This poem is a thank-you poem given by Bai Juyi to Ambassador Liu XXVIII when he was drunk. The poem is full of twists and turns, expressing the poet's indignation at being hit by political enemies and being exiled for a long time. Among them, the couplet "Qian Fan by the shipwreck, Wan Muchun in front of the sick tree" is a famous sentence with rich images and profound meanings, which turns the depression of the first two sentences into boldness. This sentence is not only a thank you to my friend for his concern, but also an encouragement to my friend, which means that although I have been demoted, there are successors. The author is not depressed in difficulties and setbacks, but calmly responds with an optimistic and open-minded attitude. The whole poem has strong appeal and rich philosophy of life.
As for the couplet "Qian Fan on the edge of sinking boat and Wan Muchun in front of the sick tree" in Yangzhou's First Banquet for Lotte, the commentary in the teacher's teaching book published by People's Education Press said: "Neck couplet ... compared with sinking boat and sick tree, it depicts the vibrant scene of Qian Fan competing for glory and thousands of trees competing for spring, showing the poet's attitude towards officials.
Later, in the relevant materials, Bian and Bian Qi commented on this couplet like this: "He Wanmu is a metaphor for the upstart who was proud of his official career after his relegation. This couplet is Liu Yuxi's angry words lamenting his life experience. "
For the understanding of "Qian Fan" and "ten thousand mu", I think what Bian Shi said is more reasonable. You can contact Liu's other two poems to have a look.
In Yong Zhenyuan (805), Liu Yuxi was demoted to Langzhou Sima because he failed to participate in the Wang Reform. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), someone in the imperial court remembered that Liu Zongyuan and others used him and were demoted at the same time. After returning to Chang 'an from Langzhou, he wrote a poem, "Yuanhe went from Langzhou to Beijing in ten years, giving a play to gentlemen who look at flowers." The poem says: "When the world of mortals comes to Ziyang, no one can fail to see the flowers coming back. There are thousands of trees in Du Xuan Guanli, which were planted after Liu Lang went. " The first two sentences of this poem, on the surface, describe the grand occasion of enjoying flowers, but secretly praise the prosperity and beauty of peach blossoms. The last two sentences are related to things and people's own situation, which seems to have a sigh of "how can a tree be so beautiful?" In fact, the poet in his bones regards Thousand Tree Peach Blossoms as an upstart who has become more and more proud politically in recent ten years because of opportunism. In the last sentence, he pointed out that these seemingly great upstarts were all promoted after "I" was squeezed out. His contempt and satire are bitter, which makes his political opponents feel very uncomfortable. So as soon as this poem came out, the author and his comrades-in-arms were immediately attacked and retaliated and demoted again.
It was 14 years later, that is, in the second year of Daiwa (829), that the poet was recalled to Chang 'an. The poet "Visit Du Xuanguan again" says: "A hundred acres of courtyard is half covered with moss, and peach blossoms are all in bloom. Where does Taoism return? Liu Lang came again today. " Deliberately bring up the past and challenge the powerful people who attacked him. Poets still use this method today, ostensibly writing about the ups and downs of peach blossoms, and writing about the unpredictable feelings of the world in Du Xuan's view, but in fact they still regard peach blossoms as more expensive than the nouveau riche, and Taoism refers to those in power who suppressed the innovation movement at that time. After more than 20 years, some of these people died, and some lost power, so the upstarts they promoted changed their original mysterious momentum and gave way to others, just like "the peach blossoms are all in bloom", and the reason why the peach blossoms are all gone is the result of "where are the peach farmers going?" At this time, the rejected "I" came back. The poet once again threw a contemptuous smile at those political opponents who stifled political innovation. (See Shen Zuyu)
After careful study, the metaphors of "ten thousand mu", "Qian Fan" and "a thousand peach trees" are the same. Only in the two "Peach" poems, the author shows more contempt and ridicule, while in front of his old friend Bai Letian, the poet opens his heart and is more angry and depressed. Of course. Liu Yuxi has always been bold, bold and determined, which can be seen in the fourth part, "Listen to your song today and rely on the spirit of a glass of wine for the time being."
