Transform literature and create poetic style.
Throughout his life, Cao Cao "defined martial arts externally and literature internally". (Xunzhuan is quoted from Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals). He not only has high political and military talents, but also is a generalist with high artistic accomplishment. "Wu Diji of Wei Shu" said that he: "Climbing high must be endowed, creating new poems and being arranged are all sports." He wrote many poems with profound contents and passionate feelings: Lu Xing and Good Li Xing wrote current affairs with elegy, which was generous and sad. The former describes why he entered the wrong country and why Dong Zhuo harmed the people, while the latter describes the private struggle between heroes to prolong the war disaster. These two poems criticize politics and describe reality, and are called "a record of the end of Han Dynasty and a real history of poetry" by later generations. (Zhong Xing in Ming Dynasty). Poems expressing his political attitude include Duijiu, Duguanshan and Short Song (Zhou Xibo), the latter praising Zhou Wenwang, Qi Henggong and Jin Wengong. Through the comparison of these three people, it shows that he respects Han and guards ministers, such as things, and respects Zhou and Wen. From then on, we can also understand Cao Cao's thoughts and political opinions. Among the poems with more lyrical elements, poems such as A Journey to Bitter Cold, Although the Turtle Longevity, Short Songs (When Drinking Wine as a Song) and Watching the Sea are the most widely read. There are twelve sentences in the text of "Although the tortoise is longevity": "Although the tortoise is longevity, there is still time; The snake rides the fog and eventually turns to dust. The old horse crouches, aiming at thousands of miles; The martyrs were full of courage in their later years. The surplus and contraction period is not only in the sky; The blessing that nourishes grace can last forever. " This poem expresses that Cao Cao is an enterprising person. Although he knows that his life is limited, his ambition is undiminished. He doesn't believe that success or failure is entirely determined by heaven, and thinks that manpower can also make a difference. This enterprising spirit is very valuable. Wang Dun, a native of Jin Dynasty, often recites four lines of "Lucky Horse of Old Horse" after drinking and taps the spittoon to beat the time. Over time, even the pot mouth was knocked off ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu-Bold Articles"). This poem shows a common contradiction in life, arousing readers' deep feelings, and finally inspiring people because of its positive optimism. No wonder it is so popular. Short lines are also famous four-character poems. At the time of writing this poem, Cao Cao had swept the pack, unified the north and became the best in the world. At this time, Cao Cao and the civil and military officials were drinking by the river, full of energy, and they performed heroic poems. His poem is "Singing to wine, what is life like?" For example, Chaolu is much more difficult to go to Japan. " Four sentences show the author's short-lived depression, not negative and decadent. As long as you read it carefully, "Qing Qing Zi is in my heart, but for your sake, I have been thoughtfully." As well as the four sentences at the end of Taste, "The mountain is not too high, the water is not too deep, the duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world returns to the heart", which can perceive the author's thirst for talents and his ambition to govern the country like the duke of Zhou.
It is precisely because he failed to realize his ambition of unifying the world that his worries accumulated in his chest. And people are familiar with the recitation of "Watching the Sea": Jieshi looks at the sea in the east. The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea. Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging. The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean. A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected; Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise. I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire. "This kind of magnificent verve, heroic emotions, rich imagination, and shocking statements are really beautiful articles. I searched all the famous books in ancient and modern times, and only Mao Zedong's "Spring in the Qinyuan Snow" has "so many beautiful mountains and rivers, which attracted countless heroes. "Cherish Qin Huang Hanwu, slightly lost literary talent, Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly less coquettish; A generation of tianjiao, Genghis Khan, only knows how to shoot an eagle with a bow. It's all over, counting romantic numbers and looking at the present. The momentum shown is equivalent to this.
