The choice of official seclusion in the early and late period —— Taking Peng Zeling's resignation as the boundary: the struggle between the poor and the rich.
Wei Jin was a representative who cared for the poor and advocated natural romantic life.
Tao Yuanming (365? ~ 427), also known as Qian, with bright characters, was born in Chaisang, Xunyang (near Jiujiang, Jiangxi).
Tao Yuanming lived in a very complicated political environment at the turn of Jin and Song Dynasties. His great-grandfather Tao Kan was a fu master in the Jin Dynasty. My grandfather was a satrap, and my father probably had a lower official position. He died in Tao Yuanming's childhood. In a society that attaches importance to the door, the status of Taoists is different from that of gentry such as Wang and Xie, but it is also different from humble. Tao Kan, who was born in poverty, was ridiculed as a "villain" and regarded as a person with usurper ambition. It is conceivable that the political situation of his descendants is quite embarrassing.
Tao Yuanming spent his boyhood in the countryside of Chaisang. "There are no improper customs, and their sexual love is autumn mountains" (the first part of Guiyuan) and "Young people are poor, and they are good at swimming six classics" (the sixteenth part of drinking) are the portrayal of life at that time. He often said that he had to be an official to make a living because his family was poor. This is true, but it cannot be ruled out that ordinary scholars have the motivation to make contributions. "I am eager to escape from all over the world, and I love Philip Burkart" (the fifth part of the miscellaneous poem) revealed the news. At the age of 29, Tao Yuanming served as a wine offering ceremony in Jiangzhou and resigned soon. Later, Jiangzhou was called the master book, but he did not take office.
In 398 AD, in the second year of Emperor Long 'an of Jin 'an, Tao Yuanming went to Jiangling and entered Jingzhou and Jiangzhou to secretariat Huan Xuan. At that time, Huan Xuan held the military and political power in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and he was ambitious to usurp gold. Tao Yuanming had the idea of seclusion again. The book Xin Chou returned to Jiangling for a night outing after a vacation in July, written in the fifth year of Longan (40 1), said: "Poetry and calligraphy are well painted, and the garden has no secular feelings. How to go as far as Xijing! " This winter, because Meng's mother died, I went back to Yang to offer my condolences. Great changes have taken place in the political situation since then. In the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan entered Beijing in the name of a minister, making Sima Yuan Xian. In the second year of Yuan Xing (403), Huan Xuan usurped the throne and changed his country name to Chu. In the third year of Yuan Xing (404), Emperor Wu of Song set out to crusade against Huan Xuan, entered Jiankang and became the general of Zhenjun. He mastered the state power and brought a glimmer of hope to the rulers. So Tao Yuanming joined the army and became the general of the town army, Emperor Wu of Song. On the way to his post, he wrote "Initiating the Town Army to Join the Army with Qu Zuo". His mood is ambivalent. On the one hand, he feels that the time has come, and he wants to do something: "I will meet you when the time has come." On the other hand, I am attached to rural life: "Change with change and finally return to work." At this time, Liu concentrated on crusade against Huan Xuan and its remnants, and Tao Yuanming was afraid that it would be difficult to make a difference under the curtain of Emperor Wu of Song. In the second year of the first year of Andi (405), he joined the army as general Jianwei and served as Jiangzhou secretariat Liu. In August this year, he requested the removal of Pengze county magistrate. After more than 80 days in office, he resigned and retired on 1 1 month. The direct reason for resigning from the county magistrate this time is recorded in Song Shuzhuan: "The county sent Du You to the county, and the county official Bai said,' I should be bound to see him.' Qian sighed and said,' I can't bend over to the villagers for five buckets of rice! I was relieved of my post today. When he resigned, he put forward a deeper reason: "Go home, come to Xi, please leave me to travel, the world is against me, I can't ask for it any more!" "Tao Yuanming thoroughly realized that secularism was contrary to his nature of advocating nature, and he could not change his nature to adapt to secularism. Coupled with his disappointment with the political situation, he resolutely resigned and lived in seclusion.
