When combining words into sentences to express thoughts and feelings, sometimes words are not used directly, but the deeds or languages of the ancients recorded in ancient books are used to remind readers of these materials, so as to realize the thoughts and feelings that the author wants to express. This is the allusion.
Allusions are often used in ancient books, but they are no longer used in modern prose. But poetry is a special style.
In the old-style poems written by modern poets, this expression sometimes appears, because sometimes it is necessary to use allusions properly in the poems. The advantages of using allusions in this special style of poetry.
1, the language of poetry is the most refined, and the richest thoughts and feelings should be expressed with the least words. In ordinary words, saying less may not be able to express meaning; If you talk too much, you may be in trouble
Besides, the number of words in poetry is limited, so I can't say more. If you use allusions, you can use well-known materials to make readers associate with them, which can save language and extract them.
2. Poetry "can't be as straightforward as prose", it should be implicit and "inexhaustible." Good allusions can do this.
3. The language of poetry should be concrete, vivid and less abstract. Allusions are mostly the deeds of the ancients, often specific people or things, which can avoid abstract concepts.
Let's further talk about the benefits of allusion through some specific poems. It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord.
(Chairman Mao's "Seven Laws: The People's Liberation Army Occupy Nanjing") The second sentence says: Never be satisfied with what you have achieved, stop before victory, talk about "friendship" with the enemy, let the dying enemy go and give him a chance to breathe, and one day make a comeback, so the revolution will fail. If you don't use allusions, it is difficult to say such a complicated content in seven words.
What's more, it is more difficult to rhyme, to fight, to train, to be specific and not abstract. However, Chairman Mao used the story of the overlord of Chu, which immediately reminded readers of the era of hegemony between Chu and Han. At the Hongmen banquet, Xiang Yu let Liu Bang go easily in the name of "benevolence and righteousness". Later, Liu Bang saved his strength and made a comeback, which made Xiang Yu ruined and hated for generations.
Compared with the present situation, we have to be completely convinced of Chairman Mao's views. In this way, only seven words are used, which is not only convincing in content, but also natural in language, balanced, antithetical and rhyming properly.
This is the effect of allusions. There are many examples of good use of allusions in ancient poetry. For example, the first sentence of Hu Shijiang's "The Moon on the Yangtze River" mentioned that "China sank into the earth and asked who was Fan and who was Korean."
Seeing that the Central Plains has fallen, there are no such figures as Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi. In those days, Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi once presided over Shaanxi border defense, but Xixia dared not harass them. At that time, the "Ballad on the Edge" said: "There was a Korean in the army, and the thieves in the western regions were scared to death; There is wind in the army, and the western thieves are frightened when they hear it. "
Look at the story of "Three Outstanding Qin Dynasty, Three Outstanding Han Family", and tell people that three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty in Shaanxi was recovered in history: Sean, Xiao He and Han Xin. "Look at the 120 mountains and rivers, which are Wan Li, the military gate, and the Sixth Division will not send them."
"Hundred Rivers" is also used as an allusion to the secretary of Emperor Gaozu. Guan Zhong described the situation in Guanzhong as dangerous. Two people could hold it, but they could defeat a hundred people. He also used allusions such as "Worship the General" and "Huaixian Pavilion" and the destruction of historical objects such as "Taiwan" and "Pavilion" to express his anger at the court's contempt and abuse of talents at that time.
Lu You's Resentment: "When Wan Li sought to seal a Hou, the horse guarded Liangzhou" and "Seeking a Hou" used the allusion of Ban Chao's meritorious service in a foreign country to write his ambition to serve the motherland and clean up the old rivers and mountains. The above talk about the positive significance of using allusions in poetry.
However, it must be pointed out that allusions should not be abused, but should be used appropriately. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of abuses: 1. You can use the author's own words, but you must use allusions, so that these allusions will not play a positive role, but make the poem obscure.
Readers only see the neatness and beauty of these allusions in antithesis and color, but can't understand the author's thoughts and feelings well through these allusions. In ancient times, some poets read a lot of ancient books, memorized the materials by heart, and easily abused allusions, so it was easy to write freely and effortlessly, which was often inevitable for some famous artists.
For example, Li Shangyin's poems are very popular with Chairman Mao and Mr. Lu Xun. Mr. Lu Xun said: "Jade gives birth to beautiful sentences with clear words. How dare you compare it?" .
But at the same time, he pointed out that he "used too many allusions, which made me dissatisfied." For example, the famous poem "Jinse": I wonder why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval.
Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring. Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun.
