Jian 'an style refers to the handsome and vigorous style of poems by Cao Shi and his son, Jian 'an Qizi and others in the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Three Cao (Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Seven Zi (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Angelababy, Serina Liu), literary giants in the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty, inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, generally adopted the five-character style, and became famous for their heroic style, forming a history of generous and sad masculinity. No matter "Cao Shi and his son" or "Jian 'an seven sons", they all lived in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture.
The word "character" was first widely used in the character comments of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and was later quoted in the theory of calligraphy and painting and literary criticism. Regarding literary criticism, Feng Gu, written by Liu Xie in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is the most accurate: "When you express your ambition, you must start from the wind; Thoughtful words, not before bones. So think of words as bones, such as the skeleton of the body; Love contains wind, and it is still shaped by gas. When the words are straight, the bones become awkward; When the spirit is cool, the style of writing is born. " It means that straight words combined with handsome spirit form a "character" with strong style and strong artistic appeal. Wind is the vitality and internal appeal of an article, while bone refers to the expressive force of an article.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an" (A.D. 196 ~ 220), and the Jian 'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian 'an to Wei Chu. The writers of this era gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, in the turbulent era of war at that time, their thoughts and feelings were often more impassioned. They created a large number of excellent literary works, which formed the characteristics of rich content and rich feelings in literary works, that is, people often say "Jian 'an style".
Literary works in Jian 'an period, especially poems, are the most prominent. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times. "Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he led all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to listen to donkeys before his death, so we all asked him to see him off." So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
The brilliant achievements of Jian 'an literature had a far-reaching impact on the later development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of Southern Tang Dynasty praised the writing style of Jian 'an period many times. Tang Chenziang praised the "Han and Wei style", and Li Baiyou's poem "The bone of a great writer is your brush, in the school of heaven"; Contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian 'an is an era of literary consciousness. From this time on, people began to realize that literature has its own value and independent status. Cao Pi's Canon is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in Jian 'an era. Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi is the earliest existing pure seven-character poem.
"Style" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism. From the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, it has always been the main standard of literary criticism. The literature dominated by five-character poems in the Jian 'an period is famous for its style, respected as a model by later generations and often mentioned in the history of literature.
The word "Ti" was first widely used in the character comments in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. Generally speaking, "style" emphasizes spiritual temperament, while "bone" emphasizes bone shape. The two are inseparable, and the style of combining them into one. Later, it was also used in calligraphy and painting theory.
As for the theory of characters in literary criticism, it should be described in detail in Wen Xin Diao Long. Wind is the vitality of the article and an inner spiritual force that can infect people. With the wind, the article can be vivid. Of course, "wind" is always vague, which is related to the content and emotion of the work, but it does not represent the content and emotion itself.
Bone refers to the expressive force of the article, which means that the article should be vigorous and powerful. "Bone" is a relatively real concept, which is directly reflected in the use of language. If the language is accurate, concise and clear, the article can have power. The concept of honesty is emphasized. It can be understood from different aspects, but it can't be divided into two.
The style of writing referred to by Jian 'an style is mainly characterized by rich content and rich feelings. The writers in Jian 'an era got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. Besides, in wartime, their thoughts and feelings are often impassioned. There is also the clear and vigorous style of Jian' an poetry.
Jian 'an poetry was developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and Ancient Poetry. Although it also pays attention to diction and literary grace, it still maintains the true color of Yuefu folk songs, unlike some later literati poems that are too eager for rhetoric. In addition, Liu Xie also emphasized that the good combination of rhetoric modification and character is the best part of the article.
For example, Cao Zhi's poems are not only gorgeous, but also harmless to the character. Therefore, when people advocate Jian 'an character, they not only affirm its character, but also affirm the combination of its character and algae decoration. Therefore, from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, people who advocated Jian 'an style, despite their different views, basically pointed to some shortcomings in the literary world at that time, such as too flowery rhetoric, too difficult words, weak style of writing, empty or complicated content, dark feelings and so on. , and asked the works to be lively, full of content, full of emotion, distinctive and vigorous style, which played a beneficial role in the history of literature.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an". It was Cao Cao who actually held power at that time. The literature in the Jian 'an period and the period before and after it is generally called "Jian 'an literature".
