(2)
Miao Yue's "On Poetry: On Song Poetry" said: "Tang poetry wins by rhyme, so it is elegant and elegant, but ethereal; Song poetry wins with meaning, so it is expensive and profound. The beauty of Tang poetry lies in its sentimental words, so it is rich; The beauty of Song poetry lies in its strength, so it is thin. " What he said is very appropriate. For example, Li Bai's "Dongting Lake":
Dongting looks at the Chu River in the west and there is no cloud in the south. In the sunset, Changsha is far in autumn, and I don't know where to hang the Xiang army.
It just writes what you saw in Dongting Lake in the west, and it is handy and effortless. It has no poetic eyes and no sentences to pick up. When you read it, you will find it a natural and good speech. This is winning by rhyme. Look at Huang Tingjian's "The Picture Clip of the Title Founder";
Hui Chong returned home in misty rain, sitting in my Xiaoxiang Dongting. I want to call the boat home, so my old friend said it was Dan Qing.
The first three sentences are about the scenery in the lake, moving scenery. When the poet can't help but want to buy a boat to travel, others will understand that this is not a real scene, but a painting. The first three sentences are foil, not pose, the purpose is to force out the last sentence. It can be seen that this poem is quite ingenious and profound. This is winning with intention.
Tang poetry not only emphasizes rhyme, but also mostly blends scenes or feelings into scenes. Such as Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall":
The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain. On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
It's purely a landscape, with no deep meaning. However, the poet's free and easy, readers can appreciate from his poems. This is the so-called "ignoring the road, not saying anything" in Yan Yu's Cang Lang Shi Hua, and its beauty lies in love words. When writing Lushan Mountain, Su Shi's "Title of Xilin Wall" is different:
Looking at Lushan Mountain from the front and side of peaks and valleys, from far, near, high and low places, Lushan Mountain presents various faces. I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there.
The first two sentences are about scenery, and the last two sentences are purely discussion. But it is precisely because of this discussion that readers can fully appreciate the twists and turns of Lushan Mountain. It can be said that I saw it in the virtual. Zhao Yi commented: "The masterpiece of Lushan Mountain is like a forest. If you do it again, it will be smelly and excellent. Pogong wants to fall from the sky and win by being a partial teacher. " In other words, this poem is deliberately different from its predecessors. Pass the first floor, don't make a mistake, and win by surprise. Compared with previous poems, it has profound implications and is good at strength, but the richness of love stories is obviously not as good as others.
The significance of Dongpo's poems goes beyond this, and we can also learn profound truth from it. This is also the characteristic of Song poetry-rich in reason and interest. Of course, Tang poetry also has rich theoretical interests, such as Wang Wei's reply to Zhang's agreement:
With the passage of time, please give me peace and get rid of all kinds of things. I think that there is no brilliant strategy to serve the country, only to retire to the mountains and forests. Wide wind, the wind in the shade, the moon shining on the right to play the piano. To know the truth about the poor, please listen to the fishing songs in the deep water.
In Nan Zongchan's view, self-nature is pure, and if this heart is quiet, why is it poor? This was expounded by Wang Wei. But he only described his feelings, relaxing the wind and mountains, unbuttoning his belt and playing the piano, all of which can be used for enlightenment, and finally there was no answer, which was intriguing. The combination of reason and scenery, meaning and words is the characteristic of Tang poetry. Look at Huang Tingjian's Er Sheng Yun Bin Two Amusement Parks with Old Diseases;
Everything is the same machine, and worrying about it is Zen disease. There are new poems in boredom, forgetting the hoof and leaving the rabbit path. Lotus leaf mud shows anger and joy. The station is close to the fragrance, and the heart and dusk are quiet.
The main idea of this poem is: unable, inseparable from self, self-purity. Why worry? Bing has always seen this, and he can forget the words with new poems. Knowing happiness and anger is the same, just like a pool of lotus mud. With the evening color, you can feel refreshed and fragrant. The two poems have the same meaning, but Huang's writing is far tortuous and his reasoning is more thorough. However, there is a little inferiority in the words. This is the characteristic of Song poetry.
