The first chapter of "The Book of Songs", "Guan Ju", describes for us a beautiful and euphemistic love story of lovesickness: a young noble man (a gentleman) saw a woman picking water plants and fell in love with her. A sudden feeling arose in her heart, and she was "torn and turned" by the "unrequited desire". She could only get close to and marry her in her imagination. A "gentleman" is clear about the object he considers a "gentleman's lover", and values ??both her appearance and her connotation. The so-called "fair lady", the difference is only love at first sight based on appearance (of course, the first impression of appearance is not There is no blame for being happy). The way of narrating love is straightforward and implicit. He dare not express it directly. He seems to be limited to "tossing and turning" and "sleeping and thinking", allowing himself to be satisfied in the fantasy of love. This is a typical traditional Chinese folk way of love, which is soft and subtle, fresh and healthy. Many of the folk songs in the Book of Songs are portrayals of the love between men and women in ancient times. Some are scenes, some are dialogues, and most of them are reserved and shy psychological descriptions. Confucius said, "Three hundred "Poems" can be summed up in one sentence, thinking is innocent." "Guanyong" retains for us a strand of love passed down from the people more than a thousand years ago.
In addition to a group of waterbirds in Hezhou, there are two images in "Guan Ju", a gentleman and a lady. A gentleman can be called a true "gentleman". He does not behave excessively toward the woman he likes, or even expresses it in words or actions. He only has painful unrequited love. The poem uses two paragraphs to describe the "gentleman's" desire to get close to each other, and then switches to scenes of picking watermelon. The situation and consciousness flash suddenly, and it ends abruptly at the climax. It has a modern sense of "montage". . The description of picking watercress three times is not only necessary for the rhythm of the poem, but more importantly, it depicts the characters. We seem to see the quiet, lovely and beautiful woman through the description of the behaviors of "flowing left and right", "picking" and "cutting". What a beautiful ancient "lady". Confucius said that the description of this kind of emotion is "joyful but not obscene, sad but not sad". It is certainly an orderly and controlled expression of emotions in this article, and it is also the "alienation" effect of "freehand brushwork" techniques and aesthetics in Chinese art as a whole. pursuit.
The scholar-bureaucrats in the Confucius era always referred to "poetry" in their words. The often-said words "poetry Yunzi said" and "composing poems to express one's aspirations" all refer to the Book of Songs. "The Analects of Confucius" says, "If you don't study "Poems", you will have no words." It can be seen that in the minds of Chinese literati and poets, the status of "The Book of Songs" is very high. What attracts the attention of researchers is not only the ancient love descriptions and life scene records, but also its artistic techniques. Although it is a folk song, it is a good beginning and a well-deserved "foundation" of Chinese poetry. Han Yu called the artistic technique of "The Book of Songs" "pa", and Wang Shizhen said it: "like the portrait of a painter." Regarding artistic techniques, "Zhou Li" summarized the "six arts" in "The Book of Songs": style, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and xing. The first three categories are classification, wind is earth style, earth music is folk tune. Ya is the elegant sound of "Xia" place, which can be referred to as "official tune". Song is a dance music, which can be regarded as court song and dance music. Zheng Qiao's "Six Classics Olympus" said: "The sound of the customs is called wind, the sound of the court is called Ya, and the sound of the ancestral temple is called song." However, in the "Book of Songs", the three are interpenetrated. Zhu Xi said: "A poet is one who tells the story and speaks directly." It means direct narration or description. Bi is a metaphor: "Comparison refers to comparing this thing with that thing." Chinese people are very good at using metaphors. There are similes, metaphors, metonyms, metaphors and metaphors in the Book of Songs. Xing is inspiration, borrowing something to make people excited. It is the poet's sigh when he sees a scene, which triggers the emotions stored in his heart. It may also be the "skill" that has long been lurking in his heart and is placed in a specific situation. The mutual communion, in other words, is a spiritual or emotional need. Xie Zhen's "Si Ming Shi Hua" made some statistics on Fu Bixing: "I tested the "Three Hundred Chapters": Fu, 720; Xing, 370; Bi, 110." It seems that the folk song writers at that time had already applied these rhetorical methods with ease.
"Guanyong" is the first chapter in the existing "Book of Songs", and its role of "comparison" and "xing" is of great importance. "Guan Guan doves, on the river island" refers to the environment and wonderful atmosphere created by the poet in advance. "Guan Guan" also means water birds singing in response to each other. Some scholars have also concluded that dove means female. According to legend, this kind of bird is mostly male and female and has a single-minded affection, which is different from ordinary birds. "Huainanzi·Tai Clan Xun" said: "Guan Ju" is inspired by birds, and the beauty of gentlemen is because the male and female do not live well." Wang Xianqian explained: "If you do not live well, you will not be in disorder." In this way, "Xing" also has the element of "Bi". It is impossible for a poet to use an unrelated thing to "excite", let alone use a diametrically opposite thing to contradict the realm he creates. River, some people interpret it as the Yellow River. The sentence "Xing" does not specifically refer to the Yellow River. So what about the "flowing left and right" below? Are there "liquids" in the Yellow River? This is just an atmosphere created or imagined by the poet. It's an "empty shot". This technique in "The Book of Songs" has always influenced the folk poetry of later generations, or in other words, this technique has been used by Chinese poets and folk songs. For example, the beginning of "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "The peacock flies southeast, lingering for five miles. Thirteen can weave vegetables..." The modern folk song "The East is Red": "The East is red, the sun rises, and Mao Zedong is born in China." "Mountains" Dandan blooms red and brightly": "Thousands of miles of thunder and flashes, our revolutionary ranks have developed greatly. Shandandan blooms red and gorgeous, Chairman Mao leads us to conquer the country." "Xintianyou": "Shandandan blooms and the back is red, Pick your talents first and then your heart. The sheep belly handkerchief is blue, and you turn your white face over.
The willow trees of Qingyang Yang grow tall. Look at the beauty of this girl. The buckwheat blossoms are all white. Look at how beautiful this girl is. A horse is as tall as a horse, and you are the best among people. "There are flowers on the cliff and red on the cliff. The suffering people are looking forward to good times." "Modern solo songs: "The lark flies across the blue sky, I love you, China!"... These folk songs are in the same vein as ancient folk songs.
Guanyong is the same as most of the chapters in The Book of Songs. It is mainly composed of four characters. It is catchy and persuasive to read. The repeated repetitions of "various watermelon" play a role in describing the behavior of the characters, It strengthens the emotional color and adjusts the rhythm, and the "harp music" and "bell and drum music" make the poems more vivid and colorful, showing the beauty of the "tone color" of painting and music. No wonder Confucius called it "the beginning of the sincerity of the teacher, the chaos of Guan Ju", It's so overwhelming. "Luan" is equivalent to "chorus". The overlapping of chapters and sentences, the repeated chanting of three sighs and three sighs, exaggerate the rhyme and rhythm atmosphere, achieve a wonderful combination of images, and complete the creation of artistic conception.