A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it. It is not difficult to understand that the two couplets in the middle use allusions, but what are the facts and thoughts expressed through these allusions? There are different opinions in ancient and modern times
Some people say it's a love poem, some people say it's a eulogy, some people say it's a eulogy and so on. Some people admire this poem, while others think it is useless.
For example, Huang Ziyun said "Zhuang Meng", but he didn't know what it meant. The original meaning is not self-evident, ... I want to deceive future generations. "
These attacks can't be overemphasized, but there are too many allusions in the poem "Jinse", which makes readers irrelevant. This is the main reason for the disagreement. This is also a shortcoming of Li Shangyin's poems.
People nowadays should never learn such allusions when writing poems. 2. Idioms are uncommon and make readers not understand or misunderstand.
Some ancient poets have extensive knowledge of historical allusions. When he writes poems, he sometimes only considers the needs of rhythm and the beauty of words, but ignores the acceptance of readers.
For example, there are many allusions in Su Shi's poems, some of which are relatively uncommon, such as: the frozen jade building is cold and millet, just shaking the silver sea and dazzling flowers. Among them, the words "Lou Yu" and "Hai Yin" are neat and no exaggeration.
But what do these two words mean? If you don't annotate and turn to the dictionary, even if you have a wide range of knowledge and a certain degree of classical literature accomplishment, you may not understand it. It turns out that "Jade House" is shoulder bone and "Silver Sea" is eye. Because Taoist books and medical books, most people don't read these books.
Such allusions are difficult for readers to understand. This should not be done now.
Another example is Xin Qiji's ci, which is famous for worrying about the country and the people, enthusiasm, boldness and novelty, but making good use of allusions is his shortcoming. Especially sometimes, I use abstruse code to understand.
I read two ancient fables recently, and I was deeply touched. Both stories revolve around change, that is to say, I don't understand the development and change of things but still look at the problem statically. It still has a strong educational significance. When Zheng bought shoes, he compiled "Han Feizi's Foreign Reserve said Left": I want to buy shoes. He measured his feet first, and then put the measured size on the seat. I forgot to measure. When I bought shoes, I remembered that I forgot to take the measured size. So I went back to get the measurements. By the time he came back, the market had already dispersed, and finally he didn't buy a pair of shoes. Someone asked him why he didn't try it directly with his feet. He said that he would rather trust the measured size than his own feet. This Zheng made a dogmatic mistake. He only trusted the measured size, but not his own feet, which not only made a mistake. But there are such people. Some people talk, do things and think only from books, not from reality. He believes what is written in the book, but he doesn't believe what is written in the book but actually exists. Carving a boat for a sword, he compiled "Lu Chunqiu Cha Jin", which is about a Chu man who accidentally dropped his sword into the river while crossing the river by boat. He carved a mark on the boat and said, "This is where my sword fell." When the boat stopped, he jumped into the river to look for the sword. We cannot do things subjectively. People can't stick to dogma. When the situation changes, the methods and means to solve the problem will also change, otherwise we will fail. We warn people not to look at problems one-sidedly, statically and narrowly. With the development of society today, we must accept the lesson that Zheng people buy shoes and carve boats for swords. When encountering something, we must proceed from reality and determine the countermeasures from the reality of development and change. Only in this way can we do our own thing well.
3.20 Idiom allusions, classical Chinese "Waiting for the Rabbit": Song people have cultivators.
There was a plant in the field. When the rabbit touched the plant, its neck broke and it died. Stand by and watch because you released this plant, hoping to get the rabbit back.
Rabbits can't be recovered, but as a small fruit of a song. -"Han Feizi" Handan Toddler: People who used to learn to walk in Handan were not impressed, and they lost their old steps and climbed back to their ears.
-"Han Shu" gilds the lily: those who have temples in Chu give wine. Mr. Scheeren said to each other, "A few people have enough to drink, and one person has more than enough to drink.
Please draw the ground as a snake, and drink the first one. "A snake comes first, and I will smoke wine to drink. I took a swastika in my left hand and drew a snake in my right hand, saying, "I can do it. "
It didn't work. When a man's snake was made, he took it away and said, "One snake is not enough. Can Zi An?" Then drink its wine.
The snake-footed man eventually died because of his fickle drinking: in the Song Dynasty, there were people who loved beheading and raised them in groups.
If you can understand the meaning of being killed, you will also win the hearts of the public. Hurt their families and satisfy their desire to be killed.
If you are in a hurry, you will be restricted from eating, for fear that the public will not behave. First, you will say, "If you are in harmony with Mao, it will be full." I'm glad I lay down. -"On Zhuangzi Wuqi" mantis arm as a car: when Qi Zhuanggong goes hunting, a worm has to beat its wheel with its foot.
