trait
Short and pithy, lively and interesting. Its history can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it is a literary genre alongside poetry, drama and novel. Including political essays, historical essays, biographies, travel notes, letters, diaries, essays, sketches, tables, prefaces and other essays. It is a model of language, art and literature with high aesthetic value. In the long-term spread process, it has watered the literary gardens of all ages, watered the literati of all previous dynasties, and still benefits people today.
Prose is a literary genre that combines beauty with beauty. Literature expresses life and conveys thoughts and feelings. Generally speaking, novels, poems and plays have strict requirements in terms of structure, meter, tailoring and dialogue. Prose, by contrast, can be free. It seems that I just express my experiences and feelings casually, and most of them show fragmentary fragments of life. The language is poetic and beautiful.
Prose is mainly divided into narrative prose, lyric prose, philosophical prose and argumentative prose.
Modern prose
Refers to a literary style on an equal footing with poetry, novels, plays, etc. It is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings and revealing its social significance through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, which can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have complete stories and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism. The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by vividly depicting typical details such as life fragments, psychology, environment and atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people.
The definition of modern prose (referring to a literary genre juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays) has two meanings: broad and narrow.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style with narrative or lyricism, extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories:
Narrative prose
Prose is mainly about writing people's notes. This kind of prose gives a concrete and outstanding description and portrayal of people and things, expresses the author's understanding and feelings at the same time, and also has a strong lyrical component, with full feelings between the lines. Narrative prose focuses on reflecting the essence of things from the development and changes of narrative characters and events, with factors such as time, place, characters and events, selecting themes from one angle and expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, Mr Fujino by Lu Xun, Remember a Spinning Wheel by Wu Boxiao, and Remember Mother by Zhu De. According to the different emphases of this kind of prose, it can be divided into note prose and writer prose.
Notes-based prose takes the development of events as a clue and emphasizes the narrative nature of events. It can be a story with a beginning and an end, such as "Peanut" by Xu Dishan, or it can be several fragments, such as "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue" by Lu Xun. The author's sincere feelings are poured into the narrative, which is the most remarkable difference from the novel narrative.
People-oriented prose, the whole article is people-centered. It often grasps the character characteristics of the characters, makes a rough outline, and emphasizes the basic temperament, personality and mental outlook of the characters, such as Mr. Fujino in Lu Xun's works. Whether the characters are real or not is the difference between them and novels.
Author: Tian Maoquan
lyric prose
Prose that focuses on expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. This kind of prose narrates and describes specific things, but usually it doesn't run through the whole story. Its outstanding feature is strong lyricism. It is either straightforward or touching, full of poetry and painting, even if it describes natural scenery, it also gives profound social content and thoughts and feelings. Excellent lyric prose has sincere feelings and vivid language, and often uses symbols and analogies to visualize ideas, which has strong artistic appeal. For example, Mao Dun's Praise of Poplar, Wei Wei's Farewell, Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, Bing Xin's Praise of Cherry Blossoms and Tian Maoquan's Oh, Chess Mountain.
Landscape prose
Prose mainly depicting scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text. Vivid scenery description can not only explain the background and render the atmosphere, but also set off the thoughts and feelings of the characters and better express the theme. For example, Liu's Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
Philosophical prose
Philosophy is the understanding of feelings, the spark of thoughts, the condensation of thoughts and the crystallization of wisdom. It runs through ancient and modern times, across China and foreign countries, embraces the world, penetrates the society of life, stays in the parents of life and flashes in the field of thinking. Smart authors are good at grasping the flash of philosophy and writing rich and thought-provoking beautiful articles in the form of pen and ink. Reciting such beautiful prose often can naturally be enlightened, edified, baptized and sublimated in a subtle way. This internalization is undoubtedly great.
Philosophical prose participates in the truth of life with various images, thus revealing the eternal similarity between all things. Because of its profundity and spiritual penetration, it gives us a shocking aesthetic effect of penetrating into the essence through phenomena and revealing the inside story and thoughts of things. Grasp the way of thinking embodied in philosophical prose and experience the profound cultural connotation and accumulation contained in philosophical prose.
1. Symbolic thinking in philosophical prose: Philosophical prose constitutes a symbolic expression of ontology, because it transcends the meaning of daily experience and its own natural physical attributes. It abandons shallowness, but reaches the state of empathy with people's thoughts and resonance with life and gas field. We get rational awakening and carefree spirit from symbols, from the peace of mind to the tremor of the soul, which goes beyond the general emotional response and stays at the top of the spirit.
