Expression, also known as expression method, is a language expression used by the author according to objective things and the need to express thoughts and feelings, which belongs to the overall language application form of the article.
There are five common expressions: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation (there is no such thing as "explanation" in poetry).
Narration: Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something. Generally, it is used to express narrative poems, such as Pipa Trip and Peacock Flying Southeast in high school textbooks, and there are also poetic quatrains, such as Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower": "I have heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I finally climb this building."
Description: A concrete description and depiction of people, events and environment in vivid language. For example, the description of Liu Lanzhi in Peacock Flying Southeast: "There is silk under your feet and tortoise shell shining on your head. If the waist is flowing, you will smell the bright moon. It means like cutting onion roots, with dani in your mouth. " Among them, line drawing is a common expression in poetry appreciation. Comment: Opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things. For example, Qin Guan's "Queqiao Fairy" says: "If two feelings last for a long time, is it sooner or later?" Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling": "Since ancient times, I have been hurt and parted. How can I ignore it in the clear autumn?"
Lyric: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows. (Lyric, both direct and indirect. Indirect lyricism in poetry appreciation is generally manifested in borrowing scenery to express emotion, blending scenes, mourning scenes, expressing meaning with things and so on. , which is commonly referred to as expression skills)
Example 1: Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions as required.
Today (1) Li Shangyin
In the distance, books are dreams, and only empty beds are enemies. Under the steps of moss mangroves, the moon is sad in the rain.
[Note] ① End residence: idle residence. ② Pingqiu: synonymous with autumn.
Q: What are the artistic features of the three or four sentences in this poem? Please analyze it briefly.
Analysis: In terms of artistic techniques, the greatest feature of the third and fourth sentences of this poem is that it contains feelings in the scenery and melts into the scenery. With the help of the descriptions of moss, mangroves, rain and the moon, the poet endowed the objective scenery with a strong subjective color, created a cold atmosphere, and expressed sadness, loneliness and homesickness.
Example 2: Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question.
Farewell to Han Cong in late spring
Flowers fly, leaves flourish, friends leave the capital, the twilight pavilion in the clouds and the prosperity of the empire, and the ancient and modern love is all in it.
People who travel far must listen to the flowing water in the palace, and the sound of time is also heard.
Q: How did this poem blend into the landscape? Please give a brief evaluation.
Brief analysis: this poem condenses friendship and worldly wisdom into "feelings of ancient and modern times" and melts into a sentimental picture composed of images such as "indigo naturalis", "red thinness" and "water in front of the palace", forming the characteristics of blending feelings and scenery.
Generally speaking, narrative texts mostly use narrative, description and lyric expressions, argumentative texts mostly use argumentation expressions, and explanatory texts mostly use explanation expressions.
Of course, the use of expression is not absolute, for example, a small amount of discussion or explanation can be used in narrative, and a small amount of narrative, description or explanation can also be used in argumentative. As for essays, travel notes, essays and other styles with finer classification, the expression is more flexible.
In short, the use of expression should be subject to the needs of style and theme.
2. Rhetoric
Any method or means to make sentences more vivid, expressive and artistic can be called rhetoric. Rhetoric is aimed at specific sentences.
There are many kinds of figures of speech with different contents. However, there are eight rhetorical devices (figures of speech) * * * that students are required to master in the syllabus of college entrance examination: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions.
Rhetorical devices in poetry include metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, rhetorical questions, truthfulness and arousal.
⑴ Metaphor: Comparing one thing or situation with another can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and turning abstraction into image. For example, the poem "How many sorrows can there be, just like a river flowing eastward" skillfully compares the abstract "sorrow" to the river flowing eastward, and writes the number and length of sorrow.
Example analysis: Read the following Song Ci, and then answer this question.
Liu Zaoqing sent Lu Meipo to meet Liu Guo.
Pan-chrysanthemum (1) cup deep, blowing plum (2) angle far, all in the capital. Gather and disperse in a hurry, lonely geese by the clouds, duckweeds on the water. How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. After dark, I miss you, the dust goes with the horse, and the moon sails.
【 Precautions 】 ① Pan-chrysanthemum: Drink chrysanthemum wine. 2 blowing plum blossoms: hitting plum blossoms.
Q: What methods does the author mainly use to express his feelings? Please elaborate in whole words.