Ask Yu Yu: "What kind of bug is this?" He said: "This so-called mantis is also. It's also an ant. I don't know after I know it. I despise my enemy. "
Duke Zhuang said, "This man is brave for the world!" Get back in the car and get out of the way. The soldier is back. Buy bamboo slips and return pearls: Some Chu people sell their pearls to Zheng, which are Mulan's cabinets, decorated with cinnamon, jade beads, roses and jade.
Zheng Guoren bought the jewelry box and returned the pearls. This can be said to be a best seller, but it is not a good pearl.
-"Han Feizi" The old horse knows the way: Guan Zhong and Peng Ji cut the solitary bamboo of Huan Gong, and the spring went to the winter to go against it, and they got lost. Guan Zhong said, "You can use the wisdom of an old horse."
Is to let the old horse go and get the way. There is no water in the mountains. My friend said, "Ants live in the sun in the mountains in winter and in the shade in the mountains in summer. One inch of ant soil, there is water. "
Dig it out and there will be water. -"Everything is done in the forest" encourages the seedlings: the Song people are poor and short-lived, but they return home and say that they are sick today! Give help to the seedlings. "
His son hurried to see it, Miao was dying. Make up for the deficiency: Qi Xuanwang is a braggart, there must be 300 people.
South Chu Shi, please play for the king. Xuan Wang said, eat hundreds of people.
Dead, Lee. Listen to it.
Chu Shi escaped. Contradiction: Chu people have a Yu shield spear, praising: "My shield is strong and can't sink."
He praised his spear and said, "The benefits of my spear are all trapped in things." Or, "What about a child's spear and a trapped child's shield?" He has the ability to respond.
Invincible shields and invincible spears cannot coexist. Braving the wind and waves: Zong Yi, Zigan, from Nieyang, Nanyang.
Uncle is a nobleman, not an official. When he was young, Bing asked him about his ambition.
Yan said, "I am willing to ride the wind and waves." My brother is a novice in marrying and was robbed at night.
At the age of fourteen, he stood up and refused the thief. More than a dozen thieves were allowed to enter the house. At that time, there was nothing in the world, and literati took literary significance as their profession. Few literary works are noble. hundred schools of thought is fond of grave-sweeping ceremony, but he is arrogant and martial, so he is not known to the local songs.
(From Song Shu Carving a Boat for a Sword: Chu people waded across the river and the sword fell into the water from the boat. He made a mark on the side of the ship with his sword and said, "This is where my sword fell." . "
The ship stopped at the destination, and the Chu people jumped into the water from the marked place to find the sword. The boat can, but not the sword.
You won't be confused if you ask for a sword! Looking at the ocean and sighing: autumn water comes, and the four seas irrigate the river; Between the two cliffs, cattle and horses are indistinguishable. Therefore, James Hope was pleased with himself and used the beauty of the world for his own use.
Follow the current to the east. As for the North Sea, looking eastward, there is no end to the water. So in the following year, Hebo began to look at the ocean and sigh: "There is a saying in the wild language:' knowledgeable person thinks he is not himself', which I call also.
Zheng people buy shoes: if Zheng people want to buy shoes, they must first measure their feet and sit on them. Go to town and forget to fuck it.
Fulfilling his promise, he said, "I forgot to insist!" " "Go back and get it. When you come back, the city is on strike, so you can't walk.
People say, "Why not try?" Yue: "I would rather be reliable than confident." Birds of Luhou: Seabirds used to stop in the suburbs of Shandong.
Go to the temple with the merchants, have fun, and have dinner soon. The bird was dazzled by sadness, and dared not eat or drink a cup. Three days later, it died.
This is raising birds by yourself, not by birds. Sun Shan: Wu, a humorous person.
To carry his county, the villagers entrusted their children to go with them. The villagers are depressed, and the mountain is at the end of the list, so they return first.
The villagers asked his son about his gains and losses, and the mountain said,' Sun Shan solved his name, and Xianlang is even outside Sun Shan.' In the Song Dynasty, Fan Gongzhuo pointed out that the deer was a horse: Zhao Gao wanted to make trouble, but he was afraid that the minister would not listen. He first set up a checkpoint and offered the deer the next year, saying,' Ma Ye.