2. Associative thinking of philosophical prose: Because philosophical prose is a three-dimensional and comprehensive thinking system, after association, the connotation of the article is richer, not thin, and nature, society and life are integrated.
3. Emotional thinking of philosophical prose: Philosophical prose is essentially a dependence of ideological expression on emotion. Because the author has emotional participation in the process of understanding life, and the result of understanding is the fusion of emotion and imagination, the thoughts in philosophical prose are not ordinary dry discussions, but thoughts containing life emotions and full of aesthetic emotional juice. Read the depth of the soul from between the lines of philosophical prose and understand the original meaning of life. This is the artistic beauty of philosophical prose.
The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.
"Form and dispersion" mainly means that prose is widely used and free, and is not limited by time and space; Expression techniques are not limited to one pattern: it can describe the development of events, describe characters, convey feelings with things, and make comments. The author can freely adjust and change according to the needs of the content. "Distraction" mainly comes from the intention of prose, that is, the theme to be expressed in prose must be clear and concentrated, no matter how extensive the content of prose is and how flexible the expression is, it serves to better express the theme.
In order to be scattered in shape but not in spirit, we should pay attention to the internal relationship between materials and central ideas in material selection, so that materials can run through an organic whole with certain clues in structure. Common clues in prose are: (1) taking things with profound or symbolic significance as clues; ⑵ Taking the "I" in the works as a clue and "I" as a clue, because I wrote what I saw, heard, thought and felt, and Kan Kan and Kan Kan talked freely, making readers feel more real, cordial and touching.
Deep artistic conception
Deep artistic conception, paying attention to expressing the author's life feelings, strong lyricism and sincere feelings.
With the help of imagination and association, the author writes from the superficial to the deep, from the real to the imaginary, in turn, which can integrate feelings into the scenery, send feelings to help each other, express the author's true feelings, realize the unity of things and me, show more profound thoughts and make readers understand more profound truths.
Beautiful language
The so-called elegance means that the language of prose is fresh, bright and beautiful (also beautiful), lively and full of musical sense, and the writing style is like a trickle, tinkling, telling, sincere and sincere. The so-called conciseness means that the language of prose is concise, natural and fluent. A few words can describe vivid images, outline the scenes of characters and show far-reaching artistic conception. Prose tries to write the scenery as if it were in front of you and the feelings as refreshing.
Prose is known as "beautiful prose", which not only has spiritual views and beautiful artistic conception, but also has fresh, meaningful and unpretentious literary talent. Reading some good essays regularly can not only enrich knowledge, broaden horizons and cultivate noble thoughts and sentiments, but also learn the skills of selecting materials, planning layout, choosing words and making sentences, and improve your language expression ability.
Appreciation skill
Prose appreciation focuses on the relationship between "form" and "spirit". Prose appreciation should pay attention to the following points:
1. Reading Prose from the Perspective of Literature
All poems that are exquisitely conceived, full of artistic conception or implicitly written often have an "eye". When appreciating prose, we should try our best to find a "literary eye" that can reveal the overall theme and make the finishing point, so as to understand the reasons and purposes of the author's writing. The setting of Yan Wen varies from text to text, which can be a sentence, a sentence, a detail, a trace of emotion or even a scene. Not every essay has the necessary "literary vision".
2. Grasp the clues when reading prose.
When reading prose, we should grasp the clues, clarify the author's thoughts and accurately grasp the intention of the article.
Structure is the skeleton of the article, and clues are the context of the article, which are closely related. Grasping the clues in prose can help us have a clear idea of the work, which is not only helpful to understand the author's writing intention, but also an appreciation of the author's planning and layout skills, so as to grasp the vivid essence of prose through the appearance of prose, and analyze the intention of the article along the author's thinking. There are usually the following clues: (1) Take the image of things as clues, such as Ba Jin's Lamp; (2) Taking emotional development as a clue, such as Yang Shuo's "Litchi Honey"; (3) Taking time sequence as a clue, such as Liu's Three Diaries of the Yangtze River; (4) Taking spatial order as a clue, such as Zhu Ziqing's green; (5) Taking the activities of characters as clues, such as Lu Xun's "From Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue"; (6) Take things as clues, such as Tang Tao's "trivial memories".
3. Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression.
Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression and deeply understand the content of the article.
Prose often entrusts with things. In order to make readers feel the rich connotation of the important task entrusted to them, the author often gives a meticulous description of what he has written, which is called "getting the shape and getting the heart". When reading an article, we should grasp the characteristics of "form", see "spirit" from "form" and deeply understand the content of the article.
