The so-called "Xingxiang" refers to the poet's emotion and spirit controlling the objects, integrating them with the vibration of the poet's soul, thus gaining life, personality and vitality.
A brief analysis of "Xingxiang" in Tang poetry
Abstract: The characteristics of Tang poetry include its style, mood, rhythm, diction, mood, emotion, etc. Generally speaking, any poem with the characteristics of Tang poetry can be called "Tang poetry". The artistic style of Tang poetry is mainly reflected in the aspects of "emphasis on character, emphasis on mood, emphasis on rhythm and diction, and pursuit of mood and emotion." Xingxiang is the unique aesthetic realm of Tang poetry, especially the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and is a sign of complete artistic maturity of Tang poetry.
Keywords: The style of Tang poetry, Xingxiang
The definition of Tang poetry. Generally speaking, any poem with the characteristics of Tang poetry can be called "Tang poetry". Not only the poems written by poets in the Tang Dynasty are called Tang poetry, but also the poems with the characteristics of Tang poetry written by people after the Tang Dynasty are also called "Tang poetry". Tang poetry. The characteristics of Tang poetry are mainly reflected in the aspects of "emphasizing style, emphasizing mood, paying attention to rhythm and diction, and pursuing mood and emotion."
Xingxiang is the unique aesthetic realm of Tang poetry, especially the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. It is a sign of complete artistic maturity of Tang poetry.
The "Xing" in Xingxiang is derived from the "Xing" in Bixing, but it is different from the "Xing" in "Bixing". It has another meaning, referring to A subtle, euphemistic poetic flavor. "The text has been exhausted but there is more than enough meaning, and it is exciting" ("Preface to Poems" by Zhong Rong of the Southern Song Dynasty).
For example: King Luo Bin's "Singing Cicadas in Prison":
The cicadas sing in the West, and the guests in the Southern Crown want to invade, and the shadows of the mysterious temples come to sing to the white heads. It is difficult to fly in due to heavy dew, and it is easy to sink due to the strong wind. No one believes in Gao Jie, who can express his sincerity?
The first two sentences of the poem use the sound of cicadas to elicit thoughts from the guests. In the third and fourth sentences, one sentence talks about cicada, and the other sentence talks about myself, connecting things and myself together; the fifth and sixth sentences are purely in analogy, and every word is about cicada, and every word is about myself; the seventh and eighth sentences are still in analogy. , writing about the cicada’s high-mindedness, is actually a metaphor for his own integrity. The whole poem goes from things to people, and from people to things, forming a realm where things and I are one.
The image of "Xingxiang" refers to objects, including scenery, images of things, or pictures of life. Generally speaking, it refers to the images depicted in poems. "Xing" is the external image of poetic works, and "Xing" is the deeper meaning and emotion contained in the image. The combination of the two constitutes the "Xing Xiang" concept of the Tang Dynasty poets, which became a very high artistic realm. The proposal of "Xingxiang theory" shows that the Tang people's understanding of artistic images has deepened from focusing on the perception of appearance to the exploration of inner spirit.
For example: "Snow on the River" by Liu Zongyuan:
Thousands of birds have disappeared, thousands of people have disappeared, and a lone man with a coir raincoat fishing alone is fishing in the cold river snow.
The poet used images such as "extreme", "extinguished", "solitary", "solitude" and "cold" to describe his own character of being aloof and arrogant, as honest as snow. The poem uses typical generalization techniques to depict a wonderful picture of the snowy scenery of the Hanjiang River, and outlines the image of a fisherman fishing alone in the wind and snow. It further expresses the poet's proud and lonely feelings after being hit when he was exiled to Yongzhou. Emotions, the image of "fisherman" is the sustenance of the poet's thoughts and feelings and the portrayal of his personality and character.
Another example: He Zhizhang's "Ode to the Willow":
The jasper is as high as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don’t know who cuts out the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors.
This poem is about willows in early spring and February. The first two sentences describe the green color of the young leaves of the willow tree and the graceful grace of the wicker. The last two sentences are associated with the spring breeze of the willow. Through novel and skillful metaphors, they not only exaggerate the role of the spring breeze in transforming rain into all things and cutting the spring color, but also imply the tenderness. The exquisite willow leaves sing the spring breeze through chanting willows, praising spring, promoting life, and praising all creative labor. The first three sentences use "Xiang", and the last sentence uses "Xing".