II smiled and said,' Is the Prime Minister wrong? Call a deer a horse. Left ask right ask, left ask right ask, or silence, or say Ma Yishun Zhao Gao. "
Dong Shi's effect: Xi was shocked by illness, and his inner ugliness was beautiful, but he also regretted the shock, and he was rich in insight and kept his door closed; The poor man saw it and left with his wife, but he knew its beauty, but he didn't know why it was beautiful. Ping Man Slaughters Dragons: Zhu Man learns to slaughter dragons in pieces.
A daughter's home, three years of skill, did not use its intelligence. Stealing the ear clock: Fan's death also means that the people have a clock. If they want to go, they can't lose it.
Destroy it with vertebrae, and the bell will ring. I'm afraid people will steal from me and cover their ears. "
Feng Fu again: Jin people have Feng Fu, who is good at fighting tigers and fighting. In the wild, there are many people chasing tigers.
Tigers dare not die if they have a burden. When I saw Mrs. Feng, I rushed to meet her.
Mrs. Feng is clamoring to get off the bus. Everyone enjoys it, and scholars laugh at it. "
When the fish sink, the geese fall: Mao Cong and Li Ji are beautiful; The fish sees its depth, the bird sees its flight, and the elk sees its sudden. Who knows the positive color of the world? Ye Gong Long Hao: Gao Haolong of Ye Gongzi, who writes dragons by hook, chisels and engraves them in the room. In this way, when he was known by the dragon in the sky, he fell from the sky to Ye Gong's home. Someone visited him on the windowsill, and his dragon tail reached into the hall.
When Ye Gong saw a dragon, he turned around and ran away, scaring him like a lost soul, terrified and unable to control himself. Therefore, Ye doesn't really like dragons. He just likes things that look like dragons, not dragons.
4. How to distinguish "quotation" and "allusions" in ancient Chinese, and their respective artistic expression skills.
Broadly speaking, "expression skills" can include the following contents:
1. Rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, contrast, duality, metonymy, exaggeration, pun, rhetorical question, repetition, irony, quotation, etc.
2. Allusions:
Allusions refer to the references to historical stories, myths and legends, and predecessors' quips in poetry. The former is called "allusions" and the latter is called "allusions". In fact, the function of allusions is similar to metaphor. Metaphor is to use immediate things as metaphors to express characteristics, while allusion is to use ancient things as metaphors to express meaning, and to express the present through ancient things. We need to find out what the poet wants to express first, and then find out what the allusions are, so that it is easier to see what the poet means.
5. In high school Chinese, the function of allusions is different, and it is very interesting to use allusions in poetry-the clever use of allusions in ancient poetry is a common expression of poets in past dynasties.
All poems cite historical facts about people, places, events and things in the past, or quoted words and beautiful sentences to express a poet's wishes or feelings and increase the image, meaning and elegance of words and expressions, or the connotation and depth of artistic conception, which are called "allusions". Allusions are also a rhetorical device in poetry, which can avoid being clear at a glance and leave room for readers to associate and think between the lines.
Indeed, clever and appropriate use of allusions can make poetry rich in meaning, concise, subtle, solemn and elegant, make expression more vivid, make poems more concise, make words near and far, subtle and euphemistic, thus improving the expressive force and appeal of works and reaching what ancient poets often say: touch the bottom! Next, I will mainly talk about four points. First, the main function of poetic allusions; Second, the main forms of allusions; Third, the method of using allusions; Fourth, we should pay attention to three issues when using allusions. First of all, let's specifically talk about the main functions of poetry allusions: First, to evaluate history and discuss the present with reference to the past.
Such as: Boqin Zhun (Du Mu) smoke cage is filled with water, moon cage sand, and night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Strong women in business don't know the hate of national subjugation, but they still sing "Flowers bloom * * *" across the river.
The title of the poem "* * * Flower" is an allusion. The Flowers of Yushu written by Chen Houzhu in the Southern Dynasties was called "the voice of national subjugation" by later generations. Poets lived in the late Tang Dynasty, when the national fortune declined. These rulers did not pay attention to state affairs, but gathered in restaurants to enjoy decadent music. How can they not let the poet worry that history will repeat itself? Therefore, the poet here borrows the historical story of Chen Houzhu's national subjugation due to debauchery to satirize the wasted time of the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty.
Second, lyrical expression, showing the heart. For example, "When will Feng Tang be issued?" in Su Shi's "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou" There is an allusion in the book.
According to the biography of Han Feng Tang, Shang Wei served as the satrap in Yunzhong during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and made meritorious service to Xiongnu, but he was convicted and dismissed for reporting six more heads when he made meritorious service. Later, Wendi adopted Feng Tang's suggestion and sent Feng Tang and Jeff to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei.