Analysis: This poem mainly uses metaphor. The first part uses the metaphor of "a lonely goose on the cloud and duckweed on the water" to express the pain of parting, and the next part uses the metaphor of "the dust goes with the horse and the moon sails" to express the feelings of missing.
(2) Metonymy: borrowing related things to replace things to be expressed. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit. For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream "Do you know? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " In the poem, leaves and flowers are replaced by "green" and "red" respectively to describe the prosperity of leaves and the decline of flowers.
(1) Borrow the signs and features of people (or things) to replace the names of people (or things).
Case study 1: The wine in Zhumen stinks and there are frozen bones on the road. -Du Fu's "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian"
Brief analysis: "Zhumen" refers to the house of dignitaries living in Lishan Palace, which reflects the miserable situation outside the palace gate.
(2) Borrow representative parts of things to replace the whole.
Example analysis: 1: The solitary sail is far away from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows. -Li Bai's Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou
Brief analysis: "sail" originally refers to the tarpaulin hanging on the mast to make the ship move forward through the wind. Here, the poet refers to the whole ship with "sail".
Case Analysis 2: The ashes are gone —— Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.
Brief analysis: "sandalwood" is the mast of the ship, and the paddle is a rowing tool larger than the paddle, which is installed at the stern or beside the ship. We don't use warships here, but ...
(3) replace abstract things with concrete things that exist objectively.
Example analysis 1: ① We raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music. -Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip
Analysis: "Guan" is a flute-like musical instrument, and "string" is a gut or metal line on the musical instrument. Here, the poet refers to music with "pipe" and "string".
Example 2: I think that in those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, and the tiger swallowed Wan Li —— Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia"
Brief analysis: "Jin Ge" refers to a metal Ge, and "Iron Horse" refers to a war horse equipped with armored armor. Here, "Kingoma Iron" refers to elite troops.
⑶. Exaggeration: an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly. Li Bai's works are extremely outstanding, such as: White Hair, Three thousands of feet, Worrying Like a Beard, Dangerous Building, Hundred Feet.
Example 1: Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question.
Li Bai climbed Yueyang Tower with the twelfth summer.
Climb the Yueyang Tower and overlook the Yangtze River until you reach the open Dongting Lake. It breaks my heart to see geese flying south, and the distant mountains are in the title of a good month.
On the upper floor of the sky, stay in the chair and upload a glass of wine from the sky. The cool breeze rising after drunkenness, blowing the sleeves with the wind, we will return.
[Note] In the second year of Gan Yuan, Li Bai was pardoned on the way to exile, returned to Jiangling Boat, traveled south to Yueyang, and wrote this poem.
Q: This paper briefly analyzes the artistic expression techniques adopted in the third series "Stay on the Cloud, Have a Cup in the Sky".
Brief analysis: The third part uses exaggeration to write the towering Yueyang Tower. At the same time, these two poems are magical in imagination, connecting the couch on the cloud with the "walking cup" in the sky, and writing the scene that the poet seems to be in a fairyland.
(4) Duality: Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Example analysis: read the following poem and answer the questions.
Spring outing impromptu Li Hua
At the gate of Yiyang, the grass grows and the warbler flies, and the water flows from east to west. Fragrant trees have no flowers, and birds are singing all the way to the spring mountain.
Q: What rhetorical devices are used in the third and fourth sentences of this poem? Please specify.
Brief analysis: the rhetorical methods of the third and fourth sentences of this poem are dual, that is, "fragrant tree" is against "spring mountain", "flower" is against "bird", and "falling" is against "empty crying".
5. Analogy: It is anthropomorphic to say things as adults, or simulacra to say people as crops. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
Example analysis: read the following two poems and complete the appreciation according to the prompts.
Xue Baochai shouted Bai Haitang.
Jane smoked the door during the day and joined hands with the urn to fill the moss basin. Rouge washes away the shadow of the autumn stage, and ice and snow reveal the soul.
Only when you are weak can you know that flowers are more colorful, but when you are sad, you can get jade without trace. If you want to pay for the cleaning in Bai Di, you will get dizzy if you don't talk about Tingting.
Lin Daiyu shouted Bai Haitang.
Half-rolled curtains cover the door, and the ice is ground into earth jade as a basin. Steal a pear for three cents and borrow a plum blossom for a soul.