Cao Cao's own literary line and writing attitude played a concrete leadership and advocacy role for the literati at that time. "Wen Xin Diao Long Time Series" said: "Wei Wu loves poetry chapters and respects Wang Xiangzhi." He not only let his sons inherit his literary talent, but also called "Three Caos" with Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. He also paid attention to cultivating the literary accomplishment of courtiers. For example, the seven sons of Jian 'an in history belonged to his family, which shows his leading position in literature at that time. The greatest achievement of Cao Cao's transformation of poetry and prose is that literature is no longer regarded as a tool for aristocratic families and gentry landlords to explain Confucian classics, but is used to reflect real life and express thoughts and feelings, thus giving literature a new look. For example, the biography of Zang Daochuan in Song Dynasty said, "Since Wei ordered, the Lord loved carving insects, and the family abandoned chapters and sentences. "This shows that Cao Cao has completely replaced the traditional Confucian classics with literature among the people (that is, reading and analyzing chapters and sentences of Confucian classics and policies). He inherited the realistic spirit of Yuefu folk songs and created a generation of "Jian 'an Style" which is "clear and refreshing" (Lu Xun's words) (clear and refreshing means that the works are simple and rigorous, not hypocritical and flashy; Comprehension means that a work is not bound by traditional concepts and forms, and you can write as you like. ) makes the Jian 'an era become an unprecedented modern person in the history of China literature. It is really the originator of transforming literature, and this contribution will never be lost!
To sum up, it can be summed up in one point-Cao Cao is really a hero! A hero is an outstanding person. (See heroic entry in Ci Hai). Of course, Cao Cao is an outstanding figure, so he should be called a hero. Throughout Cao Cao's life, with his witty strategy and far-sighted statesmanship, he developed his strength, merged heroes, recruited talents and gradually expanded his sphere of influence in the complicated situation in the early Three Kingdoms period, especially in the late Han Dynasty, and finally defeated Yuan Shao through the battle of Guandu, thus completing the arduous task of unifying the north. Although Cao Cao was defeated by Sun Liu Alliance in Battle of Red Cliffs, it failed to unify the whole country, which was not caused by the defect of Cao Cao's personal talent, but the inevitable result of the development of historical objective situation. Many emperors in ancient times worshipped Cao Cao very much. For example, Emperor Taizong commented on Cao Cao in this way: "With a heroic attitude, with the attitude of overcoming difficulties, and with the responsibility of Liang Dong, we have made contributions to the world with our hands." Modern times are like Mao Zedong, the founder of our country. One of the emperors he admired most in his life was Cao Cao, the king of kings. It can be seen that many people of insight in ancient and modern times gave Cao Cao a high evaluation. Therefore, I think Cao Cao's literary martial arts all his life should be highly praised. In the history of China, there are not many historical figures who can be compared with Cao Cao. He is indeed a generation of heroes and outstanding figures!
Cao Cao has profound cultivation in literature, calligraphy and music. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in poetry and prose.
There are less than 20 poems by Cao Cao, all of which are Yuefu poems. The content can be roughly divided into three categories. One is related to current affairs, the other is mainly to express ideals, and the other is poetry about immortals.
His works related to current affairs include Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, Bitter Cold Travel, Walking Out of Xiamen, etc. Two songs, Autumn Journey and Good, were written in the early years of Jian 'an. The foregoing reflects that He Jinmou murdered eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo went to Luoyang for insurrection. The second article is about the states and counties in Kanto, each with its own ambitions, fighting with each other, and keeping pace with each other in content. Poetry describes this historical process in concise language, so it is called "A Record of the Late Han Dynasty, an authentic work of poetry history" (Zhong Xing's Ancient Poems Return). What is particularly commendable is that in the poem "A Journey to Luxury", he wrote the profound sufferings of the broad masses of the people in the war in a sympathetic tone: "When a cockroach is born, everyone dies, and the bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles. There are hundreds of people left behind, which makes people feel sad. " A Journey to Bitter Cold was written in the 11th year of Jian 'an. The poem describes the coldness, desolation and precipitousness of Taihang Mountain in winter, with vivid images, and also writes the poet's inner complex feelings. "Out of Xiamen" was written in the twelfth year of Jian 'an, and the five rings levied three counties. This poem includes "Yan" (prelude) and four explanations. Yan concentrated on the poet's complex mood when he went to war. Explain "Watching the Sea" and write the impressions when marching through Jieshi; Second, explain Winter in October and Cold in the River, and write about what you saw and heard on your way home. Fourth, explain "although the tortoise lives long" and write about the ideological activities after winning this important battle. Among them, "Looking at the Sea" describes the seascape, "The autumn wind is bleak, the waves are rough, and the trip between the sun and the moon is unexpected; If the stars are brilliant, unexpected and magnificent, it embodies the poet's broad mind of embracing the universe and devouring the sun and the moon. "Although a turtle lives for a long time" expresses the poet's view on life and career with a series of vivid metaphors: "An old man riding on a horse, aiming at a thousand miles, a martyr died with great courage". This is the true confession of the poet's active and enterprising spirit all his life.
