What are the linguistic features of poetry? First, the image of poetic language.
A poem is a picture or multiple pictures, which are composed of multiple images. German literary critic Lessing said: Poetry is a moving picture, and painting is a moving poem. ? There is a long time and a vast space in the poem; There are static scenery descriptions and dynamic outlines; Dot dyeing with color and smooth lines.
Poetic language is very vivid, for example, in Wang Wei's To the Frontier? The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen? These ten words make up a picture. This picture is very simple, only four kinds of scenery are selected: desert, long river, solitary smoke and sunset, showing the impression of vast and desolate north. Here? Solitary smoke? Add one? Straight man? Words, it can be seen that there is no wind, and of course there is no wind, so there is a silent impression. Here? Sunset? Add one? Round? Words, not to say that only? Fall? Only? Round? But to say? Sunset? Can you see it when it hangs on the horizon? Round? . Round after round? Sunset? Set off quietly? Changhe? Behind it, what a peaceful realm. One? Straight man? , one? Round? From the picture, they are all simple lines, which can cooperate with the vast and desolate desert, long river, solitary smoke and sunset to form a very tragic frontier fortress landscape.
Second, the leap of poetic language.
Wen Yiduo said: the power of poetry lies in its infinite elasticity, infinite change and infinite content. ? [2] This flexibility is reflected in the jumping of language. This flexibility comes from: first, the omission of function words, such as the following two sentences in the article "Good Morning Walk"? The crow crows in Maodian, and people swim in Banqiao cream? . Ten words are monosyllabic words and nouns, and it is impossible to tell which is the subject-predicate-object and which is the definite complement. The juxtaposition of ten images can form a perfect artistic conception, which can enrich readers' imagination and get close to the natural realm.
The charm of poetry lies in this real realm and hazy meaning. Second, the leap of poetry, the great modern French poet Van Le Heezen? Compare prose to walking? ,? Compare poetry to dance? It vividly illustrates the linguistic characteristics of poetry.
Try it? Peach, plum, spring breeze, a glass of wine, a lamp for ten years? ,? It snows in the night, and the iron horse is in the autumn wind. Are they all great leaps in time and space, leaving a lot of imagination for readers? Blank? . Third, the word order is reversed. There are many examples of poems whose artistic conception is more beautiful because the word order is reversed, such as? The crane dances a thousand-year-old tree, and the rainbow flies a hundred feet bridge? (Chen Ziang's Spring Goes to Jiuhua)? The cold notice is used up, and the spring breeze is back? (Li Bai's Six Poems in the Palace)? Sweet rice pecks at parrot grains, and old phoenix branches inhabit Wu Bi? (Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity), these poems break the grammatical norms? Out of line? 、? Illegal? what's up Inversion makes the language of poetry flexible.
Thirdly, the emotionality of poetic color language.
The vividness of poetic language should not only show the outline and dynamics of things, make the image within reach and be vividly portrayed, but also show the color of objects. Marx said: the feeling of color is the most common form of general aesthetic feeling. ? A considerable part of the formation of color sense in poetry is borne by adjectives expressing color. The warmth and coldness of colors convey the poet's different emotional experiences. Generally speaking, warm colors indicate enthusiasm, liveliness, positivity and high mood.
For example, Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun"? Write the autumn colors of Changsha? Seeing that the mountains are all red, the forests are all dyed, and the rivers are all clear, Mao Zedong wrote the vitality of autumn in warm colors, expressing the poet's positive and enthusiastic feelings and showing a noble beauty. Cool colors represent indifference, depression, loneliness and desolation. Also writing autumn, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain"? In the wild wind in the vast sky, apes are sobbing, birds are flying to their homes in the clear lake and white sand beach, leaves are falling like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward? . The poet wrote bleak and desolate autumn with a group of cool colors of clear and white, expressing feelings of loneliness, melancholy and loneliness.
Fourthly, the implicit and concise poetic language.