Chibifu
In autumn in Ren Xu, on July 16, my guests and I played with boats under the Red Cliff. The breeze blows slowly, and the waves on the water are quiet. Raise a glass to persuade guests to drink together, recite poems "Moon Out" and sing chapters "Graceful and restrained". After a while, the moon rose from Dongshan and hovered between Dou Su and Niu Su. A white fog enveloped the river, and the water was sparkling and connected with the sky. Let the water boat drift freely and float on the boundless river. The river is far away, and the ship is flying in the air, and I don't know where it will stay; On the cloud nine, it's like leaving the world, without attachments, and becoming a fairy soaring into a fairy fruit.
In autumn, on July 16th and 16th, Su Shi and his friends went boating in Chibi. The breeze blows gently and the water can't reach the surface. Raise a glass to propose a toast to one's companions, recite articles related to the moon, and sing praises to chapters. Not long after, the moon rose from Dongshan, hovering between the Big Dipper and the cow. Milky white fog across the river, clear water. What does reed know? Ling Wanqing is at a loss. Vast as the wind in Feng Xu, I don't know where it ends; Floating like an independent world, feathering into a fairy.
At this time, drinking wine, I was very happy, so I knocked on the ship's rail and sang songs. He sang: "Paddles made of osmanthus and Aoki beat the clear water waves and went upstream on the river floating in the moonlight. My feelings are far away, looking at the beauty in my heart, far away in the horizon. " Some guests will play the flute, accompanied by singing, and the flute will sob, like resentment, like nostalgia, like sobbing, like whispering. After blowing, the sound is long, like a slender silk thread. This sound can make the hidden dragon dance in the abyss and make the widow in the lonely boat cry.
At this time, he was very happy to drink, slapping the ship's rail with his hand and singing. Song Yue said, "Return to Xi Lan's oar and strike the sky to trace the streamer; I'm pregnant, I hope the beauty is on the side. "The guest has oral sex, leaning on the song for peace. Its voice is whiny, like resentment, like crying; The lingering sound, dancing in the valley, hiding dumplings, crying for orphans.
I was a little sad, so I sat up straight and asked the guest, "Why are you making such a sad voice?" The guest replied: "The moon stars are rare, and crows fly south." Isn't this a poem by Cao Mengde? Looking west is Xiakou, looking east is Wuchang. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, plants are lush. Isn't that where Cao Cao was defeated by Zhou Yu? When he took Jingzhou, captured Jiangling, and went down the river, warships ran for thousands of miles, banners covered the sky, drinking on the river and chanting poems with spears. This used to be a hero. Where is it now? Besides, you and I are fishing and firewood in the small continent in the middle of the river, with fish and shrimp as partners and elk as friends; Toast each other by boat; Entrusting ephemera's short life between heaven and earth is a drop in the ocean. Sigh the shortness of our lives and envy the endless Yangtze River. I would like to walk with God and live forever with the bright moon. Knowing that this wish can't be realized at once, I had to pin this helpless mood on the tune and play it in the sad autumn wind. "
Su Shi's face was sad and sad, so he sat up in a corner and asked the guest, "How do you know?" ? "The guest said," There are few stars on the moon, and blackbirds fly south. "Isn't this Cao Mengde's poem? Looking at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east, the mountains and rivers are misty and gloomy. Isn't this because Meng Zhizhi was trapped in Zhou Lang? Fang Qi broke Jingzhou and went down to Jiangling, downstream to the east. He was thousands of miles long, wearing a flag, drinking wine and singing poems across the river, and became a hero in the world. Now, where is he? My son and I are fishing on the river, making friends with fish, shrimp and elk, keeping a boat and keeping bottles for each other. Sending ephemera to heaven and earth is a drop in the ocean, mourning for my life and admiring the infinite Yangtze River. Fly with the flying fairy, hold the bright moon, and grow up. I know that it is impossible to get it suddenly, but I hate Taiwan. "
I said to the guest, "Do you know the truth about water and the moon? The water just keeps flowing away, but it never does. The moon is round and short, but it has not been lost or grown. It turns out that if we look at it from the aspect of change, everything between heaven and earth has never been fixed in the blink of an eye; If we look at things calmly in the same way, then things and ourselves are endless. What do we envy? Besides, between heaven and earth, everything has its own master. I won't take anything if it's not what I should have. Only the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains, when you listen, you hear the sound. When you look with your eyes, you see colors. No one can forbid it and enjoy it endlessly. This is the infinite treasure of nature, and you and I can share it together. "