Peng's death is the dividing line between two periods of Tao Yuanming's life. Previously, he had been choosing between the two social roles of a bureaucrat and a hermit. When he lived in seclusion, he wanted to be an official, so he had to retire. His mood is very ambivalent. Since then, he has strengthened his determination to live in seclusion and practice all the time, but his mood is still not calm: "Sun and Moon abandon people and are determined not to win." I am sad to read this, but I can't be quiet in the end. "("Miscellaneous Poems ") He described the happiness of seclusion many times in his poems and expressed his determination to live in seclusion, such as" I can't drive back this joy "(drinking); "You have your own place, and it is a thousand-year-old shop" (the fourth drinking). This is of course his true feelings, but it is also a way of his firm determination. He didn't have a chance to be an official again in the later period, but refused. At the end of the Jin dynasty, he was asked to work as an assistant, but he didn't. Emperor Wu of song usurped gold to establish the song dynasty, and became more tired of politics. In the poem "Drinking Wine", he implicitly expressed his thoughts on this matter. Poor and sick in his later years. "Jiangzhou secretariat TanDaoJi waiting, just lying hungry. "Dao Ji said,' Sages are alive, where there is no way, they will be hidden, and where there is a way, they will reach. The child was born in the civilized world, so why bother? "Yes, I said,' I dare not look at sages if I dive, but I'm not that ambitious.' Knife Ji gave Liang meat and left. (Xiao Tong's Biography of Tao Yuanming) Yuan Jia of Song Wendi wrote a self-sacrifice four years before his death. At the end of the article, he said, "It's really hard to live, so what's death?" Alas! "This became his masterpiece. After his death, his friends posthumous title called him "Mr Jingjie". His good friend Yan Yanzhi wrote an obituary for him, which is an important material for studying Tao Yuanming. Song Shu, Jin Shu and Heather all have biographies of him.
Tao Yuanming's works before his death were not widely circulated. (Liang) Xiao Tong collected and sorted out the Collection of Tao Yuanming, and made a preface and biography for it. Although Tao Ji compiled by Xiao Tong has been lost, later Tao Ji, such as Yang Xiuzhi's lost edition in the Northern Qi Dynasty, Song Yao's lost edition, monk's lost edition in April in the Northern Song Dynasty, and some existing Song Dynasty engravings, such as Chicken Bone Pavilion, Zeng Ji's engraved edition, etc., were all re-edited on this basis. There are 12 1 2 poems in Tao Yuanming's works, and 12 poems in Fu, Wen, Zan and Shu You. The authenticity of some other works is still uncertain.
Tao Yuanming is familiar with Confucianism, and many Confucian classics are quoted in his poems, including 37 in The Analects of Confucius alone. He has the spirit of Confucianism's entry into the WTO, and also attaches importance to personal moral cultivation like Confucianism, but he does not stick to Confucian classics and appears informal. He said: "read well and don't ask for more understanding." Every time I know something, I am so happy that I forget to eat. " (Biography of Mr. Wu Liu) This is quite different from the attitude of Han Confucianism. He admired Confucius, but he was a bit Taoist. He was deeply influenced by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts. There are 70 allusions to Laozi and Zhuangzi and 77 allusions in his poems. Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties also influenced him. However, people are not addicted to dialogue with metaphysics. He is a very practical and practical person. Being a county magistrate will persuade farmers, and being a hermit will insist on farming, which is quite different from those metaphysics that talk about waste. He lives at the foot of Lushan Mountain, close to the Torin Temple in Huiyuan, and his friend Liu Yimin is closely related to Huiyuan. Tao Yuanming can occasionally see words similar to Buddhism in his poems, but he is by no means a Buddhist and keeps his distance from Hui Yuan. Buddhism is an understanding of life. Tao Yuanming's understanding of life coincides with Buddhism, but he seeks pleasure from real life and doesn't believe in the afterlife, which is very different from Buddhism. Although he is similar to some monks who are not afraid of death, his ideological background is still very different. He died with the attitude of "I don't like or fear when the waves turn over the clouds" (the shadow god), which is quite different from Buddhism's yearning for the paradise. He is thinking about major issues about the universe, history and life, such as what is real? Why do sages in history often have no good results? What is the value of life? What kind of life is perfect? How to treat death? Wait a minute. His thought not only combines the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, but also comes from personal life practice, with unique viewpoints, methods and conclusions. And put the conclusion of thinking into practice.
