two Poems on Tian She's Guimao Spring" (the second part) says: "Although you haven't measured your years of service, you have much fun." "Long song guy Chai Men, said the dragon shepherd." Although how much land was planted and how much was harvested this year, the poet never considered it; However, most of the things he encountered in farming made him feel very comfortable. So, he kept chanting, leaving Chai Men alone, and willing to be a common people working in Longmu. Following the same idea, the poet doesn't care about the number of beans. The key is that he can get pleasure from farming and think it's good to be a farmer. The poem "Westfield Harvesting Early Rice" also said: "I hope it will be like this forever, and I am not sorry for my hard work." It can be seen that the poet's wish is to live in the countryside and live a self-reliant farming life. Getting up early and returning to farm late is also considered a chore by poets. The reason why he doesn't talk about bitterness is because he is afraid of disappointing his mind. Moreover, although farming is tiring and full of energy, people can get peace of mind without special worries from the outside world. He said: "If you don't talk about the hardships of spring, you will always be afraid of getting pregnant." ("Bing Chen won the prize in Tian She, Xiaxun in mid-August") "The family is not bitter, and it is hard to blame. Four-body sincerity is no different from suffering. " In the poem "Returning to the Garden" (3), the poet not only talks about the hardships of spring, but also writes about the faint joy he got from planting beans.
There are two other examples of literati and scholars' cultivation that can be compared with Tao Yuanming, from which we can see Tao's personality characteristics. Yang Yun, the grandson of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty, once wrote poems and talked about growing beans. The first two sentences of Tao's poems may be inspired by Yang, or they may not be influenced by Yang at all. They said the same thing, but it was a coincidence. No matter what the real situation is, we can see that their attitudes towards growing beans are quite different. According to Han Yang Yunzhuan, after Yang Yun was abolished as Shu Ren, he "managed his business at home, started a business and entertained himself with money." He lives a life of entertaining himself with money, and it seems more likely that he will not take part in farming himself. But in To Sun Shu, he said, "Take care of your wife and try to cultivate mulberry trees. Irrigate the garden to manage production, so as to give it to the public. " I don't know what is right. As soon as Yang Ziyun's ears became hot after drinking, he sang loudly to the sky, calling his poem: "The field in the south of the mountain is treated by filth." Plant a hectare of beans and they will be preserved. Eat, drink and have money! "He also planted beans in Nanshan, but he left them to their own devices, and there was no improvement. Because he believes that life should be carpe diem, and he doesn't know when he can get rich. From this point of view, even if Yang Yun does farm by himself, it is only used to vent his grief and sinking feelings, which is completely different from Tao Yuanming's attitude of simply farming for food and getting spiritual pleasure from farming.
Tao's poems talk about "treating waste pollution", which reminds people of another great poet, Qu Yuan. From Qu Yuan's poems, we can't see the matter of planting beans, but he has a description of planting beans. "Li Sao" said: "I am not only nine flowers of orchids, but also a hundred acres of trees. Stay abroad, expose the car, Du Heng and local chronicles are mixed. The branches and leaves in Hebei are so lush, I hope I will mow the grass then. Even if it withers, it will hurt and mourn the filth of the public. " Qu Yuan planted 100 mu of herbs from the cloud, and placed high hopes on these herbs, hoping that they would flourish. If the vanilla withers and is cut off, he will not be sad for it, but the vanilla becomes messy and polluted, which changes the fragrance and noble quality of nature and makes the poet lament. Qu Yuan may have really planted herbs, but the poem did not focus on planting grass and flowers, but to a great extent gave it symbolic significance, meaning that the poet once trained and educated some disciples, but they followed the political reactionaries and lost their original chastity and integrity, which made the poet deeply sad. Compared with Yang Yun and Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming was neither indifferent to the beans in Nanshan like Yang Yun, nor entrusted them with an important task like Qu Yuan. He has an objective and calm attitude towards farming. No matter whether bean sprouts are flourishing or not, he tries his best to weed. His purpose of rectifying waste is not to get a bumper harvest. It's natural for him to plant bean sprouts with a peaceful mind. He found pleasure in such trivial things as planting beans and weeding, realized himself and got peace of mind. The seemingly dull sentences were full of mellow poetry.
This poem also has outstanding artistic expression. Compared with other works of the poet, we can know a thing or two. For example, it is also for sunrise. Love grows over time, and the saying "early rice in the west field" is: "Be diligent in the morning and negative during the day." This poem says, "In the morning, I am busy with all the rubbish and filth. I want to take the lotus home." The direction of the action mentioned in "Treating Waste Pollution" is much more specific than "Diligence", and the sentence "Moon Lotus Returning to Hometown" not only has an image, but also writes a beautiful and warm artistic conception, with pictures in the poem, which is real and vivid. With this epigram, the whole poem shines brightly. Poets go home with the moon, not according to it. Such wording highlights the subjectivity of people and reveals the charm of the characters and their love for the surrounding scenery, although this joy is so weak that people can hardly perceive it. Rich images and good sentence patterns are also one of the reasons why this poem is popular. The language of poetry is plain and simple, with Han and Wei styles, which is proved by not avoiding repetition. Words such as beans, grass and dirty clothes appear repeatedly in a short poem of 40 words, and the author does not choose other words to replace them, which is rare in modern poetry. However, the repetition of these words does not give people a sense of redundancy, but makes people feel cordial and simple, as if the poem was originally in the author's chest and flowed out by itself. He speaks casually, but he has far-reaching talk that others can't reach. It's really admirable.