Perilla said, "Do you know my husband's water and the moon? The deceased is like this, but he has never been there; If you are full of emptiness, the dead will not ebb and flow. Gai must view it from its changers, then heaven and earth can't be in an instant; If we look at it from its unchanging point of view, then things are infinite to me, but why envy them? Moreover, between heaven and earth, everything has its own master, who is not me, and has nothing to take, but the river has the upper hand, and the moon is in the mountains. Inexhaustible, inexhaustible. It is the creator's endless hiding place, and my son and I are in the right place. "
The guest smiled happily, washed the glass and filled it again. All the vegetables and fruits have been eaten, and the cups and plates are in a mess. Everyone slept on the boat, leaning against each other, and unconsciously, the white dawn had appeared in the East.
So the companion smiled happily, wiped the cup clean again and poured it again. All the dishes have been eaten, and the cups and plates are in a mess. Sleeping on the boat, hugging each other, I know the horizon has turned white.
Political setbacks.
Xiao Sheng is very sad.
Life is impermanent and short.
Su Shi's "Thousand Cliffs Fu" shows his open-minded and indifferent attitude towards life.
In terms of language style, this paper is not as clumsy as Han Yu, nor as fluent as Ouyang Xiu. It pays more attention to convey its subjective feelings by capturing images and combining sound and color. Often dotted with expressive new words, the sentence pattern is parallel prose mixed with scattered length. "The White Dew crosses the river, the water meets the sky, the reed is like a reed, and the earth is at a loss" in Qian Chi Bi Fu describes people's vacant feelings in the vast universe, while "the sound of the river, the thousands of feet breaks, the mountains are high and the moon is small, and the water comes out" also writes the impression of cold and desolate winter in Qiu Jiang with extremely refined writing.
Qian Chi Bi Fu was written during Su Shi's relegation to Huangzhou, which was one of the most difficult periods in his life. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned for "Wutai Poetry Case". "After several reconstructions", he was tortured. After being rescued by many parties, he was released in1February of that year and was demoted to deputy ambassador of Huangzhou Youth League Training, but "no official contract, no unauthorized placement." This is undoubtedly a "semi-prisoner" controlled life. 1082, Ren Xu and Su Shi wrote Qian Chi Bi Fu. In his poems in Huangzhou, he once painfully described the melancholy and depressed mood at this time. "I was in Huanggang for four or five years, and I was alone in the waves, so I stopped asking questions and suspected that I died of hunger and cold." . Qian Chi Bi Fu was written in an era when Su Shi was politically frustrated, unable to move freely, had a hard life and was extremely depressed. In his "Red Cliff Ci", it is clearly revealed that "one river does not return, and it is a romantic figure through the ages." However, in reality, I can only "grow up early" and sigh that "life is like a dream". Under this heavy mental pressure, Dongpo has a deep feeling in his heart. He began to feel more worried and nihilistic about the world than ever before, but if he just lamented the vicissitudes of human beings, he would not have our admiration for his literary talent and personality today. Dongpo became Dongpo's "old Dongpo" because he was good at "external liberation" (which is very important). One's life can't be without a blow. The problem is the attitude towards the blow. Facing the cruel political struggle, Su Dongpo wants to be detached, but he can't be detached. He said at the back of the book Before the Ode to the Red Wall: "When Shi wrote this ode last year, he didn't show people lightly, but only covered one or two people. Qin Zhi (the word was stolen by Fu Yao) sent him a letter asking for a recent article, so he sent it himself. I am afraid of how difficult things are. If you love me, you will hide. " This postscript helps to understand the author's depressed mood at that time. Su Shi had to seek sustenance from Buddhism and Taoism. The landscape of Huangzhou evoked his nostalgia for the ancients, so he expressed his admiration for the heroes of his predecessors and his ambition to govern the world. In a word, Su Shi's mentality at that time was extremely complicated: passive retreat and positive progress, suffering from illness and carefree landscapes, but behind the idea of not competing with the world, he showed anger at the injustice of the world, enterprising spirit of being unwilling to compromise, contempt for wealth and broad-minded feelings of pride and independence.