The poems that mainly express ideals are Du Guan Shan, Duijiu, and Short Song. The political ideals of the first two poets. His vision of peace and prosperity is the politics of virtuous monarch and good minister, which combines Confucianism and law with kindness and prestige. This is undoubtedly of progressive significance under the realistic background of social destruction in the late Han Dynasty. The theme of "Short Song" is to be thirsty for talents. With poems such as "the mountain is not too high, the water is not too deep, the duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world returns to its heart", it expresses the mood of seeking talents and recruiting talents to achieve its great cause. You Xian's poems include Exhale and Autumn Hu Xing. Cao Cao didn't believe in the alchemist's theory of immortality, so he wrote these poems as something else, so he can't be equated with Qin Huang and Wu Han's quest for immortality. In artistic style, Cao Cao's poems are unpretentious and unpretentious. They won with deep affection and charm. Poetically, it is characterized by generosity and sadness. Generosity and sadness, originally the keynote of Jian 'an literature, are the most typical and prominent in Cao Cao's poems. In terms of poetic genre, Cao Cao's Yuefu poems did not copy the rules of Han Yuefu, but developed. For example, Lu Luxing and Good Li Xing are both elegies in the Han Yuefu, but he used old topics to express brand-new contents. Cao Cao initiated the tradition of writing current affairs with Yuefu, which had far-reaching influence. A large number of Yuefu poems created by Jian 'an writers and many poets from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty can be said to be the inheritance and development of this tradition.
Cao Cao's prose is mostly applied words, which can be roughly divided into three categories: table, preface and book. Representative works include Please Add Guo Jia Feudal List, Make the County Self-evident, Letters with Wang, Old Monument of Taiweiqiao, etc. These characters are characterized by simplicity, simplicity, frankness and fluency, and write the unique voice of Cao Cao. For example, "Let the princess know her ambition" tells the story of her struggle experience for most of her life, analyzes the situation at that time, and dissects her own mind. Among them, the words "Let the country be alone, I don't know how many people will be emperors and how many people will be kings" are written frankly and boldly. From the Eastern Han Dynasty, prose appeared the trend of parallel prose, and gradually appeared at the end of Han Dynasty. Ordinary prose writers began to emphasize duality and use allusions. But Cao Cao was unique at that time with his simple, practical and practical style. Lu Xun once praised Cao Cao as "the founder of the reform article" ("Wei and Jin demeanor and the relationship between articles and medicine and wine").
Cao Cao's achievements in literature are also reflected in his constructive role in Jian 'an literature (see Seven Children of Jian 'an). Jian 'an literature can flourish under the background of long-term war and broken society, which is inseparable from his attention and promotion. When discussing the reasons for the prosperity of Jian 'an literature, Liu Xie pointed out that "Wu Weizun loves poetry and elegance" (Wen Xin Diao Long Wu Di Ji, Cao Cao Chronicle, etc.). ) was reprinted as Cao Caoji. Notes on Cao Cao's Works mainly include Huang Jie's Notes on Poetry of Wei Wendi and Wei Wudi, Peking University Publishing Group 1925 edition and People's Literature Publishing House 1958 edition, which was revised and rearranged and renamed as Notes on Poetry of Wei Wudi Wei Wendi.
Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms": "At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the heroes rose together. Yuan Shao regarded the four States as strong and invincible. Mao strategized, castigated the magic of Shen and Shang, used the unique tactics of Han and Bai, and granted official materials, each for his own devices, melodramatic, and forgot the old evils. In the end, he was able to conquer the imperial court machine and become a flood maker, but it was only slightly better. I can be described as an extraordinary person and a peerless hero. "
Shu Wei of Wang Shen: "Mao has been in the imperial army for more than 30 years and has never given up his books." The book talks about the art of war and thinks about classics at night. Climbing mountains requires poetry, new poems and orchestral strings. "
Sun Quan: "It's too bad to kill little things. It is cool to alienate people's flesh and blood. Imperial generals have been rare since ancient times. "
Sun Chu: "Mao Zhiyun, the cause, the rebellion, the summer of the region;" With the help of the spell, fate was set, the base was promoted, and Wei Yu was elected. "
Lu Ji: "In order to connect the last line between the emperor and the Han Dynasty, I did not hesitate to violate many kingly ways. I lifted the scales in the deep sea, stroked the clouds and flew far away. " Carry the sacred way, carry the virtue, ride the spiritual wind and Fan Wei. Destroy the hero, shock the hero and give him a slap in the face. Pointing away from the octupole will be embarrassing and then embarrassing. The code of three talents is insufficient, and the heaven and earth are forbidden. Remove the unique discipline of network repair and understand the national emblem of new york. Sweep the clouds and things with chastity and come back from all directions. Peter Dade responded with a macro, assisting Sun Moon and Hui Qi. Jiyuan's contribution to 90% is being promoted all over the world. "
Pan An: "Wei Wuhe defeated the rebellion with his righteous words. Although he uses them in many ways, he is superior to temples. "
Liu Yuan: "Gentlemen should be Henkel and Wei Wu. It's no use shouting evil! "
Wang Dao: "In the past, Wei Wu was a political master; Xun is the most meritorious person. "
Pei Songzhi: "Wei Taizu's machine has become bad, and he is a little ignorant."