Poverty, happiness and respect for nature are the two main conclusions of Tao Yuanming's thinking about life, and they are also the two pillars of his life.
Tao Yuanming's code of conduct is "living and working in peace and contentment". His so-called "Tao" emphasizes personal integrity and embodies Confucianism. For example, "Robbers are good at learning from others" (Murong). "Good jue I don't miss, I don't pay for thick food. ..... born in righteousness, what do you want when you die late? "(Ode to the Poor, Part IV). He especially praised Yan Hui, Qian Lou, Yuan An, Rong Qiqi and other poor people who lived in peace and happiness. They should try their best to keep the purity of moral integrity like them, and never defile themselves in pursuit of high office and high salary. He doesn't generally despise being an official, but refuses to follow the crowd. He hopes to make contributions and retire after his success, just as Shuguang said to Shu Shou, "Being satisfied is not humiliating, being content is not dangerous." He also considered the problems of the rich and the poor. There is often a contradiction between poverty and seeking wealth in his mind, but he can achieve a balance through "Tao": "The rich and the poor often fight, and Tao wins without shame." ("Ode to the Poor" (V)) And those ancient sages who are peaceful and happy have become his role models: "How to comfort me, relying on heaven and ancient times is more sage." (Ode to the Poor) I was poor and hungry in my later years, but I didn't lose the principle of being a man.
Advocating nature is Tao Yuanming's deeper philosophical thinking on life. The word "nature" does not appear in the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and it is a unique category of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy. The so-called "nature" of Laozi and Zhuangzi is different from the objective material "nature" of human society in modern times. It is a state, not man-made, as it is, naturally. Everything in the world exists as it is and changes according to its own internal laws, without any external conditions and forces. People should conform to the state and changes of nature, be simple and contain truth. Tao Yuanming hopes to return to and keep his original, unadorned and naive temperament. The so-called "natural nature, non-corrected income" (the preface to return and come) shows that a person's nature is so natural that he can't stand the bondage of rope and ink. The so-called "if you are locked in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature" (the first part of Return to the Garden) expresses the joy of returning to nature and being free. In "Shadow God", he let "God" distinguish nature to explain the suffering of "shape" and "shadow". "Form" refers to people's desire for longevity, "shadow" refers to people's desire for goodness and fame, and "God" uses natural meaning to resolve their distress. Form, shadow and spirit also represent three aspects of Tao Yuanming's own contradiction, and their dialogue reflects the conflict and harmony of his life. Tao Yuanming's thought of advocating nature and the thought of hue and truth-fixing derived from it have formed a relatively complete and consistent philosophical system.
In a word, Tao Yuanming's thought can be summarized as: to return to a "true self" by eliminating the acquired "false self" influenced by the secular world. Tao Yuanming saw the decay of society, but he had no power to change it, so he had to pursue his own moral perfection. He saw the social crisis, but couldn't find the right way to save it, so he had to turn to the return of human nature. This may be partly realized by himself, especially in the poetic realm he created, but it is ineffective as a prescription for treating society.
Tao Yuanming is the representative of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties is a kind of personality beauty pursued by Wei and Jin scholars, or an artistic life pursued by them. They use their words, behaviors and poems to make their lives full of artistic flavor. From a secular point of view, Tao Yuanming's life is "withered", but from an extraordinary point of view, his life is very artistic. His works such as Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Back to Xi Ci, Back to the Garden and Fortune all reflect his artistic life. His process of pleading for and resigning from the Pengze county magistrate, his attitude towards Jiangzhou secretariat Wang Hong, the story of fiddling with the harpsichord and the anecdote of drinking wine on his head are also the manifestations of his artistic life. Wine is the medium of his artistic life. Tao Yuanming is an outstanding representative of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Section 2 Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems and others
The classification of the theme of Tao poetry: the new theme of China literature: pastoral poems, epic poems, epic poems, the inheritance and development of the ancients, and the deep feelings expressed in the poems.
The themes of Tao's poems can be mainly divided into five categories: pastoral poems, poems chanting for the bosom, poems chanting for the epic and poems answering questions.