This is the case with reasoning, and so is writing scenes. Tang poetry, such as Cen Can's "Bai Xuege sent back to court martial";
The north wind rolls white grass, and Hu Tianba has snow. In the gale like spring, at night, thousands of trees bloom. Snowflakes fell into the curtains and wet them. The fur was not warm and the gold cup was too thin. The general used cold hands to protect his hands. The armored steel was too cold to wear. The desert freezes over/kloc-0.000 feet, with a crack, and the sky is full of darkness and melancholy. ……
Although this poem is full of propaganda for festivals, it tries its best to describe it. However, it came very slowly, changed its rhyme several times and stopped, and its pace was in tune. Song's poems are poems;
The long flood bucket jumped into the waves, and the canoe went south like a shuttle. The navy never calls the geese up, and the rocks line up. It's like the rabbit goes and the eagle falls, and the horse bets on thousands of feet. The broken string leaves the column and the arrow is released, and the flying electric ball is overturned. The four mountains are dazzling, and the wind blows around my ears, but I see thousands of eddies of running water. ……
This poem imitates the metaphor of Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi, and it gushes out in one breath, which is overwhelming. There is no rhyme change in the middle, but there is a tendency to fall straight. The beauty of poetry and the fluency of words have both. Writing skills have been greatly improved compared with Cen's poems. But if you bet on rapids, you will be anxious and lose the charm of Tang poetry.
Not only the composition, but also the syntax of Song poetry has greatly changed the old Tang poetry. For example, in Yang Wanli's poem "I look up to the boatman when the geese come and surprise me" (< >), Chen Shi commented: "There is no mistake in three or four. The flowing sentence is like this, and it is not a pen. " (< >) It's not only two sentences in one go, but it's also extremely difficult to guess the next sentence just by looking at it. This syntax is not found in Tang poetry, and it is also an improvement in the skills of Song poetry. Another example is Su Shi's "Life is like this everywhere?" It should be like flying in snow. I accidentally left my fingers and claws in the mud while Hong Fei was counting things. "(< >), Huang Tingjian" defends one room and stands on four walls, so he can't cure his disease. " (< >) "Xiangdong is willing to die, and the world can be divided." (< >), "Without eating meat, Kong Fangxiong has a close friend's letter" (< >), which is deeply shocking and profound, and its realm is unprecedented in the Tang Dynasty. But in Tang poetry, Tsinghua is noble and vigorous, such as Wang Wei's "I will go to the water to stop my path, and then sit and watch Yun Qi." ("My retreat in Zhongnanshan") "The county seat floats on the front curved shop, on the ripples in the far sky." (Han River Flooding), Li Bai "I want to think of you in the clouds, so think of me in the sunset." (< >) "The mountain is flat and primitive, and the river winds in the wilderness." (< >), Du Fu's "Leaves fall like waterfall foam, I see the long river rolling" (< >), and "Silk River with brilliant spring, floating between heaven and earth, like a cloud of jade peaks, from ancient times to the present" (< >) are also rare in Song poetry.
The tone of Song poetry has also changed from the old view, focusing on Huang Tingjian, such as "People say nine things and eight things as the law, and I want to go east with Jiangzhou" (< >), "There is wind everywhere on the ground, and there are Yutang books in the sky" (< >), and "The honey room opens its own account. Compared with "Liu Fu blows a standard to show Gan Song" (Daming Palace, an early work by Cen Can and Jia Zhishe), "The waves between rivers rise with the sky, and the clouds are covered by the sky" (one of Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity), "I live in a layered city near Hanyuan, and my heart goes to the horizon with the bright moon" (Spring Thoughts by Huang Furan).
Song people seek novelty and difference, so everything in the world can enter poetry. The art of learning, the world of human feelings, the interpretation of Taoist books, and trivial matters can all be picked at will, and it is really unique to write the spirit of "I" (most of Su and Huang's poems are like this). In Tang poetry, the words beauty vanilla and love between men and women are rare in Song poetry. The reason is that the words that appeared since the end of the Tang Dynasty should be refined and suitable for expressing feelings, so most of these feelings in the Song Dynasty were integrated into the words. In a broad sense, words are also a kind of poetry, and this content is only transferred from one form to another, so it is not a disease of Song poetry.
(3)
There has always been a dispute between Tang and Song Dynasties, and the choice of likes and dislikes varies from person to person. Objectively speaking, the advantages of Song poetry over Tang poetry lie in the progress of skills, the profound artistic conception and the expansion of materials. The more advanced literary skills you have, the more you will lose your natural voice, the more inevitable and the more beautiful you will be. This is necessary and impossible. At the same time, if there is no new harvest, we have to pay attention to the choice of words and sentences, which is detrimental to the artistic conception of poetry. Therefore, this is the place where Song poetry is not as good as Tang poetry. If Tang poetry is taken as the standard, Song poetry is naturally inferior to Tang poetry. But as far as the development of literature is concerned, originality is expensive but not expensive. After the peak of Tang poetry, it is difficult for Song poetry to continue. If it remains unchanged, it will be bad. Therefore, it opened up a new road, set foot on the territory that the Tang people had not yet reached, and created a new style to compete with the Tang poetry. Although poetry has changed since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it cannot transcend the barriers between these two schools. Therefore, no one can learn Tang poetry better than Song people.