Some people once thought that Su Shi's "cautious thing" when he regarded Huangzhou Chibi as a place of friends in Sun Bin was not very accurate. The Chibi visited by Su Shi is not the real Chibi where there was a great war in history. However, the focus of Su Shi's article is not Zhou Yu's act of breaking Cao Zhuang, but he only writes articles to express his feelings through things in order to get rid of them.
Throughout the whole paper, the author's feelings have experienced three changes: joy-sadness-joy, and the author's thoughts have also experienced a development process from calm to depression, and then from depression to liberation. And around the three changes of the author's feelings, the whole article is also cleverly unfolded. "Writing carries the Tao", if the author wants to make his thoughts and feelings clearly understood by readers, he must use good literary expressions. Su Shi's philosophical thoughts in this article are also conveyed through his new use of Fu. Qianchibi Fu is a ci fu, and the author's thoughts and opinions are often expressed in the form of subject-object questions and answers. This traditional format is obviously adopted in Qianchibi Fu. Ci pays attention to parallelism and duality, and there are many parallelism and duality sentences in Qian Chi Bi Fu, so it has the basic characteristics of Ci Fu. However, Su Shi's fu is not as gorgeous as that since the Han and Wei Dynasties, but only lays out things, with little philosophical infiltration. The reason why this article is enduring is that it has made new achievements in breaking through the old style of ci and fu, which we can call prose poetry today. The poet expresses the emotional waves in his heart with a flowing style, which makes his words more vivid, more sincere and integrated with words. We have to admire Su Shi's extraordinary ability to control words. To sum up, this article has two major contributions to literature:
First, it fully shows the characteristics of prose that "the form is scattered and the spirit is not scattered". This poem is poetic, picturesque and philosophical. As far as scenery is concerned, there are bright moons, rivers and autumn winds; As far as love is concerned, there are joys and sorrows. Sometimes boating in Qiu Jiang, singing while buttoning; Sometimes he becomes independent and immortal; Sometimes I ask questions and talk about philosophy. The change of scenery and the jumping of emotions are very frequent, but they are not messy, but run through the author's subjective feelings. Su Shi expounded the philosophy of change and invariance in his article. Although this argument originated from Laozi and Zhuangzi's relativism philosophy, it has idealistic elements, but at the same time it has dialectical elements. This is the idea that the author should concentrate on expressing and the "spirit" of the article. God gathers and scatters. With subjective feelings, the prose is full of ups and downs and interesting. The article is full of emotion in the scenery and has a high artistic appeal, which provides a successful example for later prose creation.