Meng Haoran's "Visiting an Old Friend's Village":
My old friend brought chicken and millet and invited me to Tian's house. The green trees border the village, and the green mountains and hills slope outside. Open the front garden and spread the word mulberry and hemp. When the Double Ninth Festival comes, there will be chrysanthemums.
The whole poem vividly depicts the beautiful pastoral scenery, the simple rural life, the pure host-guest friendship, and the poet's peaceful and comfortable feeling of being intoxicated with the pastoral.
Another example is Li Shangyin's "Le Youyuan":
I felt unwell in the evening and drove to Guyuan. The sunset is infinitely beautiful, but it's almost dusk.
The "image" in the whole poem is not clear, but the meaning beyond the image it pursues gives people a sense of beauty. The metaphor in it is that the Tang Dynasty is like the "sunset", gradually declining, showing the poet's pity for the Tang Dynasty's imminent decline. "The sunset is infinitely beautiful, but it is almost dusk" has become a famous sentence that describes sad emotions that has been passed down to this day.
For example, Gao Shi's frontier fortress poem expresses the feeling of the conscripts homesickness and the housewives' homesickness. "The snow is clear, Hu Tian herds horses, and the moon shines in the Jiangdi garrison tower. May I ask where the plum blossoms fell? The wind blows all night "Manguan Mountain" ("Listen to the Flute on the Fortress"), "The prodigal son went to war, and Emei Chanjuan stayed in the empty boudoir. Naturally, she shed tears when she stayed alone. When she returned, she heard the birds singing at night" ("The Song of the Fortress"), " I have been garrisoning for a long time in iron clothes, but the jade chopsticks should cry when I leave. The young woman in the south of the city wants to have her heart broken, and the conqueror looks back in the sky at Jibei" ("Yan Ge Xing").
Gao Shi's poems describe the folk customs of the frontier fortress, and their interest is particularly obvious. For example, "Song of Yingzhou": "The young men in Yingzhou are tired of the wilderness, and they hunt under the city with their fur and fur covered with velvet.
A thousand hours of wine will not intoxicate anyone, and Hu'er can ride a horse at the age of ten. "Tribal Song": "The Tibetan army travels near the fortress, spraying the wind and autumn on its behalf." The veteran wears golden armor, and the Yan family wears brocade fur. Zhou Gemeng has a leopard tail and a red wolf head. "It expresses the life style and strong and brave spirit of the border ethnic minorities. Its plainness and calmness are typical realistic writings; Gao Shi always reflects life according to its true face, observing it like a plane mirror, unlike Sansuo. Reflecting like a mirror, Gao Shi said, "I can't sleep alone in the cold light of the hotel. Why does the guest's heart turn so sad?" My hometown is thousands of miles away tonight, and I will have another year in the Ming Dynasty with frost on my temples.” creative method. Looking at Gao Shi's poems, it can be said that he is a realist poet. ...Gao Shi always truly reflects objective things according to their inherent features and the logic of life itself. To put it simply, it is: real writing, realistic writing, and vivid brushstrokes. With the courage and courage of a politician and military strategist, he profoundly exposed the shortcomings of the border defense policy and stated his own views on the war, with an obvious color of political commentary. He opposed both the policy of compromise and peace, and the strategy of protracted war, that is, "turning to fighting will not lead to a long-term strategy, and peace will not be a long-term goal." The former resulted in a situation of frequent border troubles such as "the dust on the border is full of the northern sea, and the captives are driving due south." ; The latter caused the consequences of "the pavilions and fortresses were thousands of miles away, but the Han soldiers were still preparing for the Hu", which was a waste of people and money; he advocated "the general army to sweep the desert and capture the Chanyu in battle." Concentrate all efforts to win the first battle and eliminate border troubles forever; he believes that the purpose of war is "the common people will be harmonious, and the people will be relieved. The suburbs will have more atmosphere, and there will be no beacon smoke for thousands of miles" ("The Poems of the Shogunate of King Xin'an"), which is the "side court" If you are extremely cunning, the battlefield will become a place for fishermen and woodcutter. If the Yuguan is not lit at night, the mouth of the city will be filled with laughter." ("Looking at the Sun to Reward the Changda Judge") Use war to eliminate war and fight for peace; he opposes militarism and abuse of force; "Han The family can use force to open up a poor foreign land... I