As far as structure is concerned, the constant turning point is the characteristic of this poem. Without planting bean sprouts, the poet still got up early to punish with relish. Speaking of reunification, there seems to be nothing to say. The poet turned to say that grass grows on the ground and clothes get wet at night. If you get wet, you should complain. He also said that this is not enough, as long as it doesn't go against your will. In this constant turning point, the poet completed his own spiritual landscape painting. Although there are many twists and turns, it is effortless and there is no trace of deliberate action. If it weren't for the calm temperament and the profound skill of language, it would be impossible to reach this state.
Appreciation 3:
"Nanshan plants beans, and the grass is full of bean seedlings." The first one is about Sang Ma, and the first one is about growing beans, which is orderly in the poem. Although the author is interested in the countryside, the first time he came back, the labor effect was not ideal, the crops were not growing well, and the bean seedlings were not as good as grass. On the one hand, it is difficult to eradicate because the land is barren, overgrown with weeds and sparsely populated; On the other hand, it also shows that he is not good at labor. It is reasonable and inevitable that a feudal scholar-bureaucrat, a county grandfather who has just left the official position, has neither farming experience nor farming ability, and can't grow crops well. He is not satisfied with the situation that "grass is full of beans and seedlings are scarce", but he does not exaggerate, which is in line with his consistent "Ren Zhen complacent" character. Xiao Tong said that he was straightforward and didn't lie. He once shared a drink with others, regardless of the cost. If he gets drunk first, he says to the guest, "I'm drunk and sleepy, so go!" " The poet is so enlightened. Although the growth of bean sprouts is sluggish, he has paid a lot of hard work: "In the morning, he will make good use of the waste and take the lotus home." Chen Xing was written early; "With the Moon" was written very late, and we can see him working at sunrise, working hard every day. "Managing waste and filth" describes the difficulty of reclamation after he returned to the farm. Although he worked long hours every day and was very tired from sunrise to sunset, the poet did not complain, but wrote down his lightness after work in a leisurely style of "picking the moon lotus and hoeing home". We seem to see the poet strolling home with a hoe on his back and humming a poem after coming out of the mountain in the middle of the month. At this time, man, the moon and the natural environment constitute a harmonious and unified whole, and the poet's spiritual comfort is purified into a noble natural beauty, spiritual beauty and poetic beauty through artistic brushwork, and a beautiful and quiet artistic conception and leisurely image emerge. The sentence "take the moon" can be said to be a stroke of genius. It turns hard work into joy, turns drowsiness into relaxation, and has a little dyeing effect.
"The road is narrow and the grass is long, and the evening dew is stained with clothes." Road refers to the path on the way home from Nanshan. It is remote and desolate, with vegetation, and it is difficult to walk. These two sentences are further written that the countryside is barren and difficult to return to farming. The above six sentences describe farming life, which is true and simple, just like in the eyes. Finally, the author expressed his feelings: "I don't care enough about clothes, but I don't go against my wishes." It is unpleasant to be exposed to clothes in the evening, but the poet said that "it is not enough to cherish" as long as it does not violate "wishes". What is his "wish"? It not only has the Confucian thought of keeping an honest and clean life, but also has the Taoist thought of returning to simplicity and conforming to nature, and the two are often integrated. Therefore, he regards labor as a means of "establishing goodness", a spiritual sustenance, a reliance on life and an ideal destination. As long as he keeps his honor, he works hard and complains. The last two sentences make the work enter a high-level thought and have a deep lasting appeal and endurance. This five-character poem mainly uses the method of "Fu" to express thoughts and feelings through narration. There is no description of scenery, no contrast of atmosphere, and no use of metaphor. Almost all of them were described, and finally only a little discussion was made to point out its main idea. The whole poem tells the truth and comes from the heart, so "Houshan Poetry Talk" says: "Yuan Ming is not a poem, but a wonderful thing in the chest." "Poems on Tibetan Sea" said: "Narrating Tao poems,' dry outside and fat inside, rich in quality', is meaningful." Cui Yuan Kondo, a Japanese scholar, said that this poem is "the essence of gold and jade in the Five Ancient Dynasties". Tao's poems have been praised by Chinese and foreign poetry critics, showing his artistic power to conquer people's hearts.