1. Structural particle. It is equivalent to the "de" in modern Chinese, and it is placed between the attribute and the head language as a symbol of the attribute. Sometimes you can translate, but you can't. Its format is: attribute+ambition+prefix. For example:
(1) so when there are things outside the interests. (Shen Fu's Interesting Childhood)-So I often have fun outside the object of observation itself.
(2) in the northeast corner of the hall. (Lin Sihuan's ventriloquism)-In the northeast corner of the living room.
(3) Terrestrial flowers and aquatic vegetation. (Zhou Dunyi's Jin Ming in the Humble Room)-All kinds of flowers on water and land.
(4) the love of looking at things, without exception? (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
-How can they feel differently when they watch the natural scenery?
2. Used between the subject and the predicate, it cancels the independence of the sentence and turns the original subject-predicate sentence into a sentence component or a compound sentence component. Its format is: subject+only+predicate. There is no need to translate. For example:
Although I am dead, I have a son. (Liezi Yugong Yishan)-Even if I die, I still have a son.
(2) Silk and bamboo have no disorderly spikes. (Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription)-There is no noisy music disturbing the eardrum here.
(3) The bones are exhausted, and the two wolves are the same. (Pu Songling's Wolf)
-the bones have been lost, but the two wolves are still chasing together as before.
3. Used after intransitive verbs, adjectives or adverbs of time to coordinate syllables and ease emotions. There is no need to translate. For example:
(1) The public will drum it up. (Zuo Qiuming's Debate on Cao Gui)-Duke Zhuang of Lu is going to attack with drums.
(2) if no longer I fu misfortune also (Liu Zongyuan "snake catcher said")
-it is better to restore my misfortune of paying rent!
(3) After a long time, my eyes seem awkward and my meaning is very leisurely. (Pu Songling's Wolf)
-After a long time, the wolf's eyes seemed to be closed, and it looked very leisurely.
4. Preposition object sign. It usually appears in interrogative sentences. When interrogative pronouns are used as objects, they are placed before verb predicates. Its format is: object+zhi+predicate. For example:
(1) Confucius said, "Why not?" Confucius said, "What's so simple?"
(2) What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? (Mozi's "Public Loss")-What was the crime of Song State?
Note: Use the verb "you" and the object "ugly". With the help of "zhi", the object "ugly" is placed before the verb "you". This "zhi" is just a sign to mention guests, and it has no substantive significance. According to modern Chinese, "What's so ugly?" Is "what's wrong?" .
5. Attributive postposition. In order to emphasize the attribute, the attribute is often placed after the head language. For example:
A horse travels a thousand miles. (Ma Shuo by Han Yu)-A horse that travels thousands of miles a day sometimes eats a stone of grain at a meal.
Second, as a pronoun:
1. Personal pronouns are equivalent to "I", "them" and "them" in modern Chinese. For example:
(1) Will you be born of sadness? (Liu Zongyuan's "The Snake Catcher said")-Do you pity me and want me to live?
(2) Relatives (Mencius's "Tao helps more, Tao helps less")-relatives betrayed him.
(3) The other party is exhausted and full of strength. (Zuo Qiuming's Cao Gui Debate)
Their courage was exhausted, but our courage was flourishing, so we beat them.
(4) and several knife to death. (Wolf of Pu Songling)-Kill it (Wolf) with several knives.
⑤ The donkey is angry and its hoof is on it. (Liu Zongyuan's The Donkey in Guizhou)-The donkey couldn't help getting angry, so he kicked the tiger with his hoof.
At the beginning, too many doctors gathered together in despair. (Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher)
-at the beginning, the emperor's physician received it (snake) on the orders of the emperor.
2. Demonstrative pronouns are equivalent to this, this, that and that in modern Chinese. For example:
(1) tell the emperor. (Liezi Yugong Mountain)-Just report the move of the mountain to the Emperor of Heaven.
(2) You can't destroy the hill of the Sheikh's father at a time (Liezi's Yugong Yishan)-you can't dig up the hill like the Sheikh's father.
Yan Zi will let Chu State and King Chu smell it. (Yan Zi Chun Qiu)-Yan Zi will be sent to the State of Chu, and the King of Chu heard the news.
(4) Contact with turpentine, wax and paper ash. (Shen Kuo's Trapped Door)
-It's covered with confetti mixed with rosin and wax.
Third, as a verb, it is equivalent to "to", "to" and "to": for example:
(1) ploughing on the ridge. (Historical Records Chen She Family)-He stopped farming and went to rest on the ridge.
(2) Du Shaofu was appointed as Zhou Shu Du Shaofu's inauguration in Zhou Shu.
(3) and make wu times in plexus temple. ("Historical Records Chen She Family")
-Chen Sheng secretly ordered Guangwu to go to the temple in the jungle next to the station.