I know that when I die, everything on earth has nothing to do with me. But the only thing that hurts me is that I failed to see the reunification of the motherland. Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Day, don't forget to tell Nai Weng about the family sacrifice!
At the beginning of Dunan, most upright scholar-officials had the ideal of resisting Jin Xingguo. However, with the signing of Shaoxing peace talks, the surrender route of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty gradually gained the upper hand, and many literati gradually became passive. The theme orientation of the poems of Chen, Chen and others in their later years, who first praised the patriotic theme in the Southern Song Dynasty, turned to study, life and mountains and rivers, which is a clear reflection of this situation in the poetry circle. Lu You is different from others. Even when there was no hope of recovering the Central Plains, he persisted in his ambition and called loudly for resisting the enemy and rejuvenating the country. He is really the most outstanding representative of patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Lu You's life experience can be roughly divided into three periods: first, he was appointed as a judge of Zhenjiang before the age of 45, and then resigned because of sponsoring Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition; Second, he joined the army in Shuzhong from the age of 46 and was dismissed at the age of 65; Thirdly, after I was 66 years old, I lived in rural Yin Shan for 20 years. The process of Lu You's poetry creation can also be divided into three stages, of which the second stage is the key period for Lu You's poetry to mature. In his later years, Lu You recalled that when he was stationed in Nanzheng at the age of 40, there was a great change in his creation, that is, before the poet suddenly saw Samadhi, Qu Jia was vivid in his eyes ("I read a poem on September 1 and thought I would write a song"). This change does not mean the change of the theme of poetry, because the content of Lu You's early poems has been quite enriched, and the main theme of worrying about the country and the people has been established. At the age of 37 or 38, he once wrote famous articles, such as Wu Wen Zhou Junbao, which was restored to the Western Zhou Dynasty and Send Seven Brothers to Yangzhou to Mu Shuai. Lu You's "Poet Samadhi" means that he was inspired by the intense and luxurious military camp life in Nanzheng, which is located in the front line of anti-Jin, and realized that he wanted to change the poetic style of early "algae painting" and pursue the bold style. Because only this style is most suitable for Lu You's grand ambition of establishing outstanding achievements, his passionate feelings of patriotism, his uninhibited personality and the pulse of the times reflected in Lu You's poems, once Lu You finds this style suitable for himself, his creation has made a qualitative leap. As Zhao Yi of A Qing said: "Since the Battle of Bashu, the grandeur of the poems about letting off Weng has changed." Seven ancient masterpieces in Ou Bei Shi Hua (Volume VI), which best embody Lu Ji's heroic style, such as Journey, Hu Wuming, Long Songs (Life is not an Qi Sheng), Guan Shanyue, Autumn Night is Long in Chengdu), were written in the ten years after Lu Ji entered Sichuan, indicating that the dominant style of Lu Ji's poetry was laid in Bashan. It is for this reason that Lu You named his collection of poems "Jian Nan Poetry Draft".
Lu You has a deep relationship with Jiangxi Poetry School. He studied for a long time and was a personal friend of Lv Benzhong. He served Zeng and Lu all his life. Lu You's acceptance of Zeng and Lu's influence first lie in his patriotic feelings. When I was young, I "didn't see you for three days, and when I saw you, I would smell the words of worrying about my country." (Postscript of Zeng Memorial Draft) is the pioneer of Lu You's patriotic theme. Lu You was also deeply influenced by Zeng and Lu in art and believed in the theory of "living method". Until he was 70 years old, he was still talking about the sentence "Don't participate in the death penalty" ("Give a Scholar"). However, although Lu You got inspiration from the poetry theory of Jiangxi Poetry School, improved his artistic accomplishment and became a school of his own, and imitated the styles of Jiangxi poets such as Huang Tingjian and Ruben in his early years, his artistic personality and talent were beyond that of Jiangxi Poetry School. Therefore, he soon surpassed the achievements of his predecessors and Ruben, and parted ways with Jiangxi's poetic style with beautiful and magnificent language and unrestrained and open-minded mind.
Lu You not only studied Jiangxi Poetry School, but also extensively studied the outstanding poets of the previous generation. Among the ancient poets admired by Lu You, Qu Yuan and Du Fu became Lu You's bosom friends in different times with their patriotic feelings and concern for the world. At the age of 54, Lu You wrote two poems, Cheng Chun and longxing temple Diaoshaoling, on his way home from eastern Sichuan:
There are sad apes and birds in the deserted city on the river, and on the other side of the river is Qu Yuan's secretary. In the past 1500 years, only the sound of the beach seems to be like old times!