4. Pay attention to expand association and understand the charm of the article.
The ways of association are: ① series connection: for example, Orion, Shang Shu → Zhong Bai old man → Dong Kun; (2) radiant: for example, Land focuses on "land" and writes "Love life, defend land and build land"; 3 False support: such as Praise of Poplar; 4 picture type: such as "landscape talk". Pay attention to enrich associations, from this to that, from the shallow to the deep, from the real to the virtual, so as to understand the charm of the article and understand the deeper truth.
5. Taste the language of prose
A major feature is the beauty of language. Good prose language is concise and beautiful, free and flexible, close to spoken English. Beautiful prose is full of philosophy, poetry and painting. Excellent essayists have different language styles: Lu Xun's prose language is concise and profound, Mao Dun's prose language is exquisite and profound, Guo Moruo's prose language is magnificent, Ba Jin's prose language is simple and beautiful, Zhu Ziqing's prose language is fresh and meaningful, Bing Xin's prose language is euphemistic and lively, Sun Li's prose language is plain and unpretentious, Liu's prose language is bold and unrestrained, and Yang Shuo's prose language is exquisite. What is the elegance of prose language? The language of some essays often varies with the content. For example, Lu Xun's "In Memory of Liu Hezhen Jun" is as sharp as a dagger; The language of "Good Story" is gorgeous as a cloud; The language of kites is as dignified as a deep pool. If you appreciate the language style of prose, you can appreciate the content of prose more deeply.
6. Understanding emotional skills
Understanding emotional skills is to find out the writing skills of lyric prose, which is also the "expression skills of appreciating works" required by the college entrance examination. Therefore, mastering the skills of rendering, bedding, symbolism, bedding, caring, suspense, setting off and transition is conducive to appreciating prose and grasping the essence of American literature.
Prose (narrative prose, lyric prose, discussion prose)
First, we should grasp the article "clues".
Second, we should grasp the "literary eye" of prose.
"Yan Wen" refers to the sentence or keyword that can best reveal the theme, sublimate the artistic conception and cover the content. It is the eruption of the author's thoughts and feelings, the focus of the article's thoughts and feelings, and also plays a leading role in the structure of the article.
Third, we should use imagination to understand the connotation of the work.
Reading prose needs imagination, association and supplement. Combine your own imagination with the author's imagination, enrich the artistic conception and image of the work, and fill the structural space in the text.
Fourth, we should understand the artistic conception of prose.
Artistic conception is that the author expresses profound thoughts and touching feelings through vivid pictures, so as to achieve the fusion of feelings and things, the interweaving of meaning and scenery, thus causing readers' association and producing touching artistic effects.
1, emotion and scene blend.
2. Application of imagination, association and symbol.
3, put pen to paper in detail, see big from small.
4. Side tips.
First of all, we should clarify the concept of prose writing, that is, the only content and object of prose is the author's emotional experience. With the internal structure of prose-emotional experience, as long as the core of external structure is clear, a good prose can be written. The core of external structure is detail. Prose, like novels, is based on the description and narration of details, but the arrangement and combination of details are different. It can be said that the combination details of the novel are "holding pearls with plates" and the prose is "threading pearls with threads". The "disk" of the novel is a cross-section of a society, and there are conflicts. People of all classes and powers are either hidden or obvious, but the details can only be organically developed in such a "disk". The "line" of prose is more or less an emotional experience, which is within reach and allows your feelings to flow freely-subject to the performance of emotional experience. From this, we say that prose (should be called artistic prose) is the freest style, loose as water and flexible in technique.
As long as you understand these, write your true self, personal oral experience and detailed description, and you will master the essentials of prose writing. You don't have to be too cautious to study common sense such as literary style (such as literary eye) and artistic conception, and other theoretical knowledge of style and basic theory of writing will be mentioned.
Prose is mainly divided into narrative prose and lyric prose (still according to the traditional unclear statement). Here are two sample essays for beginners and highly educated candidates to choose from.
Narrative prose mode
begin
(1) Emotional language describes "me" and ordinary people, focusing on the back and introducing people, such as portrait description. (2) The relationship between them and the discussion of people's spiritual characteristics.
middle
A situation: one thing. Detailed description and explanation from the beginning, development to the end. Another situation: several things. Everything, that is, before every level, can start with a factor of this person's spiritual characteristics, and run through several things with his emotional experience and overall discussion.
final result
(1) Reaffirm the characteristics and take care of the beginning. (2) deepen the emotional relationship and send out feelings.
Lyric prose mode
begin
(1) describe their relationship with the scenery. (2) Talk about the scenery and yourself.
middle
(1) describe the scenery, distinct, detailed and moving. 2 play Lenovo.
final result
Prose writing
Prose is a flexible literary genre, in which the author writes his true feelings in his own experience.