Pastoral poetry and landscape poetry are often referred to as the same category, but they are two different themes. Pastoral poetry will write about rural scenery, but the main body is about rural life, farmers and farming. Landscape poems mainly describe natural scenery, and poets' aesthetic appreciation of landscape images is often associated with travel. Strictly speaking, only one of Tao Yuanming's poems is a landscape poem, and he writes more pastoral poems. Pastoral poetry is a new theme that he added to China literature. Taking his pastoral life as the content, he truly wrote the joys and sorrows of hard struggle. Tao Yuanming is the first person in the history of China literature.
Some of his pastoral poems express his carefree mood by describing the beauty of rural scenery and the simplicity of rural life. Spring outing, mountain climbing, drinking, reading, talking with friends, reuniting with family members, washing under the eaves, or picking chrysanthemums in the east, as well as new seedlings spreading their wings in the south wind and mulberry growing stronger and stronger, have all turned into wonderful poems. Such as "the mountains wash away the fog and the weather is warm." There is a south wind, and new wings sprout "(Fortune). On the morning of writing about the mountain village, the morning fog gradually disappeared, and the south wind made the new seedlings grow wings. "Adjacent songs come from time to time, and loudly speak is a thing of the past. Wonder * * * appreciation, doubt and analysis "("migration "I). Writing neighbors and talking about history papers with yourself, that kind of frank communication is enviable. Another example is "Return to the Garden":
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine straw houses. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. A warm and distant village, the smog in the Yi market. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. The house is clean and miscellaneous, and the virtual room is idle. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
In contrast, the poet felt extremely happy when he returned to the field. Ye Nan, thatched cottage, elm willow, peach and plum, far village, near smoke, cock crowing and dog barking are all pleasant to hear, all of which are Tao Yuanming's poems after enlightenment. "It warms people's villages far away, and the smoke in the Yiyi market" is from far to near, and "the dog barks in the deep lane, the chicken crows and the mulberry jumps" to describe the static state, which has simply reached the realm of perfection.
Some of his pastoral poems focus on the life experience of farming, which is the most distinctive and valuable part of his pastoral poems. There are agricultural poems in The Book of Songs, which are songs sung by farmers while working. Tao Yuanming was the first scholar-bureaucrat who personally participated in farming and wrote about farming experience with poems. It is also rare for Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems to really write about his work and life. The third part of Back to the Garden is a masterpiece in this respect:
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
This is the true feeling of a farmer who retired from his official position and engaged in farm work. He took a hoe with a moon dew in the evening, and the scene was vivid. Behind the description of farming life is the contrast between farming and being an official, and the pursuit of ideal life. The idea of life is written in "Harvest Early Rice in Xitian at the Age of Gengxu in September";
Life belongs to the Tao and food and clothing are solid. Don't camp, protect yourself. In spring, I try to do business, and my working years are considerable. Be a little diligent in the morning, but still be negative during the day. There are two buildings in the mountains, and the atmosphere is cold first and then hot. Tian Jia is not bitter, Fu is hard to quit. Four-body sincerity is fatigue, and ordinary people are no different from doing it. Wash under the eaves, fight for wine and splash your face. Far from drowning, it matters for thousands of years. I hope so, and I can't regret it.
Tao Yuanming believes that food and clothing is the beginning of a way of life. Without labor, nothing can be said. The poem describes the hardships of labor and the joy of going home to rest after a day's work, both of which are true. "Tian Jia is not bitter, and Fu is hard to quit." Write about the general feelings of farmers. "Four-body sincere work, ordinary people do the same", write the special feeling of a scholar whose official career is retired.
Some of his pastoral poems are about his poverty and rural depression. For example, "Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes Show Master Pang's Book Deng Zhizhong": "The fire burns again and again, and moths fly in the middle of the field. Wind and rain come and go, and the convergence is not full. Hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights. Cocks crow at night and move in the morning. " Return to the Garden Part IV: "Wandering among the mountains, Yiyi lives in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot. Ask people who get paid, this person is different. The wage earners told me that there was no way to die. " Through these poems, we can vaguely see the face of the countryside in war and disaster.