That year, the Central Plains lost its former calm, and the Anshi Rebellion ignited the war and burned things. I'm an old minister in Wan Li, and I'm here to listen to Jiang Sheng in cold weather.
How difficult the country is, there is no way to serve the country, and the experience of * * * has given Lu You and Qu a strong * * * voice. However, Lu You, who always wanted to kill the enemy and rejuvenate the country, was faced with the semi-fixed reality of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty. The great contradiction between ideal and reality makes Lu You particularly depressed and can only be comforted and relieved in fantasy. Therefore, Lu's poems, which are essentially realistic, often need the expression of romantic fantasy, and Li Bai's lonely attitude towards life and unpredictable artistic conception have become the object of Lu You's devoted research.
In addition, Cen Can and Tao Yuanming were also valued by Lu You. In Lu You's mind, he was a great poet after Li and Du in Tang Dynasty. This is obviously because Cen Shi wrote more about the wonders of the frontier fortress and the magnificent life of the military camp, which accords with Lu You's yearning for military life. When Lu You retired to the countryside of Yin Shan, Tao Yuanming's indifferent attitude towards life and Shi Tao's simple and natural style became an example for him to learn. Lu You's attitude of learning from the teacher made him absorb rich nutrition from the previous generation's poems, and also made the theme and style of his poems form a diversified pattern.
Lu You worked hard all his life, and there are more than 9,400 poems that have been handed down so far. The content of poetry is also extremely rich, covering almost all aspects of social life at that time, the most important of which is daily life and patriotic-themed scene singing, as volume 42 of Poems of Tang and Song Dynasty said: "His gratitude, grief and indignation, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism are all in the poem, and the wine is full of enthusiasm and ups and downs. As for the fishing boat firewood path, the tea bowl is smoked in the stove, rain or shine, and every grass and tree is a song to express its meaning. "
Ethnic contradictions have always been the most concerned issue in the Southern Song Dynasty. Half of the Song Empire has fallen under foreign rule, and the threat of Jinbing's continued invasion of the south has always existed. Are you waiting for the Northern Expedition to restore the Central Plains, or are you kneeling in the southeast corner to surrender? This is directly related to the life and death of the Song Empire and the destiny and dignity of the whole nation. As a singer of the times, Lu You should take resisting the enemy and rejuvenating the country as the most important theme. He wrote down the expectations of the people in the enemy-occupied areas for the teachers of the old country: "Three rivers in Wan Li enter the sea, and five thousand mountains climb skyscrapers. The adherents are in tears in the dust, and Julian Waghann will look south for another year! " ("Autumn Night Will Dawn at the Hedge Gate to Meet the Cold") also wrote the spirit of the military and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty unwilling to yield: "Although Chu can destroy Qin, how can China be empty!" (A trip to Jin Cuodao) Since people in the north and south are looking forward to recovering the Central Plains, why can't this expectation be realized for a long time? Lu You angrily pointed out that the reason was that the rulers ignored the interests of the country for their own selfish interests: "You can sigh that you are good at seeking your own health. Did you make a mistake about your country at that time? " ? I don't want to leave Jiangzuo, and no one is crying in the new pavilion! (5) Lu You's deep sorrow and great pain are concentrated in Guan Shanyue;
In the fifteenth year of Herong's reign, the general did not fight empty borders. Zhu dances heavily, but the horse is fat and the bow is broken. Garrison Diao Dou urged the moon to set and joined the army at the age of 30. Who knows that a strong man's heart is in the flute, and the sand head is empty. When the Central Plains heard about the war, some descendants turned against Hu Chuan. The adherents are dying and looking forward to recovery, and they are crying tonight!
In the poem, under the guise of being an old soldier, he denounced the shameless behavior of the rulers who abandoned half of the country and dragged out an ignoble existence, and poured out the indignation of patriotic soldiers and people in occupied areas. This is a true portrayal of the dreary social reality in the mid-Southern Song Dynasty. Of course, Lu's poems are more about expressing his ambition to serve the country and thinking about the depth of the country, such as Book Fury:
When I was a child, I knew that the world was unbearable and the Central Plains looked like a mountain. It snowed all night in the building, and the autumn wind dispersed in the iron horse. Stuck on the Great Wall and make an empty promise, the sideburns in the mirror have long faded. Introduction is the real name. Who can match it for thousands of years?
Heroes who devote themselves to serving the country are hard to be rewarded, and the poet's personal experience is also the epitome of the country's destiny. The theme of patriotism has a long history in China's ancient poems. Whenever the country is in danger, it always shines in the poetry circle. Lu You inherited this tradition and raised it to an unprecedented height. The theme of patriotism not only runs through his 60-year creative process, but also melts into his life and becomes the soul of the essence of Lu's poetry. Liang Qichao said in the late Qing Dynasty: "The poetry world has been decadent for thousands of years, and the soldiers' souls have sold out" Chinese Soul ". Concentrate on nineteen military music, and the ancient man will let go! " (Reading Collection 2) In terms of quantity, there are less than three-tenths of patriotic works in Lu's poems, but these works represent the main ideological tendency of Lu's poems.