Here, the poet is in Michigan, and his talent is not obtained, and his ambition is hard to pay. Shang Wei speaks for itself. I hope that one day, the imperial court can also send people like Feng Tang to express their lofty aspirations. Yong Yu Le Jingkou Gu Beiting missed the past forever, and the hero could not find Sun Zhongmou.
Dancing in the pavilion, singing on the platform, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived.
Looking back, how powerful he was when he led the Northern Expedition and recovered lost ground! However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent.
I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there is a crow club drum under the beaver temple! Who can ask: Lian Po is too old to eat? This word uses four allusions, which are set in the canon. Let's start with Lian Po's last allusion.
Lian Po is a famous Zhao. The prince of Zhao listens to slanders and doesn't trust him. After Qin attacked Zhao, the prince of Zhao wanted to use Lian Po to send someone to know his situation.
Lian Po devoted himself to serving his country, ate a bucket of rice and ten catties of meat in front of the emissary, and mounted his horse, indicating that he could go into battle. However, when the emissary was bribed, he lied that he was cheap, but the prince of Zhao thought he was cheap and old, so he didn't have to. The word is summarized as "Who asked, can Lian Po still eat when he is old?" In this way, I can express my grief and indignation that I want to serve my country but I am not asked or even slandered by a villain.
It can also be seen that poets often criticize rulers because they can't say it directly, but using allusions is the best way. Third, arouse association and innovate artistic conception.
For example, the broken array (Xin Qiji) was drunk and watched the sword, dreaming of blowing horns and camping. Eight hundred miles to divide the main fire, fifty strings to turn over the Great Wall, and the enemy is on the battlefield in autumn.
Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. It is a good idea for the emperor to complete the great cause of recovering the lost land of the country and gain a good reputation from generation to generation.
It's in vain. There are two allusions in the poems "Eight Hundred Li" and "Delu": First, according to Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Kai and Wang Ji made a bet on the "eight hundred Li refutation" of cattle. After Ji Wang won, he killed the cow and roasted it. Later generations referred to it as 800 Li.
Second, it is said that the deer and horse that Liu Bei once rode jumped off the Tanxi River in the west of Xiangyang City and was out of danger. Using these two allusions to create a magnificent artistic conception, readers can't help but see the spectacular scene of rewarding soldiers before the war broke out and the fierce scene of iron-blooded soldiers flying over the enemy lines on the battlefield, which is very penetrating.
Fourth, it is concise and rich in connotation. Such as Liu Yuxi's "The First Meeting of Appreciating Lotte Yangzhou", "Homesickness is empty, playing the flute. I went to my hometown and felt like a rotten ke. " Here are two allusions to express my feelings of returning after being demoted for more than 20 years.
"Wendy Fu" implied dissatisfaction with the persecution of the old friend by the rulers at that time, and expressed deep nostalgia for the old friend. It is implied that he has been relegated by "rotten ke" for too long, and this time he came back as if it was a lifetime ago, and he felt completely different in personnel. This is no longer the past. Just fourteen words, expressing such complicated feelings. Isn't this the charm of allusion? At the same time, we can also see that the allusion also makes the poetry antithesis neat, harmonious in rhyme and rigorous in structure.
While increasing the connotation of poetry, it also increases the neatness of its appearance. Secondly, let's talk about the main forms of poetic allusions.
From the formal point of view, the common and common ones are mainly quoting historical stories and borrowing previous poems. Quoting historical stories is also called "using things".
That is, to condense allusions into poems, so as to express one's feelings or allude to current events. For example, Li Qingzhao's summer quatrains: Life is a hero, and death is a ghost.
Today, people still miss Xiang Yu because he refused to live and returned to the East. Li Qingzhao is the greatest poetess in the history of China literature.
Later generations spoke highly of her ci, saying that she "not only looked down on women, but overwhelmed men" (Ci Cong Hua). Relatively speaking, Li Qingzhao's poems are rarely handed down from generation to generation, but this poem sweeps away the graceful and lingering words, and its style is tragic and elegant, which is the most admirable! One or two sentences in the poem are impassioned and powerful, which has become a famous sentence through the ages.
Immediately use three or four sentences: At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang competed for the world. Han Xin, commander-in-chief of Liu Bang, ambushed on all sides, while deus ex and Xiang Yu retreated to Wujiang River.
Director of Wujiang Pavilion advised him to return to Jiangdong to rally and make a comeback. He will burn his bridges, just like when he plays with 800 people, but he can stick to it! But he was ashamed, saying that he was "ashamed to see his elders in Jiangdong", but he refused to cross the river, so he drew his sword and killed himself heroically.