The moon cave fairy sews robes, and the woman who always wipes crow marks in my heart in autumn. Who is shy and silent? I'm tired of leaning against the west wind at night.
(According to People's Literature Publishing House Du1996+The 37th Back of A Dream of Red Mansions, 2nd Edition, February, 2005)
Poetry about objects pays attention to both form and spirit. In the above two poems, the couplet focuses on Bai Haitang's "white", but the painting and writing of God are different.
"Rouge washes away the shadow of the autumn platform, and ice and snow reveal the soul." The first sentence is to wash away rouge to show its natural beauty, and the second sentence is to describe the soul of ice and jade with crystal ice and snow. The use of inverted sentences is novel and unique: the words "Xi" and "Zhao" vividly convey Bai Haitang's emotional expression by personification; The setting off of "autumn stage" and "exposed masonry" is even more meaningful. The poet implicitly shows Bai Haitang's simplicity, elegance, cleanliness and self-motivation.
"Steal a pear core for three cents, borrow a plum blossom for a wisp of soul" is a couplet _ _ _ _ _
A brief analysis: "Stealing the pear core is three points white, borrowing a wisp of plum blossom soul", the first sentence describes Bai Haitang's "white" with the white of pear flower, which pays more attention to the clear expression of "white" than the sentence of "washing out", and the second sentence gives Bai Haitang the spirit of being aloof from the world with the plum blossom soul; Stealing and borrowing skillfully use personification techniques; The word "stealing" is derogatory, imaginative and ingenious.
[6] Setting questions and rhetorical questions: Setting questions means asking questions first and then expressing your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable. Rhetorical questions express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Case study 1: "Who is the hero in the world? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. "
Brief analysis: start with a question, point out the theme, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
Example 2: Wang Anshi's "Title Wujiang Pavilion": "Although the children of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?"
Analysis: The rhetorical question uses a cool tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
3. Expression skills
Means of expression can also be called means of expression (or skills of expression), and any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as means of expression. Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part.
Common expression techniques are: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Case study: A brief analysis of Tao Yuanming's "Returning to the Garden" (Part II): "When planting beans in Shannan, the grass is full of beans and the seedlings are sparse. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. ..... "The expression of the sentence.
Brief analysis: this sentence is purely a line drawing technique. A few strokes outline the pastoral life for us and show the poet's love for it.
Sketch is a skill of Chinese painting. This kind of painting does not need color contrast and dyeing, but only depicts objects with black lines. In literary creation, line drawing refers to drawing a vivid and vivid image with the most economical and thrifty pen and ink, without rendering, contrast or rhetoric. Its characteristics are: grasping the main features of the described object, using only a few strokes, and having both form and spirit.
4. Differences and connections
Expression and rhetoric:
Both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective.
The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute.
For example, repetition is a rhetorical device, but if it is used at intervals, it will have a very obvious effect on the overall expression of the article and can also be regarded as a means of expression; Metaphor is a rhetorical device, and sometimes it can also be a means of expression. Wait a minute.
In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
Expression, rhetoric and expression are unavoidable concepts that are often encountered in Chinese teaching in middle schools. We must understand them carefully in specific Chinese practice activities in order to truly distinguish them and skillfully use them.
Example:
1. Try to analyze the expression and function of the following poem.
Bai Mei (Wang Mian)
This body is in a forest of ice and snow, different from peaches and plums. Suddenly, the fragrance of the night was scattered like a dry spring in Wan Li.
A: The expressive techniques and functions used in this poem are as follows: (1) The tenacity and cold resistance of plum blossoms are set off by ice and snow forests; ⑵ Compared with peach blossom mixed with fragrant dust, it shows plum's noble character. ⑶ To express the ambition (symbol) with objects and express the author's ideal pursuit with plum blossom image.
2. Read the following words and answer the questions:
Qing Yu and Yuan Xi.
Xin Qiji
Thousands of trees are blooming and stars are everywhere in the east night. The BMW carved cars are full of incense, the phoenix flute rings, the jade pot flashes, and the dragons and dragons dance together all night.
Moths, snow, willows, gold thread, laughter and incense are all gone. Looking for her in the crowd, suddenly looking back, the man was there, dimly lit.