Lu You loves life and is good at discovering poetry from various life scenes. Whether it's mountains, rivers, vegetation, insects and fish, ordinary life in the countryside, or leisure in the study, he has detailed descriptions, such as "Visiting Shanxi Village" and "The Spring Rain in Lin 'an Begins":
Don't laugh at the farmhouse music brewed in the muddled month. In the harvest month, the dishes for guests are very rich. There is no way to go because of the winding water flow in the mountains, and a mountain village suddenly appears in the willow-green flower bay. The day of playing flute and drums is approaching, and the villagers are still dressed simply. In the future, if you can go out in the moonlight, I will knock on your door at any time with my cane.
For years, the taste of this world was as thin as gauze. Who will be the rider in Beijing? Living in a small building and listening to the falling spring rain, you will hear the sound of selling apricots in the depths of the alley early in the morning. Slowly spread out small pieces of paper sideways, every word is organized, carefully boil water and tea under the sun window, skim it and try to taste famous tea. Oh, don't sigh that the dust in Kyoto will stain the white clothes, and there is still time to return to the mirror house in Lake Ubak.
The former one praises the quiet rural scenery and simple folk customs, while the latter one describes the boredom of the world of mortals in Beijing, but the description of the spring rain in the south of the Yangtze River and the leisurely life in the study is beautiful and moving. This, in turn, reflects that the land tour that often dreams of the Ma Tie Glacier also loves the quiet daily life.
Lu You experienced an unfortunate love life when he was young. His ex-wife Tang was disliked by Weng Gu, and they were forced to divorce. Soon don died of depression. In the next 50 years, Lu You hid his grief in his heart and occasionally wrote various poems. Such as "Shen Yuan" two:
On the city, the setting sun draws a corner to mourn, and the Shen Garden is not a revival pool platform. Under the sad bridge, the spring waves are green, which used to be a stunning photo. The dream is broken and fragrant for forty years, but the willow in Shenyuan doesn't blow cotton. This body is a land of mountains and mountains, or a trace of death.
When Lu You was 75 years old, he revisited his old place and was moved by the scenery. Unable to restrain his sadness, he wrote these two poems. Although Lu You's love poems are few in number, they are rare masterpieces in ancient love poems, especially in the Song Dynasty when the theme of love has basically changed from poetry to ci.
Lu You is bold and ambitious, pursuing vigorous and vigorous poetic style, and despising delicacy. At the age of fifty-three, he wrote "Sitting at Night in the White Crane Pavilion", saying, "Hand in hand, oh, new poetry, cold shame. Who can remember Jiuyuan after dying for a thousand years? In the middle, Li and Du recruited the soul of Xiangshui alone. Since then, how many people have seen their princes? Lan Heng sees jade, misty rain cries green ape. I know that in the sea of clouds, 90 thousand people beat Peng Kun. " At this time, Lu You is at the critical moment of poetic maturity. He was not satisfied with the exquisiteness of Cuilan, but praised Qu Song's poems and Du Li's "boldness". It is under the guidance of this style theory that Lu You formed a poetic style with unrestrained momentum and magnificent realm.
Lu You is full of passion and high spirits. He poured all his lofty ambitions that he could not achieve in real life into his poems, and often used dreamland and dreams to express his heroism. In my dream, I personally went to the front line, beheaded and seized the customs, and returned to my hometown in Han and Tang Dynasties. Even when the old man is stiff, there is still the whimsy of "lying in the middle of the night listening to the wind and rain, and the iron horse glacier coming to sleep" ("The Storm of November 4"). Colorful poems constitute the elegant and bold features of Lu's poems, which are similar to Li Bai in spirit. However, the harsh realistic environment, after all, has added an unavoidable burden to the poet's mind, and the dreamland in the dream will eventually disappear. "The dream fades after the break, and the night window is stormy" ("Drunk at night on March 17th"); Poems such as "The wine awakens the guest's sorrow, and the tears of worrying about the country are repeatedly waved on the pillow" ("Seeing him off at the North") show the poet's true mentality. Therefore, Lu You's poetic style has a gloomy and sad side close to Du Fu's. It combines Li Bai's elegance and boldness with Du Fu's depression, which constitutes Lu You's unique poetic style. However, Lu's poems are not as magnificent and unpredictable as those of Li and Du, with simple and fluent language and strict rules, even though they are seven-character archaic. Such as "Long Songs":
Don't be an Qi Sheng in life, and get drunk and ride a long whale. You should still be Li Xiping, a thief in old Beijing. The golden seal is brilliant, and the white hair is ruthless. Chengdu ancient temple lies on the autumn night, and the crystal falls by the monk's window. Broken hand thief, right? Oh, the poem is long and cold. Xinglai bought all the Shiqiao wine, and the cart was piled with long bottles aboveboard. Zhu Hao lost his silk to help the drama drink, such as Juye being tilted by the Yellow River. Usually a drop is not in the mouth, and anger surprises thousands of people. The enemy of the country has not reported the strong man, and the sword in the box is empty. When the party to celebrate the victory begins, the snow will crush the flying fox city in the middle of the night.