tried to look at Guanting, and I felt like crying." ("Jimen Part 2") He exposed the commander's improper strategy, which resulted in a heavy defeat: "It is also called sweeping the gun and spinning. Jing Tengfeng ("Farewell to the King's Seventeen Guans"), "Five generals went deep, and the front army stopped half way back" ("Returning from Jibei"); he accused the border generals of concealing their defeat and being decorated for their military exploits. Reward: "The return signal tells Dongjie, and the fighting cavalry reports that the west is defeated. Flying far away from the desert, the book has been built in Chang'an. "("Farewell to the Fifty-seven Guan") He was worried that the idlers would be deceived while guarding the wastechi, and the barbarians would be fierce and stubborn: "How can the border city be desolate, the day will be dusk and the clouds will be dusk. As soon as I arrived at the battle place, I was worried that the barbarians would turn over. Is there no Anbian book? The generals have accepted the favor. "("Ji Zhong Zuo") He praised martial arts, but he also opposed indiscriminate killing: "Rescuing a siege depends on the temple, stopping killings to repay the king's favor" ("Tong Li Yuanwai He Ge Shu Doctor's Breaking Nine Songs"); in celebrating the victory At the same time, he was also eyeing new dangers. He angrily denounced treacherous manipulation of power and unfair promotion: "The best soldiers are trained every day, and the enemy is killed without leaving any residue. Xian Jie met the emperor and captured the Khan based on his merits. ... What is called vertical and horizontal policy is translated into power action. The general is in trouble, and the envoy is also bitter. " ("Dongping Liu Zengdisima") This is the main aspect of the aesthetic appeal of Gao Shi's frontier fortress poems and a concentrated expression of his creative personality.
Some beautiful lines describing the scenery, such as "The rapids on the rapids sound like arrows, "The waning moon at the top of the city is as strong as a bow" and so on. None of his frontier fortress poems are pure descriptions of scenery, and the scenery involved is just a touch of emotion. His aesthetic taste and creative direction lie in social beauty, in Politics, military affairs, people's sentiments, etc. are related to the overall situation. The original biography of Wei Gaoshi "is grateful for the economic strategy, the rich support of elegant talents, the long-term strategy, the general outline, the meaning of the words, and the reality." Called a loyal minister. ""Xiyan" the king has a rough strategy, pursues fame and honor, upholds integrity, and takes safety as his own responsibility when times are difficult. "Gao Shi" also claims that he is "good at making plans in the Ming Dynasty and wants to seduce the princes" ("Dongping Road Works Three") "First" Part 2), "Always be grateful and willing to serve Zonghengmo" ("Fortress"), so the singing of these songs naturally reflects the soul of the country and the military spirit, and the soldiers in the border fortress are in high opinion. The poems are all simple and natural, neat and clear, vigorous and powerful.
Wang Wei's later poems pursue more "Xingxiang", such as "Lu Chai":
Empty Mountain. No one is seen, but the sound of people's voices is heard. The scene returns to the deep wood, and the light shines on the moss.
This poem describes the quiet scene in the deep forest near Luchai, "The deep silence is. Every time it is set off by sound, it becomes deeper and deeper." (Qian Zhongshu's "Guan Zhui Bian") writes an open, quiet and quiet realm. "Xiang" refers to echo in ancient times, and the author uses this "xiang" to express his appreciation for "Buddha" His personal experience of the emptiness and emptiness of "home realm" also expresses his diligent pursuit of a noble personality.
Another example is Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi":
Weicheng Dynasty The rain is lightly dusting, and the guest house is green and the willows are new. I urge you to have a glass of wine, and there is no old friend in the west.
The "image" in the whole poem is very obvious, and the first two sentences of the poem describe the scene of farewell; The last two sentences describe friends' farewell drinks, affectionate farewells, and blessings for a difficult road ahead. However, the "xiang" in them is also very special. They are not about farewells filled with ecstasy and sadness. From "qingqing" and "qingqing", The author's light and hopeful mood can be seen in words such as "new", which shows the author's positive and optimistic attitude towards life.
Of course, the "Xingxiang" characteristics of Tang poetry gradually evolved through subsequent development. , one developed into the "artistic conception theory", and the other became the "charming theory", forming the unique artistic characteristics and aesthetic style of Tang poetry.