Poetry and epic have something in common, and chanting epic is also poetry, but it is only based on historical facts. Some of his poems are written in the form of group poems, such as drinking, imitating ancient styles and miscellaneous poems. His epic poems focus on ancient figures, such as "Sanliang", "Uncle", Jing Ke and the ancient poor in Ode to the Poor. Reading Shan Hai Jing can also fall into this category. These poems dedicated to memory and history obviously inherit the tradition of Ruan Ji and Zuo Si's poems and have Tao Yuanming's own characteristics. This is around the center of being an official and retiring, showing his character of not colluding with the rulers. Among them, there is a review of his life, such as Drinking 19; There are also attacks on society, such as "Drinking", the twentieth. There is no lack of regret and anger, such as Ode to Jing Ke. As can be seen from the second part of Miscellaneous Poems, Tao Yuanming's worries and resentments are deep and wide:
The sun sets in the west and the moon rises in Dongling. Far away, thousands of people are swinging in the air. When the wind enters the house, the pillow mat is cool at night. When qi changes, it is easy to realize, but not to sleep. Have nothing to say, wave a cup to persuade the lonely shadow. If the sun and the moon abandon people, they will be invincible. It's sad to read this, but I can't be quiet in the end.
This poem, written on a sleepless autumn night, sets off the loneliness of one's mood with the cold environment, and leads to the sadness of one's ambition with the passage of time. It is the representative work of Tao Yuanming's Huai Huai poems.
Tao Yuanming's official poems are all his works during his official period. They have a common theme: lamenting the hardships of official business, expressing his boredom with official business, and repeatedly telling his thoughts about the countryside and his determination to retire. Lamenting the pain of marching was originally the same content in the previous marching poems, and the latter two were unique to Tao Yuanming, and the later these two emotions became stronger. The helplessness of losing freedom becomes the keynote of this kind of poetry. Try this example: "My eyes are tired of traveling in different places, but my mind is full of mountains and rivers." . Looking at the clouds, I am ashamed of the birds, and I am ashamed of swimming in the water. "("Qu Zuo, the first town army joined the army ")" Born of long affection, how can you drown in this place? "("Two May Poems of Gengzi ")" Poetry and books are all collected, and the garden has no secular feelings. How to give up this, as far as Xijing. " ("Xin Chou went on vacation in July and swam back to Jiangling at night") "Why should I take a break? Encourage me to serve here. "(In March, Party B was appointed as Jianwei's Ambassador to the Army through Qianxi)"
Tao Yuanming's poems can show his sincere feelings for his friends. Giving answers has been a traditional theme since ancient times. As a poem handed down from Su Li's Answer, it is good at expressing parting feelings. Cao Zhi's "Giving a White Horse to the Army" is famous for expressing resentment, Serina Liu's "Giving a Brother" shows noble character, and Ji Kang's "Giving a Scholar to the Army" shows free and easy interest. Tao Yuanming's poems of giving answers have their own characteristics: he created an image of a kind old man for himself with sincere feelings, simple content, meaningful meaning and lukewarm style. Such as: "Clouds stop at Alan Yu, and rain stops at misty. He raised his eyes and looked around blankly. The road blocked the water. Dong Xuan was sitting alone, having a glass of spring wine. Good friends are long and scratch their heads. " ("Stop the Cloud") "The wind is blowing from the west and the clouds are floating from the east. Mountains and rivers are thousands of miles apart, and it is difficult to talk and laugh. Good people don't hide from the world, how humble and poor the rivers and lakes are. Out of experience, remember to save old friends. " ("Farewell to Yin Jin") Answer Pang Junjun is the deepest sentence in his poem:
Know each other well, why be old. I'm interested in tourists. I often go to forest parks. Talk about harmony without vulgarity, talk about saints. Or fight, drink freely. I am a hermit, which has nothing to do with it. The new things are old, but the weak things are hyped up. Feelings cross Wan Li, but stagnate. You love voxels. When will you come?
There are memories of reunion, sadness of parting, careful reminder, heavy and affectionate in the poem.
In addition to the above five themes, Tao Yuanming also has some works with philosophy as the main content, such as Shadow, Drinking Alone in the Rain and Quasi-Elegy, which can also be classified into this category. This kind of poetry can be regarded as metaphysical poetry, but it is different from the metaphysical poetry popular in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is not "the purpose of the column is to return, but the painting garden is sparse" (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Timing"), but to refine the experience in life to the height of philosophy. Scholars in the Wei and Jin Dynasties paid attention to family status, and some of Tao's poems described clan relations or exhorted descendants, such as Life Son, Responsibility Son and Gift to Changsha Gong. It can be seen that Tao Yuanming still pays attention to family honor and family status.
