1。 The evolution of Chinese and western government functions is basically as follows: in the early days of the establishment of the state and government, the political ruling function was mainly strengthened, supplemented by its related economic functions; After the power of the state and government is stable, we should pay attention to economic functions and increase social public service functions in order to consolidate power and realize and safeguard the interests of the ruling class.
Generally speaking, the function of political rule is gradually weakening, and the functions of economic management and social services are gradually strengthening. This trajectory reflects the objective needs and laws of the development of human class society. As Marx thought, in the process of transition to capitalism, "political rule over people" will gradually change into "management of things and leadership of production process".
2。 At present, both China and the West are facing the same challenges in the development of government functions: globalization and informatization. Chinese and western governments learn from each other in some aspects, and the contents of government functions gradually converge.
For example, in the ways and means of exercising government economic functions, western governments rely on the role of planning and administrative intervention to stabilize the domestic economic crisis; China government gradually introduced market mechanism to realize economic take-off.
3。 In the process of the evolution of government functions, there has always been a debate about the value objectives: efficiency, democracy, freedom, equality, authority, fairness, public interest and justice, especially focusing on efficiency or fairness.
From historical practice, we can draw the conclusion that there is no single value goal, but they should form a pluralistic value goal system and be included in government policies.
4。 The transformation of government functions has the same characteristics in some concepts and practices. Conceptually, government functions should be marketized ④ and socialized ⑤. In practice, some similar measures have been taken by governments around the world to reform: streamlining institutions and personnel, and deregulating.
5。 On the road of the evolution of government functions, we should pay attention to legalization. In western countries, the contents, operation methods and procedures of government functions at all levels are generally determined by law, with special supervision and cannot be changed at will. The functions of China government are gradually moving towards the track of legalization.
6。 In the scope of government functions, it advocates limited government. Chinese and western governments have experienced the era of omnipotent government and welfare government respectively, and have experienced financial crisis, management crisis and development crisis, all of which realize that the government's ability is limited.
(2) Difference:
1。 The fundamental system of a country is different, and the nature of government functions is also different. Although the function of public service is constantly strengthened, the essence of western government functions is that the bourgeoisie rules the proletariat in capitalist countries and safeguards the interests of a few bourgeoisie.
China government is a proletarian government led by the Party * * *, and its fundamental purpose is to realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.
2。 Different economic development models and social and cultural backgrounds have different positioning of government functions. Xin Xiangyang once made an international comparison of government functions in "Red Wall Decision-making —— The Deep Reason of China's Government Institutional Reform", and thought that the functions of British and American governments were qualified "night watchman"; The function of Japanese government is an excellent "navigator".
The function of German government is the "guardian" of economy; The function of the French government is the "coordinator" of society; The function of East Asian governments is a fair "referee"; The function of South Asian government is the "controller" of society; The function of eastern European governments is the "propeller" of transformation; The function of Latin American government is the "scavenger" of economy.
The function of African governments is the "spokesperson" of tribes. After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China has realized the transformation from a planned economy to a market economy, and the national economy has developed steadily and rapidly.
However, the construction of spiritual civilization and political civilization is obviously lagging behind, and in addition to China's special national conditions (there are special administrative regions, special economic zones, ethnic autonomous regions and national comprehensive reform pilot zones), the positioning of government functions presents diversified characteristics.
3。 The foundation of social development is different, and the transformation of government functions is also different. Compared with western developed countries, the development of China's market economy is still very immature, and the relevant legal system norms are still very incomplete.
The development of non-profit organizations in China is still in the primary stage. The level of universal education for citizens is not high, and civil society has not yet formed. The evolution of China's government functions is characterized by a policy-system-market model, while the western government is characterized by a market-system-policy model.
Extended data:
Summary:
The related differences between Chinese and Western cultures, backgrounds, economic models and regions determine the differences between Chinese and Western government functions, and Chinese and Western government functions have their own evolution trajectories in the historical development process.
Although there are differences in government functions in western countries, economic functions have generally gone through the evolution process from laissez-faire to comprehensive intervention, to the implementation of neo-liberal policies, and then to the "third way". The political ruling function gradually weakened, while the social public management function showed a trend from comprehensive intervention to gradual socialization after the war.
In China, before and after the reform and opening up, the government experienced the transformation from political function to economic function. The economic function has developed from highly centralized and unified planned management to gradually enhancing the resource allocation function of the market, from direct management to indirect management, and the social function has gradually moved from nationalization of social affairs to socialization, but at the same time it has been continuously strengthened.
In a word, the differences between Chinese and western cultures, backgrounds, economic models and regions determine the differences of Chinese and western government functions, and Chinese and western government functions have their own evolution trajectories in the historical development process.
Although there are differences in government functions in western countries, economic functions have generally gone through the evolution process from laissez-faire to comprehensive intervention, to the implementation of neo-liberal policies, and then to the "third way". The political ruling function gradually weakened, while the social public management function showed a trend from comprehensive intervention to gradual socialization after the war.
In China, before and after the reform and opening up, the government experienced the transformation from political function to economic function. The economic function has developed from highly centralized and unified planned management to gradually enhancing the resource allocation function of the market, from direct management to indirect management, and the social function has gradually moved from nationalization of social affairs to socialization, but at the same time it has been continuously strengthened.
There are * * * things in the comparison, from which we can get some useful enlightenment.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Government Functions