Poets always hope to express their richest feelings fully and satisfactorily with the most appropriate and thrifty words. ? How many stems must be broken when singing a sentence? (Lu) For the sake of humanity, you can't stop talking. (Du Fu)? Two words for three years, two tears for a song? (Jia Dao) The high conciseness of the language of ancient poetry is the result of the poet's painstaking tempering and careful deliberation. When we taste poetic language, we should pay special attention to those words that have been painstakingly managed and repeatedly tempered by poets, and taste the rich meaning and infinite charm contained in them.
In order to make the language meaningful and meaningful, the poet pays great attention to the tempering of verbs and adjectives in poetry. This is because verbs and adjectives are the most expressive in Chinese, and the depth of a poem mainly depends on whether such words are used properly and accurately.
What are the verbs in poetry? Express the biggest idea with the smallest area? The magical function of Balzac. It plays a unique role in portraying characters, expressing feelings and describing things. Poetic language? Concise? Features are more prominent in the use of verbs. Like what? Birds stay in the trees by the pool, and monks knock at the door under the moon? (Jia Dao's Li Ning's Seclusion)? Knock? Text, with sound as the background, is quieter, the dynamic demonstration is novel and vivid, and the silence becomes vivid. Than? Push? Chinese characters can be touched by motion and static, which increases aesthetic emotion. Another example is the famous sentence in Wang Anshi's "Dengguazhou"? Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan? , one? Green? The word "spring breeze" gives Jiangnan a vivid picture of this change. The clever use of verbs and adjectives greatly adds to the moving color of poetry and makes it contain endless artistic conception. As long as we grasp this feature of poetic language and sing it repeatedly, we can deeply understand the highly concise feature of the poet's language, thus realizing the concentrated connotation of poetry.
Fifth, the musicality of poetic language.
Poetry, music and dance in ancient China were originally a trinity. There is such a record in the ancient music article:? Yesterday, Ge, the three of them fucked the oxtail and threw themselves into the Song Dynasty. ? The scene described here is a comprehensive performance of poetry, music and dance. In the Preface to Mao Poetry written by Han people, poetry, music and dance are further discussed. Poet, with ambition, has ambition in his heart, speaks with poetry, expresses feelings with words, laments that there are no words, laments that there are no words, sings songs, sings songs, and his hands do not know how to dance, and his feet do not know how to dance. ? It can be seen that poetry and music have a special kinship, and the beauty of music is an important factor in the language of poetry.
In ancient China, the Book of Songs, Yuefu poems and songs of past dynasties were all sung with music. In the later development of poetry, although it was gradually separated from music, it still retained some characteristics of music and formed its own characteristics, the most prominent of which was the distinctive rhythm and sonorous tone.
Rhythm is the main factor of the musicality of poetry, and the rhythm of poetry refers to the regular rhythm formed by different language arrangements. The rhythm of China's classical poems mainly lies in the arrangement of poems (that is, generally unified paragraphs, divided by legal units). Generally speaking, four-character poems are two meals per sentence, two bytes per meal, such as? Yesterday I? In the past, willow? Yiyi? (The Book of Songs) There are three five-character poems, each with two words or one word. Natural? Clock? God season, yin and yang? Cut? A faint dawn? (Du Fu's "Looking at Yue") There are four seven-character poems, each with two words or one word. In this way, you will feel lively and ups and downs. Of course, the division of words is related to the meaning of words, but more importantly, it is for the harmony of tones. The rhythm of modern poetry (metrical poems and lyrics) is more rigorous. In addition to the limitation of the number of words, it must also conform to a certain level and level, that is, according to the pitch of each word, it can be divided into flat and oblique voiced words. This requirement of level tone not only strengthens the internal cadence and tone change of the poem, but also strengthens the contrast between poems, thus enhancing the sense of melody of the poem and making the whole poem have a pleasant sense of rhythm and excellent musical effect.
Another manifestation of the musicality of poetry is rhyme, that is, words with the same or similar vowels are used at the end of the poem to form a repetitive cycle of sound, and the repetition of rhyming feet can also form rhythm.
In a word, only by grasping these characteristics of poetic language can we taste and enjoy the beauty of poetry.