Second, the ingenious use and innovation of "Fu" style. Fu on the Former Red Cliff is a clever combination of prose and verse, and a unity of poetry and prose. The article is a prose style, but it is not limited to ancient prose. Its sentences are long and short, its prose is vivid and elegant, and it is a beautiful prose poem. The scenes visited by this article are constantly changing, and the poet's emotions are constantly changing, but his literary style is always a note. There are both the beauty of neat parallel prose and poetic beauty, the beauty of free and rambling, and the beauty of vivid reasoning. In such a prose poem, we can appreciate both the beauty of literature and the interest of philosophy, which is undoubtedly the perfect integration of literature and philosophy.
& lt& lt zero-crossing Ding Yang >>
When hard work comes,
There are few stars around.
The mountains and rivers are broken and the clouds are surging.
Life experiences ups and downs.
Fear. The beach says fear,
Sigh in the ocean.
People who have never died since ancient times,
Take the heart of Dan and follow history.
Modern translation
Looking back on my early experience of being an official through the imperial examination,
Now the war has subsided for four weeks.
This country is in danger,
How can a person take a bath be described as duckweed?
Fear of the fiasco at the beach still scares me.
It's a pity that I am alone in the ocean below zero.
Who can live forever since ancient times,
I want to leave a patriotic heart to reflect on history.
Brief introduction of the author
Wen Tianxiang (1236— 1283) was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word good, the word Song Rui, Wenshan luling (now Ji 'an City, Jiangxi Province) people. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, he struggled to resist the enemy, was defeated and captured, never succumbed to the intimidation and inducement of the Yuan people, and finally died calmly. His later poems mainly described the difficult course of fighting against the Yuan Army, showing firm national integrity, generosity, tragic and touching.
To annotate ...
① Lingdingyang: In the Pearl River Estuary south of Zhongshan, Guangdong. Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan Army in December of the first year of Zhao Minxiang's reign at the end of the Song Dynasty (1278) and imprisoned in the Lingdingyang warship. In the first month of the following year, Yuan Marshal Zhang Hongfan attacked Cliff Mountain, forcing Wen Tianxiang to hand over Zhang Shijie, the commander-in-chief who stuck to Cliff Mountain. So, Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem. ② "hard work" sentence: trace back his early life experience and all kinds of hard work since he became an official. Encounter, encounter the court selection; It used to refer to an official who passed the imperial examination because he was proficient in a certain classic. Wen Tianxiang has been in Baoyou, Song Lizong for four years (1256), ranking first among Jinshi. 3 fight and be thin: being thin is barren and thin. Here, song and yuan war is drawing to a close. The Southern Song Dynasty died in this year (1279), and at this time it was unable to resist. Surrounding stars: Zhou Xing is the annual star, which circulates in the sky for twelve years, so Zhou Xing refers to twelve years. Surrounding the stars, that is, in 48 years, Wen Tianxiang was 44 years old when he wrote this poem, and the surrounding stars here are integers. In the old notes, "the surrounding stars" were mostly used as the four years since Wen Tianxiang 1275 applied for the diligent king. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, which is a review of the poet's life experience. (4) The phrase "a leopard cannot change his spots" means that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible. ⑤ Fear Beach: In today's wanan county, Jiangxi, the current is fast, and it is one of the eighteen beaches in Ganjiang. In the second year of Zong Jingyan, Song Rui (1277), Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Jiangxi and retreated to Fujian through the beach. ⑥ "Zero Ding" sentence: lamenting the current situation and one's own courage and isolation. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingdingyang. ⑦ History: History. Before paper was invented, bamboo slips were used to take notes. When making bamboo slips, bamboo sweat (moisture) must be removed by fire, so it is called a history book.