Yuan Rongzu: "Yesterday, Cao Cao and Cao Pi dismounted and talked. This is not worthy of drinking in the world! "
Zhong Rong: "Cao Gong is old and straight, and there are sad sentences."
Li Shimin: "The emperor is always in trouble because of his heroic attitude. The appointment and time of the pillar are the same; The merits of rectification are extraordinary. "
Wang Bo: "Wei Wu fought like Sun Wu. In the face of the enemy's surprise, there are few defeats, so you can be cunning in the east and strong in the north, break the yellow turban insurrectionary in your life and shoot at the dog. Aiding Ge's back finger, tower shield hanging skull; Facing the south, Liu Cong is helpless. Wei Zhenzhong was fierce in the summer, and he held the emperor to make the princes believe in transcendental heroes. "
Wei: "Wei Wu's program is the ultimate god, and his method is still like that of Sun and Wu. He pretends to have the spirit of Ji Xiang and the foundation of Yuan Shao, but he doesn't understand wisdom and love, and will eventually be shattered, let alone return to him! "
Zhu Jingze: "Look at the power of Cao Gong and Ming Rui. God is never poor, soldiers never lose their will, and they never mess up in times of crisis. They make up their minds and express regret. Recently, there has been no such thing. " "Wei MAO soldiers invincible before, the immortal dominance. Fifty-six wars, Kyushu is quiet in July and August, the people can, the world is Mude, the wings are weak, and Han Jiarong. "
Zhao Kun: "The plan of strategizing, whipping inside, defeated Yuan Shao in the north, Liu Cong in the south, Gongsun Kang in the east, Zhang Lu in the west, Kyushu White Army, ten and eight, its merits have not been investigated, but it died in the Middle Ages."
Zhang Yue said, "You don't see the competition for natural wealth, and you are competing for the best. Take strong men to break the strong array during the day and pick up words at night. The capital fills the air in Xishan Yang, and Sang Yu is full of Zhanghe Qu. The battlements have been replaced by ordinary people, but there is a bright moon in the West Garden. There are many nobles near Gaoling, and the dust is * * *. Try to go to Tongtai Song and Dance Hall, only autumn wind will kill people. "
Justin Cheung: "Didn't you see that the Han family lost its unification and three souls changed, fighting for the Six Dragons? Sway the sea and swallow the river to build China, and return to the south. The faint capital is full of flowers, and Huang Xing looks far away. The fleeting time is not in Zhanghe, and the bright moon finally holds a state banquet in Russia. The article is still new, and the curtain seats are empty to sell fox and rabbit dust. Unfortunately, in the tomb dance hall, the pine wind is gloomy on all sides. "
Sima Guang: "Wang knows that people are observant and difficult to dazzle. Master Zhiba, no matter how humble, can use it at will, and they are all used. Hostility to Chen means peace of mind, if you don't want to fight; When it comes to winning the game, the momentum is overflowing. Honor and reward, do not hesitate to spend money; Don't promise if you don't work hard. The usage is urgent. If you commit a crime, you will be slaughtered or shed tears at it, but there will be no forgiveness. Elegant and frugal, not gorgeous. Therefore, it is possible to stand out from the crowd and pinghai. "
Where to go: "Cao Gong goes his own way, even wise men worry a lot, and there is bound to be a loss, breaking Yuan Shao in the north and establishing strictness and discipline;" Unite the people of the three counties, levy Lu Bu in the east, and collect money; Shu in the capital of song dynasty lingered in Huaizuo, and wanted to die. And Cao Gongzhi's paintings are often more than enough, but there are many difficulties. His so-called potential and courage, once defeated, are unstoppable. Then the world began to regard Cao Gongzhi as invincible and Yuan and Lu as insufficient backup. As for his position and strength, as well as the imperfection of her husband's wisdom and courage, I also know that it is not easy to defeat the enemy with Tsao Gong's wisdom and strength alone, so I am often afraid and frown. " "No sun wu, no Han Xin and tso. "