Section III Art of Tao Poetry and Its Origin
Nature: the overall artistic characteristics of Tao poetry, the poetic scene of daily life, the chaos of things, the warning strategy in plain, and the artistic origin of beautiful Tao poetry in simplicity.
Nature is not only the purport of Tao Yuanming's life, but also the overall artistic feature of his poems. There is no heart to pray for fame in his poems, and he resorts to pen and ink when he feels in life, without affectation or affectation. He said: "I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition." Forget the gains and losses, and it's over. "("Biography of Mr. May 6th ") He added:" You have to entertain yourself after getting drunk, and there is too much paper and ink. "This shows his creative attitude. The sound kiss and rhythm of Tao's poems are slow and calm, giving people a kind feeling. Tao's poems frankly record the subtle waves in his heart with introspective words. They have no overwhelming momentum, no eloquent power, no grand atmosphere, but they slowly penetrate into readers' hearts like spring rain. His poems do not pursue strong stimulation, strong color, tortuous structure and are purely natural and magical. However, due to his lofty personality and profound life experience, as long as it is written truly, it is very infectious. As Huang Che, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Those who are profound because of their profound knowledge have no intention to be disrespectful and skillful." (《? Xi Shi Hua (Volume V)
One of the characteristics of Tao's poetry is his pioneering work, that is, to poeticize daily life and find important significance and lasting poetry in daily life. Before him, Qu Yuan, Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Ruan Ji, Lu Ji, etc. All focus on topics related to national politics. Tao Yuanming focuses on ordinary life, and writes about family affairs in household words, which is poetic.
Specifically, the artistic exploration of Tao poetry can be summarized as follows:
First, the integration of emotion, scenery, things and reason. Tao Yuanming's description of scenery does not pursue the shape of the object and the twists and turns of the plot, but expresses feelings higher than the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that people may not understand. Tao's poems focus on writing the mind, writing the mind that is integrated with the scenery, and writing through life. He doesn't care if he looks like it, but writes a world in his mind. Shi Tao's poems are based on things, landscapes, emotions and rationality. The new seedlings spreading their wings under the south wind, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan returning to his lair because of his family's four walls, the forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, and they are all concrete. And look at "drinking" article 5:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.
The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "mind" and "land", that is, the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as the mind is far away, no matter where it is, it will not be disturbed by the noise of dust and customs. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the first time I saw Nanshan leisurely, seems to be integrated with Nanshan. The mountain breeze and the returning birds that night constitute a wonderful scenery in their hearts, which contains the true meaning of life. This instant induction between the heart and the environment, as well as the joy leading to infinity, can not be ignored. As "A Thousand Girls in Ancient Learning" said, "If there are chrysanthemums in the fence, I will pick them. If I pick it, there will be no chrysanthemums in my heart. Fools, but see the south mountain, and look at the beauty of the late mountain, to welcome birds and return together. Mountain flowers and birds talk, occasionally opposite, a machine, naive. Since there is no name and no explanation, who can tell. " The third part of Quasi-Elegy is also a masterpiece of four things:
Weeds are wild and poplars rustle. In mid-September, severe frost sent me out of the outer suburbs. Surrounded by uninhabited, high graves.
Right, right. The horse cries to the sky, and the wind is depressed. It's not a thousand years since the secluded room was closed. A thousand years later, there is nothing the wise can do. Always send people away and return to their homes. Relatives or sorrows, others have also sung. What's the way to die? I'm on the same mountain.
This poem begins with the funeral of relatives and friends, and "weeds" and "poplars" set off a sad atmosphere. Then it means that everyone will die, and no one can avoid it, and the death of one person has little influence on the living, so there is no need to be too persistent. The last two sentences end with logical words, which dominate the whole poem. Death is a great puzzle of mankind, which was discovered by Tao Yuanming.