The brushwork is vigorous and the structure is full of waves, and the majestic lies in the clear and fluent language and well-organized sentence patterns, which typically embodies the personal style of Lu's poetry, so it is promoted as the masterpiece of Lu's poetry by later generations. Zhao Yi's evaluation of Lu's poetry is "seemingly unrestrained but cautious" (Volume 6 of Ou Bei Shi Hua), which refers to this point.
Lu You is good at seven-character poems, and he has made great achievements in ancient seven-character poems, seven-rhythm poems and seven-quatrains. Among them, the Seven Laws are especially famous for their neat antithesis, and Liu Kezhuang even said that "the ancients have done their best in antithesis" (the first episode of Poems of Houcun). The antithesis of Lu's poems is often integrated but not refined, novel but not carved, and also shows an approachable tendency. For example, "My temples will never turn green again in all parts of the country" (staying in the water village for the night), "Playing the moon in front of the Saisai Mountain and listening to the bells of Tolin Temple" (sleeping in Tolin Temple on June 14) and "The whole family settled in Huangniu Gorge and came to find Bailuzhou half drunk" (Deng Yan Pavilion). This distanced him from the late Tang poetry style that he was deeply dissatisfied with, and also conformed to the tendency of Song poetry since Su and Huang.
Lu You's Four Wonders have been handed down from generation to generation for a long time, and his masterpiece "Rain on Jianmen Road" is his masterpiece:
Dust and wine stains on clothes make you disappear everywhere. Is this body a poet? Riding a donkey into the sword gate in the drizzle.
The feelings of grief and indignation are expressed in beautiful and smooth words, and the feelings are deep and graceful, which is quite a sign of the return of the artistic conception of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty. Lu You's poems also have serious shortcomings, some of which are superficial and run away, and the phenomenon of repetition of words and poems is also very common. These shortcomings mainly occurred in his works in the last 20 years, because he had nothing to do but write a lot of poems and didn't sort them out.
Lu You played a very important role in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the situation was critical, the morale was still high and the poetic style became quite exciting. However, with the formation of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty, the literati gradually became passive, the poetic style was sluggish, and the theme and petty bourgeoisie became increasingly obvious. Lu You was saddened by this situation, and a poem said, "Your morale is declining, and you can't afford to write." Lu You held high the banners of Qu, Jia, Li, Du, and Once upon a time. And fight it. Huang Zhong held high the patriotic theme and undertook the historical mission of revitalizing the poetic style, which had a positive impact on poetry in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Both Jianghu Poets and Liu Kezhuang studied under Lu You, Dai once came to the school as an apprentice, and Liu was his private disciple. They are deeply inspired by Lu You in theme tendency and artistic style. By the end of the Song Dynasty, Lu You's patriotic spirit was more deeply rooted in people's hearts. After the death of the Song Dynasty, Lin Jingxi wrote Poems of Lu Fangweng, and spoke highly of Lu You's inheritance of Du Fu's tradition: "Tianbao poets have a history of poetry, and Du Fu worships tears like water. Guitang is full of old flags, and its strength is always rubbing its base. " He mourned Lu You deeply: "I came to see my grandson and saw Kyushu. How can I tell you about my family's sacrifice? "
Lu You's patriotic poems also had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Especially since the late Qing Dynasty, whenever there is a national disaster, Lu's poems often become a spiritual force to inspire people to resist foreign invasion.
Lu You's "Study" is a poem about landscape and life, with delicate and vivid description and fresh and beautiful language, which is also deeply loved by poets in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, Yuan Zongdao once praised Lu's poems, saying that "everything is described thoroughly, and the titles of flowers and birds are also strange" ("I want to set off a quick reading log of bird collections, and I like it because it works"). The couplets in Lu You's poems are often used as couplets in study or pavilions, which also shows that Lu You's poems have a wide audience in later generations.