The author's image in prose is obvious, often narrated in the first person, with distinct personality. As Ba Jin said, "I have myself in any of my essays". In short, I can say that I express myself, "I write as I write", "I speak my mind accordingly, and I am outspoken" and "I am such a me anyway". Writing the true "I" is the core feature and life of prose.
Prose language is very important. The first is spoken English, and the second is fresh, natural, elegant and generous. In addition, we can also pay attention to some language skills, such as the alternation between the length of sentence patterns and the shape of things, such as using rhetoric, especially metaphor, such as talking about the musical beauty of tone, rhythm and melody.
The only content and object of prose is the author's emotional experience. Emotion is not a one-sided factor, nor is it just a clue, but the object of prose. Prose writers and writers are only superficial phenomena. Fundamentally speaking, they write about emotional experiences. Emotional experience is an "inseparable god", and people and things are dispensable, more or less "scattered" "shape". Zhu Ziqing's "Back" is not a trivial record of going home and parting between father and son, but a pity and love for his father and his failed father. With the internal structure of prose-emotional experience, and then the core of external structure, we can write prose well. The core of external structure is detail.
Prose Writing —— Conception, Association and Language
Prose often reflects its complex background and profound connotation through accidental and fragmentary events in life, so as to achieve "a grain of sand sees the world, and half a flower says human feelings" To achieve this state, conception is the key.
Conception is the whole process of the author's understanding of a work, from the initial feeling of external things to the whole process of writing. Even when I enter the writing stage, I am still thinking, exploring again, continuing to understand the object to be described, and digging deep into its inside story and connotation. This is a complex, arduous and serious spiritual activity, and it is a test of the writer's personality, cultivation and skill. Because the connection between things is profound and subtle, writers should be good at finding their own unique and mysterious connection points from the outside to the inside, so as to move from "attracting heart" to "intimate" and from "welcoming meaning" to "conceiving".
Different writers have different discoveries about the mystery of conception. So there are all kinds of ideas. Qin Mu's conception method is called "snowballing". When he wrote prose, his initial feeling was just a little bit, like a small snowflake. With the increase of subject matter, the deepening of experience and the development of Lenovo, it feels like snowballing. What is precious here is the initial feeling. In Qin Mu's words, it is the "frontier" part of things and the most "characteristic" part. Once caught by a writer, it is like a full seed falling into fertile soil. The writer uses the sunshine of thoughts and feelings to make it germinate and bear fruitful fruits. This is a core, and it is getting bigger and bigger, forming a unified thought. His representative works "Land" and "Lyrics of the National Altar" are good examples.
Xu Chi's conception method is called "grasping the present". This "moment" he thinks is the "essential" part of things and the most "glorious" part. Seize this "moment", we will seize the clue, seize the center, and the scattered materials will be concentrated and have a home. For example, in the Turbulent Vortex written by him, both positive and negative lessons can illustrate this problem.
In short, different writers plan and conceive an essay in different ways, which varies from person to person. We can't force unity, let alone imitate a cat and draw a tiger. Everyone should have his own unique method, but it is extremely important for every writer to pay attention to conception.
An excellent article is almost inseparable from association. The so-called association refers to the imaginative activities of things from one to another and from the outside to the inside. The psychological process of transition from one thing to another. When people recall another thing from the current thing, or when the recalled thing spreads to another thing, it is inseparable from association. In this association activity, the characteristics and essence of things are easier to be distinct and prominent, and the author's ideological understanding can be continuously improved and deepened. The thicker an author's knowledge is accumulated and stored, the keener he feels about life, and the easier it is to draw inferences from others. Association plays an important role in psychological activities. Memory often appears in the form of association, and association is also helpful to the reasoning process of inference. Especially in the creation of prose and other literary styles, association has the function of enhancing the artistic charm of works.
The inspiration of the essayist seems accidental, but it is inevitable and wonderful, which comes from long-term accumulation. The thicker the accumulation, the more sensitive it is. Isn't prose triggering expensive? This and that are triggers, triggers and associations. Deep accumulation helps to deepen the trigger. In order to turn "poetic soul" into poetry, association and imagination must also play a role. To melt, abstract and reorganize many old experiences, the wings of imagination and association cannot fly without a certain accumulation of life. Objective things are always interrelated, and different things are reflected in the author's mind, thus forming various associations-things close in space or time form close associations (such as hydroelectric generators being thought of by reservoirs); Similar associations formed by things with similar characteristics (such as Lu Xun's Gorky thought); Contrasting things form contrasting associations (such as thinking of darkness from light); Things that have a causal relationship form causal associations (such as thinking about the heat of fire).