Note ① Jade case: inscription name. ② Flowers and thousands of trees: describe the number of lights, such as thousands of trees blooming together. (3) BMW carving: refers to the gorgeous chariots and horses of the noble giants watching the lights. (4) Feng Xiao: According to the legend of the immortals, Nong Yu, the daughter of Qin Mugong, was good at playing the flute as Feng Mingyin, which attracted the phoenix. Therefore, Xiao is called. ⑤ Jade pot: Metaphor for the moon. ⑥ Moth snow willow: an ornament worn by women during the Lantern Festival. 7 decay: dispersion.
What is the main expression of the whole word? How do you express the author's feelings?
A: By means of contrast (or contrast, contrast), the loneliness of The Man is compared with the excitement of the Lantern Festival, which expresses the noble character of the author who is good, willing to be lonely and keeping people's integrity.
Description: Xin Qiji (1140-1207) was born in You 'an, Licheng (now Licheng County, Shandong Province). Grew up in the area occupied by nomads from childhood. His grandfather Xinzan often educated him to resist the restoration of gold and wash away national humiliation. At the age of 20, he led more than 2,000 people to fight against gold and defected to the peasant uprising army headed by Geng Jing, who served as secretary Geng Jing. Later, he returned to the Southern Song Dynasty, served as the judge of Jiankangfu (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), the magistrate of Zhizhou (now Chuxian, Anhui Province), the prisoner of Jiangxi Province, the transfer agreement of Hubei Province, the ambassador of Hunan Province and the ambassador of Jiangxi Province. During his tenure as a local official, he attached great importance to developing production, training the army, actively preparing for the Northern Expedition, and showed extraordinary military and political talents, so he was hated by those in power in the imperial court. After being dismissed from office, he lived in Shangrao, Xinzhou (now Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province) for nearly 20 years. Although he served as Fujian Anfu ambassador for a short time, he was quickly removed from office. In his later years, the imperial court was in a critical situation and was used, but it was still untrustworthy and finally died with a grudge.
Xin Qiji was a great patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. His ci profoundly reflected the sharp national contradictions and contradictions within the ruling class at that time, and showed his patriotic enthusiasm for actively advocating resistance to gold and realizing national reunification. His works are broad in subject matter, diverse in style, uninhibited, good at using allusions and sketching, expanding the territory of Ci, improving the expressive force of Ci, and becoming the most outstanding representative writer in the Southern Song Dynasty. There is also a collection of Jia's and short sentences
This word focuses on contrast. The last film renders the Lantern Festival brightly lit, full of traffic and a bustling scene; At the beginning of the next movie, it also depicts the scene of women wearing colorful clothes watching the lights and laughing happily. All these are not the main object of this paper, but just a foil. Finally, it is pointed out that the "person" of "twilight", a sad, lonely and lonely person, is the protagonist of the work. The lively scene in front of us is to set off the coldness of the dim light; A group of smiling and cheerful lantern watchers set off the loneliness of "that person" However, what is the author's intention in describing such a lonely person? Liang Qichao commented in the Collection of Poetry in the Art Museum: "Self-pity is lonely, and those who are sad have their own arms." Throughout the author's life experience, this poem was written in the image of "the man" who was dismissed from his post and lived in seclusion. In fact, there is the author's own shadow, or this is simply the embodiment of the author's personality. Compared with "that man", it expresses the leisure and loneliness of the poet.
As far as rhetoric is concerned, this word mainly has the following uses:
Metaphor: "Flowers thousands of trees"-compare the fireworks in Yuanxi to thousands of trees blooming; "Blowing down the stars like rain"-fireworks like stars blowing down like rain; "Jade pot"-a metaphor for the moon.
Metonymy: "Moth and Snow Willow" —— Replacing beautiful young women with ornaments worn by women in the Lantern Festival.
3. He Zhu's Jade Case "How much leisure is there? Yichuan smoke, full of wind, Huang Meiyu, Li Bai's "Autumn Puge" "White hair and three thousands of feet, fate seems to be long sorrow. I don't know where to get autumn frost in the mirror. What rhetorical devices are used?
Tip: He Zhu's Jade Case "How much leisure?" Yichuan smoke, full of wind, plum yellow rain ",using rhetorical devices such as questioning, metaphor and parallelism. Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu" has 3,000 white hairs, and his sorrow is like a long beard. I don't know where to get autumn frost in the mirror ",using exaggeration and metaphor.