Make an appreciative comment
This poem was written after Wen Tianxiang was captured. The poet recalled a sentence or two of his life, but limited by space, in his writing, he cited two things: becoming an official and losing the battle. The four sentences in the middle are closely related to "war and death", which clearly expresses the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in turmoil, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and personal fate is even more out of the question. However, in the face of this great change, the poet did not think of his personal way out and future, but deeply regretted that he failed to win a military victory in air navigation two years ago, thus turning the situation around. At the same time, I feel particularly sad for my isolation. Between the lines, it is not difficult to feel the great pain of the author's country's ruin and death, as well as the bleak mood of self-blame and self-sigh. The last two sentences are a poet's choice of his own destiny without hesitation. This adds a tragic and passionate strength and self-confidence to the previous feelings and grievances, showing a unique lofty beauty. This is not only the embodiment of the poet's personality charm, but also the unique spiritual beauty of the Chinese nation, far beyond the scope of language and writing.
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This famous Mid-Autumn Festival poem was written in the ninth year of Xining, Song Shenzong (1076), that is, the Mid-Autumn Festival of Chen Bingnian. It is for the author to express his feelings when he is drunk and misses his brother Su Zhe.
The whole poem uses imagery description and romantic imagination to describe, express feelings and discuss closely around the Mid-Autumn Moon, and thinks from the related categories of heaven and earth, moon people, time and space, and sublimates the feelings for my brother to the philosophical height of exploring optimism and misfortune in life, expressing the author's optimistic and broad-minded attitude towards life and his good wishes and infinite love for life.
The last film shows the poet's ideological activities from birth to love of life, with the emphasis on writing in the sky. The first sentence "When will there be a bright moon" borrowed from Li Bai's "When will there be a moon in the sky?" I'm going to stop for a drink and ask "Poetry". By asking questions to the sky, I'm going to lead readers' thoughts to the immortal world in the vast space. The following sentence, "I don't know what year the palace in heaven is", is full of twists and turns. It shows the author's confused mentality of choosing between "being born" and "joining the WTO", namely "retreating" and "advancing", "being an official" and "hiding". The poet's drinking of asking for the moon above is an inquiry and exploration of the bright moon, which is extraordinary and abrupt.
The words "I want to go home by the wind, but I'm afraid of the high cold" express the poet's yearning and doubts about the Moon Palace Wonderland, and reflect the double ambivalence of the author's birth and entry into the WTO. "What's it like to dance out of the world?" The writer's thought of entering the world overcame the thought of being born, which showed the poet's feelings of clinging to life and loving the world.
The following films melt realism into freehand brushwork, turn scenery into emotion, show the poet's interpretation of the joys and sorrows of the world, and focus on writing about the world. These three sentences, "Turn to Zhuge, keep a low household, and shine without sleep", actually describe the scene where the moon shines on the world, which leads people from the moon, suggesting that the author's mind is broad. "There should be no hate. Why does it take so long to get round?" In two words, follow the example of Sleepless Night, dripping with frustration. On the surface, they are annoyed that the moon shines on people, which increases people's disappointment that the moon is not round. In essence, they place people's worries and express the author's nostalgia for their loved ones by enjoying the moon. "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of ups and downs. This is an old and difficult thing." The poet's exposition of the joys and sorrows of the world shows that the author, influenced by Zhuangzi and Buddhism, has formed a free and easy mind, forgetting gains and losses, being detached from things, treating human suffering and injustice as social phenomena, and treating the moon's ups and downs as these natural phenomena. At the end, "I wish people a long life and beautiful scenery" is actually a higher ideological realm, sending deep condolences and blessings to all relatives left in the world (including their brothers), adding positive and energetic significance to the whole word. The next paragraph, with a wide range of strokes and vigorous brushwork, highly summarizes the cold world and the complicated changes in the world, expresses the author's longing for a better and happier life, and is full of philosophy and emotion.
This word is the representative work of Su Shi's philosophical words. The word fully embodies the author's comprehensive understanding and knowledge of the eternal universe and the complex and changeable human society, and is a small summary of the world outlook by the author's observation of the moon and people. The author looks forward to the changes from ancient times to modern times, feels deeply about the circulation of the universe and hates the ups and downs of officialdom. In the artistic atmosphere of bright moon and loneliness, he permeated with a strong philosophical meaning, revealed a wise concept of life, and achieved a high degree of harmony between man and the universe, nature and society.