The "reason" in Tao's poems is not an abstract philosophical sermon, but a life experience, which contains the interest of life. Tao's poems show his understanding of the universe, history and life, and are the crystallization of his exploration of its mystery and significance, all of which are expressed as aphorisms in language with both interest and reason, and have achieved endless results. For example, "life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." ("Geng Xu wins early rice in Westfield in mid-September") "Since we are brothers, why should we be flesh and blood?" (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "Qi becomes easy to understand, and if you don't sleep, it will last forever." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Encourage in time, and time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "I don't know if there is me, the governor is more expensive." ("Drinking" Part 14) "Life is illusory, but it is always empty." (Return to the Garden Part IV) "The name behind Xu Wei is like a cloud of smoke to me." ("Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes Showing Pang's Master Book Deng Zhizhong") "Even the people in the forest don't know, so it's strange to be independent." ("Drinking" VIII) These poems are simple, profound and enlightening. Pan Deyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said that Tao Yuanming's statement that "everything can be done in the interior" (Yang Shihua) is pertinent.
Second, see the police in the plain, and see the beauty in the simple. The predecessors often summed up the style of Tao poetry by "plain and simple", but Tao poetry is not only plain, but also has the advantage of being plain and warning the world; Tao poetry is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in Tao's poems are often the most common things, such as cottages, chickens, dogs, bean sprouts, Sang Ma, mean streets, etc., and everything is described truthfully, and there is nothing unusual. However, once a poet writes, there are often warnings. Tao's poems rarely use flowery rhetoric and exaggerated techniques, but are simple, rough and simple. Such as Planting Beans at the Foot of Nanshan, It's sunny today, Pine and cypress in the East Garden, Autumn Chrysanthemum is stunning, I hate Taiwan and love quiet nights, and Spring and Autumn are many beautiful days. However, beauty can also be seen in the plain. Another example is "antique":
When it rained in mid-spring, it began to thunder in the east corner. Everyone is lurking, and everything is suitable. Yan, the new arrival, both of them came into my house. The first nest is still there, and Xiang will return to his former residence. That door has been abandoned since we broke up. My heart is very practical. What's your opinion?
Spring has come, and the swallows have all returned to their huts. Over the past year, my family has become poorer and poorer, but I still insist on living in poverty and seclusion. Some friends don't understand their attitude and persuade them to be officials again and again. However, the swallows came here gracefully, and they didn't dislike their nests and their poor people at all. The swallow seems to ask the poet: My heart is firm, is your heart as firm as mine? This poem is like a beautiful fairy tale, simple but interesting. There are many similar examples, such as: "All birds like to be entrusted, and I love my family." (The first part of "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas") "There is a cross wind in the plain, and good seedlings are also pregnant." (The second part of Tian She in the Spring of Guimao) The word "Yi" is intriguing. Another example is: "The mountain stream is shallow and you can lick my feet." Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. It is dark to enter the room during the day and the salary is bright. "("Return to the Garden "Part V) A mountain stream, a chicken and a golden salary. Once these ordinary things are touched by the poet, they have a taste of life, showing his kindness to his neighbors and simple customs in the countryside. "I don't want to listen to anything, but my eyes are clean" ("Gui Mao is old in mid-December, respect my brother"), and the gentle beauty of snow is written in ten plain words. This feature of Tao poetry is summarized by Su Shi as "quality and reality, but richness and reality" (the same book as Su Zhe), which is very incisive.
The language of Shi Tao's poems is not untrained, but it shows no trace and looks plain and natural. As Yuan Haowen said: "A word is natural and eternal, and it is extravagant." (On Poetry) For example, "Eat, drink and wait for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "People voted in the past, and they can't win." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Cherish the forest in front of the hall and store the shade in the middle and summer." The words "Dai", "Throw" and "Save" are all commonly used verbs, which seem plain but wonderful, and it is simple enough.
Regarding the artistic origin of Tao poetry, Zhong Rong's poetry said: "Its origin comes from the harmony of Zuo Si." Since then, many people have opposed this statement, but today, many people agree. Judging from Ying Kun's poems and biographical materials, he is quite different from Tao Yuanming. Tao's poems originated not so much from Ying Kun as from sages in Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Ying Kun alone could not cover him. If we must be specific, we can say that Shi Tao originated from Ancient Poetry, and he combined the legacy of Ruan Ji with the left-leaning ideological trend. Wei and Jin poetry reached a new peak in him.