This is a glorious era in the history of literature, and of course it is also a glorious era in the history of poetry. From this time on, people at that time began to realize that literature had its own value and independent status. Mr. Lu Xun said: This is the "conscious era of literature". In this era, poetry, fu and prose have developed greatly. Poetry, in particular, set off the first climax of literati poetry in the history of China literature, and established the dominant position of literati poetry from then on, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
There are three main writers of Jian 'an literature: Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, and seven writers of Jian 'an literature: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu. Sancao was the leader of the literary world at that time, with the highest achievements.
Brief introduction of Jian' an seven sons
Kong Rong (153-208)
Actually, Kong Rong has a family history. He was the twentieth grandson of Confucius, a native of Lu Qufu, and was later used by Cao Cao. When he was young, he gave a big pear to his brother and took a small pear himself, so he was a fairy. This is the story of "Kong Rong gives pears". In his early years, he joined the crusade against Dong Zhuo and later worked for Cao Cao, but he was executed for discouraging Cao Cao from attacking Liu Bei. Kong Rong, the eldest son of Jian 'an, is very talented. The only existing works are prose and poetry. Prose, such as "Praise the Meter Scale" and "On Xiaozhang Sheng with Cao Gong", are flowery and full of lovers' flavor; Humor in Talking with Cao Cao about Prohibition. His second poem, Miscellaneous Poems, describes the bereavement in simple terms, which is sad and moving.
Chen Lin (? - 2 17)
Kong Zhang, a native of Guangling (now Jiangdu, Jiangsu), is one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, and is good at playing the secretary of Zhang. Drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave is his masterpiece. Taking the story of Qin building the Great Wall as an excuse, it is particularly profound to expose the suffering brought by heavy corvee to the people.
RoyceWong (177-2 17)
Zhong Xuan, a native of Gaoping, Yang Shan (now Zoucheng, Shandong), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, with the highest achievement. His Seven Wounded Poems and Ode to the Building best represent the spirit of Jian 'an literature. One of the Seven Wounded Poems (Xijing Rebellion is nothing) describes the scene of starving women abandoning their children on their way to Chang 'an to avoid Jingzhou Rebellion, which profoundly reveals the terrible scene caused by the warlord scuffle at the end of the Han Dynasty and the profound disaster of the people, making people dumbfounded. Ode to the Building was written when I was in Chengtou, Maicheng, Jingzhou. It mainly expresses homesickness and sadness of failing to satisfy my talent. It is full of touching power and is a famous lyric poem.
Xu gan (17 1-2 17)
Wei Chang, a native of Beihai (now Weifang City, Shandong Province), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. The main work is Zhong Lun, and Cao Pi praised this book for its elegant writing, which can be handed down to future generations. "("Book with Wu ") and his love poem" Thinking Room "are also written with passion.
Ruan Yu (? -2 12)
The word Yu, Chen Liuwei (now Kaifeng, Henan), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. The secretary of Zhang Biao is excellent, and his masterpiece is Writing for Tsao Gong and Sun Quan. The poem "Drive Away from the Northland" is more vivid in describing the pain of orphans being abused by their stepmother.
Angelababy (? -2 17)
De Lian was born in Runan (now southeast of runan county, Henan), one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. He is good at writing poems, with dozens of essays, and his masterpiece "Poems of Zhang Taihe Standing on Five Sides" has a sad tone.
Liu Zhen (? -2 17)
Word Shang, a native of Dongping (now Dongping County, Shandong Province), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. There are fifteen poems today, three of which are representative works. They are concise, easy to understand and good at comparison and comparison.