The association of prose is always combined with careful observation and subtle description. The picture of prose, first of all, strives to be real and concrete, which makes people feel as if they are there, and at the same time, it should be subtle and profound, which makes people feel affectionate. The more imagination and aftertaste the author gives readers, the stronger the fragrance of poetry, which is inseparable from rich and active associations. Lenovo, in essence, is the deepening of observation, the observation here and now, and the integration of observation there and there at that time. Without this mastery, there would be no deepening of feelings, sublimation of thoughts and crystallization of poetry. If careful observation has collected rich minerals for the author, then the active association is the smelting and processing of these minerals. Lenovo is not based on a flash of personal light and aimless thinking. If a writer wants to make Lenovo's wings fly, he can't fly without extensive knowledge, internal relations and details between things, personal creativity and passion, and broad space for personal hobbies, thoughts and fantasies, forms and contents. You can only wander on the grass like a sparrow in a shed, but you can't spread your wings and fly freely in Wan Li like a Dapeng.
The charm of prose style certainly comes from the writer's true knowledge, true opinion, authenticity and true feelings. But to turn it into a literature with harmonious colors, natural rhythm and meaningful charm, we must also rely on the mastery of words and the high purification of pen and ink.
Literary talent lies not in fancy, deliberately carving words, but in expression, simplicity and sincerity. If the rhetoric is piled up, just like a woman who loves beauty but is not good at dressing up, she thinks that the thicker the powder, the better, the brighter the better. In fact, it is vulgar and makes people frown.
Prose writers should have a particularly keen eye and insight, be able to see and discover what others have not seen, and also need extremely rigorous and profound writing skills. Don't be impetuous when creating, calm down, try your best to find accurate words and phrases, arrange them, and express more meanings with less words. This is what the ancients called "simplicity and complexity". It is necessary to make the language present a vivid picture and briefly describe the voice, appearance and main features of the characters, so that readers can firmly remember the movements, gait and tone of the characters described at once.
The language of prose is beautiful, and the writer has many original and incisive opinions. Qin Mu said: "Literary talent also produces artistic charm and writing interest. Rich vocabulary, vivid spoken language, sonorous syllables, appropriate even sentences, vivid descriptions, wonderful overlapping sentences ... The cooperation of these things will increase the interest of writing. " She Shusen said: "The language of prose seems to be a little heavier and more embellished than novels, and a little lighter and more natural than poetry. Simple and unique, simple and beautiful, full of natural emotions. It can be said that its beauty lies precisely in this kind of massiness and lightness, between sculpture and nature. "
Prose has a small space and a large capacity, and the writing style is the most taboo. It is slow and can't hold the foot-binding cloth of old Wang Po, and it is long and smelly. Simplicity is not simplicity, but simplicity; The pen is simple and the environment is not simple, which is a highly accurate summary. At the beginning of Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu, he wrote: "When the six kings are finished, the four seas are one. Squatting in the foothills, A Fang is going out. " In just twelve words, the downfall of the six countries was written. Qin Shihuang unified the world and cut down all the trees in Shushan. The top of the mountain was bare. Here, Epang Palace was built. In just twelve words, it is "concise and complicated" to write such a rich historical content and such a large span of time and space. Natural and unrestrained, for people, is a kind of temperament, a kind of demeanor. For prose, it is the change of sentences. Short sentences, promoting and strict; Long sentences, comfortable and slow; The sentence is even, symmetrical and dignified; Strange sentences are beautiful and free and easy. The patchwork and harmonious configuration of these sentence patterns naturally constitute the unique concise and unique beauty of prose language.
The simple beauty of prose language does not exclude gorgeous beauty, and the two are relatively established. In prose works, we often see the combination of simplicity and magnificence. This colorful place is rendered as much as possible, like a sunset glow on the horizon and a brocade; This simple place is an understatement, like a clear stream trickling. Simplicity is like a beauty's "brushing off a moth's eyebrows". Gorgeousness is not a bunch of beautiful words, but exquisite artistic processing, without a trace of an axe. However, whether it is simple or gorgeous, without the beauty of sincere feelings and lofty thoughts, it is easy to be as pale as an infinite duckweed and become a colorful word game.
Like the ocean of life, the ocean of language is boundless. Unique style, eclecticism, vivid expression, novel language, clever metaphor, charming charm, clever refrain, wise warning, beautiful parallelism, meaningful aphorism, witty proverb, humorous humor, implicit suggestion and free use of various artistic skills will make prose creation more fresh, meaningful and radiant. The first website: (Prose Online)
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