Capricorn Tongguan Nostalgia
Zhang's "Goat Nostalgia for Tongguan" skillfully combines Tongguan's topography with history to express his feelings in the landscape. Taking Tongguan as the witness of history, it exudes a heavy "prosperity, people suffering; Death, the people suffer. "
In the second year (AD 1329), due to the drought in Guanzhong, Zhang served as a relief worker in Shaanxi. Passing through Tongguan, I saw the scene of "the peaks are like gathering, and the waves are like anger". Tongguan is surrounded by mountains, and the word "ju" makes readers see the trend of Huashan rushing in front of them and the shape of the mountain standing tall; Outside Tongguan, the water of the Yellow River is surging, and the word "anger" echoes the endless sound of running water in readers' ears. Moved by this scene, the feeling of "Tongguan Road inside and outside the mountains and rivers" arises spontaneously. At this point, Tongguan has a glimpse of its majestic momentum. Such a dangerous place is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, which also triggered the following feelings. "Looking to the West, the meaning is still unfinished", the writer is in Tongguan, looking at Chang 'an, the old capital of the old dynasty, and thousands of flavors come to mind. Looking back at that year, the mansion of Qin Dynasty, the unfinished land of Han Dynasty, was large in scale and criss-crossed with mountains and valleys, but now the palace that worships beauty is gone, and his mission this time can't help but make people feel deeply touched. "There are 10,000 palaces in Qin and Han Dynasties, which is really sad." The writer's "sadness" in the face of the prosperous ruins here is really sad. Sad for the rulers of Qin and Han dynasties, I'm afraid that "all the palaces have been dug up" is something they never thought of! It is also the sorrow of the people. In order to show the glory of an era, the state concentrated on shaping the buildings of Afangshan and Weiyang, and the suffering of the people was unspeakable; However, the glorious past was followed by the replacement of dynasties, and the people were miserable in the war. This situation makes the writer say, "Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer "this sentence has been passed down through the ages.
The summary of history in Tongguan Nostalgia clearly refers to the real life of the Yuan Dynasty: Nostalgia is actually hurting the present, and heaviness is actually a responsibility. This complex feeling can only be understood by combining the writer's life experience. Zhang has been a scholar since childhood. He once presented books to Pingzhang Buhumu and was promoted. Later, he served as Yin of Tangyi County, and supervised the army. Because of his comments on current politics, he offended those in power and was removed from office, so he had to remain anonymous to avoid disaster. After being called up, the official went to the Ministry of rites. At the age of 50, he resigned and retired to Trang Van. During the drought in Guanzhong, he was re-appointed and rushed to Shaanxi to save the people. After years of ups and downs in his career, he lost all his fame and fortune and no longer cared about the ruler's judgment on himself. Trang Van's seclusion in Jinan not only made him appreciate and praise the natural scenery, but also made him observe the sufferings of people's livelihood. Respecting Mencius' people-oriented thought made him deeply realize the importance of people's livelihood; His outspoken character gave him the courage to face the reality and speak his true thoughts. The hardships of ordinary people's lives in Yuan Dynasty were expressed by writers in the form of nostalgia. This concern for the people made him "give all his help to the people in April, and every time he cried, he could not afford to get sick." This is the true nature and life of a conscientious scholar, and it was rare in the society at that time.