Su Xun: "Ji Xiang takes the talents of the world and ignores the world; Cao Cao has the worry of taking the world, but not the amount of taking the world; Liu Bei took the amount of the world, but did not take the talents of the world. "
Wang Anshi: "Castle Peak flows into Zhangzhou like waves, and Tongquetai is located in Jiuqiu, west eight. The ants returned to the empty ridges and acres, and they were buried for several spring and autumn. The world knows who it is, and its strength rests here. There's no need to leave things on the ground. Wang Wei will divide his clothes. "
Hong Hao: "Laughing at Yuan Benchu for a long time, you are arrogant. Go back to Guandu with your head down, poor and strange disaster victims. Tso was walking in the city, and he was so angry that he wanted to see white. The deception has been completed, and the military looks shine brilliantly. To build a big city across Zhangzhou, people must work together in Qi Xin. Although the north broke the black pill, the south was also trapped in Chibi. Eight wastes are swallowed up, and the two countries do their best. The four spirits sent their legacy and told the past. The pheasant flies away from the dust, and the turbidity is unpredictable. Looking back at Tongquetai, I admire the hustle and bustle. "
Zhong Xing: "Yeze Yecheng is full of water, and there will be strangers from now on. Xiongmou affair and literary mind, brother and father. Heroes have no vulgar mind, so do they follow people's eyes? The culprit is not two people, but the legacy is the legacy. The article is powerful and energetic, how can it become a group? The cross-flow platform is too far away, and the gas and physical potential are low. Anyou people don't do evil, small ones don't bully big ones. The overlord became a son and daughter, but there was nothing he could do. Knowing that reconciliation is useless, sharing incense is not merciful. Oh! Everything the ancients did was meticulous, lonely and luxurious. Scholars talk lightly about people in the tomb, and people in the tomb laugh! "
Zhang Pu: "For more than 30 years, Meng De was the imperial army. He never gave up his books. He is also a cursive writer. His music is better than Huan Cai and he is a chess player. He has good cultivation and prescription. Duke Zhou is versatile and Meng De has it. " "Celebrities at the end of the Han Dynasty, there are Kong Rong in the text, Lu Bu in the martial arts, and both Montessori."
Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "The hero is Wei Taizu, and the world sweeps smoke." Wisdom is stored in all actions, making good use of high and low-level talents. Drive millions of people and pay close attention to Article 13. Heroes rise at the same time, who dares to whip? "
Chen Ruoming: "Meng De is very talented, and this feat is due to karma."
Moses Huang: Brilliant. He should also occupy the first place among the heroes who created grass. Although it is easy to use tactics, judging from the ancient heroes, is there anyone who doesn't use tactics at all? "
Lu Xun: "Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero." Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I always admire him anyway. "
Mao Zedong: "Cao Cao was a great statesman, strategist and poet ... Cao Cao unified northern China and established the State of Wei. He reformed many evil policies in the Eastern Han Dynasty, suppressed the strongmen, developed production and practiced the system of reclaiming farmland. He also urged land reclamation, advocated the rule of law and thrift, so that the society that suffered great damage began to stabilize, recover and develop. " Later, Cao Cao was mentioned in the poem "Langtaosha Beidaihe": "The heavy rain fell on the secluded swallow, and the white waves were overwhelming, fishing boats outside Qinhuangdao. We can't see a piece of Wang Yang, so who can we turn to for help? In the past 1000 years, Wei Wu waved a whip and left a legacy in the East. The bleak autumn wind is changing the world again today. "
Fan Wenlan: "He is a hero to set things right, so he is sad, generous and heroic in literature."
History of Qin and Han Dynasties in China, Cambridge: "The fatal blow to the Han Dynasty was left to Cao Cao, who was one of the most striking figures in the history of China. Cao Cao was born in humble background, a great poet, a great strategist and a realistic political thinker. He opposes Confucian etiquette and moral constraints. "