Zhang's special official experience determines that there is a homesickness in his Sanqu. "Li Mountain Nostalgia" wrote, "If you win, you will do something; If you lose, you will do the soil. " "Luoyang Galand" wrote that "the work is not long; The name is not long. " In "Nostalgia of North Mangshan Mountain", it is written that "even the monarch is not called; Even ministers should not be called. " In these songs, Zhang sees the number of winners and losers, the division of fame and fortune, and the moment of life and death equally, but only tells the story of wealth and impermanence and life like a dream through ancient events. Only "Tongguan Nostalgia" reveals an irrefutable truth of feudal society with a rare heavy and profound vision: "Xing, the people suffer; When you die, the people suffer. "
The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty practiced a policy of ethnic discrimination against Jinshi, and it was not until the second year of Yuan Renzong's extension (A.D. 13 15) that the imperial examination system was formally implemented. Moreover, this system is unfair, which largely caused the lower class scholars to lose confidence in the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and lack a sense of social responsibility. Therefore, the nostalgic works of other writers in the same period are deeply branded with the times: either they are sentimental about the ancient dynasty and have made an idea. Or lament the great changes in ancient and modern times, revealing the fear of the uncertainty of the world and life; Or feel that the years have passed and express personal feelings of sinking. Only Tongguan's nostalgia is permeated with heavy vicissitudes and a sense of the times.
From three aspects: the content of the work, the nostalgic works of other writers and the nostalgic works of other writers at the same time, Tongguan is a rare and heavy work.
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Give the younger brother (1) three first choices.
Serina Liu
Pine trees on Pavilion Hill, (2)
A stroke in the valley. ③
When the wind blows,
How hard are the pine branches?
Frost is painful,
Always straight at the end of the year.
Don't you feel cold? ④
Pine and cypress have sex.
author
? -2 17, a word merchant, was born in Dongping (now Dongping County, Shandong Province). Liu's style was strong and he did not emphasize carving.
Cao Pi once praised his five-character poems as "wonderful", but his works are rarely circulated, with only fifteen poems left.
To annotate ...
(1) Liu Zhen has three poems, "Give to My Brother", all of which are used in Bixing. This is the second song, and the author uses the metaphor of pine and cypress to encourage.
His cousin is loyal and self-controlled and does not change his nature because of external oppression. 2 Pavilion: High appearance. (3) se se:
The wind. 4 suffering: suffering. Condensed cold: severe cold.
judge
This is a poem about objects. The poet closely described the characteristics of pine and cypress, such as cold tolerance and lush foliage.
He wrote about the noble spirit of pines and cypresses, and successfully expressed his praise and praise for the noble spirit by chanting pines and cypresses.
Pursuit. The whole poem is vigorous in style, solid in language and simple and vigorous in spirit. As the poem says, "When the wind blows, it becomes loose."
How strong is the branch? "The repetition of sentence patterns highlights the confrontation between Jin Feng and Jin Song, and the tone is tight, powerful and poetic.
The shock just illustrates the characteristics of this poem. The whole poem is clear and natural. Especially the ending.
The second sentence, asking questions with function words, leads to the main idea of the whole article, which can be said to be well-known.
About the author: Serina Liu, a public official, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", Cao Cao's aide and subordinate to the Prime Minister. Cao Pi and Wu cooperated in Quality Book: "His five-character poems are excellent and wonderful." Known as "Cao Liu" with Cao Zhi. There is a collection of works by Liu Gonggan.
Appreciation Tip: The image of pine and cypress standing proudly in the snow symbolizes unyielding personality beauty. The writing technique is full of metaphors, chanting things and thinking, with lofty ideas, ingenious ideas, natural language and proper ideas.
Main points of appreciation: The poet hopes that his cousin can be as faithful and self-sustaining as a pine and cypress, and will not change his nature because of external pressure, which also means encouraging himself. Instead of singing things and writing about pine trees in isolation, the poet described pine trees and cypresses in harsh environments, highlighting their struggle against wind and hail as opposites. It can be said that the typical characters are portrayed through the typical environment, so that the image of pine and cypress stands proudly on the top of the mountain as a winner, showing a lofty and tragic beauty that inspires people to forge ahead and has high morale. People are the product of the environment, and they will also be frustrated and tested by various environmental factors. The poet told us that we should always maintain a strong and self-reliant personality like pine and cypress, so as to be worthy of being an indomitable spirit.
—— To be continued—