Pushkin 1799 was born in a noble landlord family in Moscow. All his life, he was inclined to the revolution and fought against the dark autocratic system unremittingly. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction and hatred of the tsarist Russian rulers. He was exiled twice and refused to surrender. Finally, he died in a duel with others under the conspiracy of the czar government. He is only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. As a child, he was disciplined by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems in French. His family has a rich collection of books and makes friends with literary celebrities. His nanny was born a serf and often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which made him appreciate rich Russian since he was a child and became interested in folk creation.
18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. While studying in Huangcun Middle School, he was also influenced by the French Enlightenment and made friends with some security officers who later became party member in December. His thought of opposing czar's autocracy and pursuing freedom was initially formed.
Pushkin went to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg after graduation. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the later December Party members and their ideas of democracy and freedom. He joined the Green Light Society, a literary group associated with the secret organization of December Party members, and wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogizing freedom, such as Ode to Self (18 17). To Cha Daieff (1818); Country, (18 19), 1820, Pushkin wrote a fairy tale narrative poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which was different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the aristocratic traditional literature.
Pushkin's works aroused the anxiety of the czar government. 1820 was sent to work in southern Russia, which was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with members of the1February Party and attended some secret meetings in The Decemberists. His thought of pursuing freedom is clearer and stronger. Pushkin has written famous works such as Short Sword (182 1), Prisoner (1822), To the Sea (1824), and also wrote a set of poems of the South, including Captives of the Caucasus. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: The Sun goes down (1820) and Prisoner and Short Sword (182 1), which expressed the poet's strong yearning for freedom. Since this period, Pushkin has fully demonstrated his unique style.
1824- 1825 Pushkin was sent back to Mikhailovsk village, the territory of his parents in Pskov region, where he spent two years. During his imprisonment, he wrote nearly 100 poems. He collects folk songs and stories, studies Russian history, and his thoughts are more mature and his creation is more realistic. From 65438 to 0825, he completed the creation of Boris Godunov, the first realistic tragedy in Russian literary history.
1826, czar Nicholas I ascended the throne. In order to win people's hearts, Pushkin was recalled to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards The Decemberists. He had an illusion about the new czar, hoping that Nicholas I could pardon The Decemberists in exile in Siberia, but the illusion was quickly shattered, so he wrote a political lyric poem "To the Prisoner of Siberia" to express his loyalty to The Decemberists's ideal.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory, which was the harvest period of his life's creation and was called "the autumn of Polkino" in the history of literature. He finished the poetic novel yevgeni onegin written from 1823, and created the image of the first "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote Belgin's Tales, Tragic Knight, Mozart and Charlery, Plague Banquet, The Stone Man and nearly 30 lyric poems. The postmaster in Belgin's short stories is a model of Russian short stories, which opens the tradition of shaping "little people" and his realistic creation is in full swing.
Pushkin moved to Petersburg in 183 1 and still works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to create many works, including the narrative poem The Bronze Knight (1833), the fairy tale The Fisherman and the Goldfish (1833) and the short story The Queen of Spades (1834). He also wrote two novels about farmers, Du Blovsky (1832- 1833) and The Captain's Daughter (1836).
1836 Pushkin founded the literary magazine Modern People. This publication was edited by belinsky, Necrasov, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov. Until the 1960s of 19, it not only trained a large number of outstanding writers, but also became the mouthpiece of Russian progressives.
Pushkin's creation and activities are a headache for the czar government. They conspired to provoke the captain of the French gendarmerie, Dants, and desecrated Pushkin's wife, Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, which led to the duel between Pushkin and Dants in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1987 at the age of 38. His early death made Russian progressive literati sigh: "The sun of Russian poetry has set".
Pushkin's works have exerted great influence in the world with their lofty ideology and perfect artistry. His works have been translated into all the major languages in the world. Pushkin's love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will eventually overcome darkness and reason will eventually overcome prejudice, and his lofty mission and lofty ambition of "illuminating people with words" have deeply touched generations. Genius masterpieces have inspired the creative passion and inspiration of many Russian musicians. Opera "yevgeny? 6? 1 onegin ","Boris? 6? 1 Godunov, the Queen of Spades, ruslan, lyudmila and Zokan are all great music works. Pushkin's lyric poems have been set to music and become popular art songs; Other works have also been adapted into ballets and become immortal classics on the stage.
In memory of Pushkin, people renamed Huangcun, where he was born, Pushkin (1the place where Emperor Catherine died in 796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Poljinnuo is also nearby. [Edit this paragraph] Pushkin and "If Life Deceives You" Pushkin introduced Russian poets. He was born in a noble family and was influenced by literature since he was a child. 18 1 1 entered huangcun school, which is closely related to party member in December, and influenced by bourgeois enlightenment. 18 16 joined the literary group Zamasu association. 18 17 worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after graduation from Huangcun School.
18 19 became a member of the revolutionary peripheral organization "Green Light Society". During this period, he wrote many famous poems praising freedom and opposing tyranny, such as Ode to Freedom, To Chaadayev and To the Sea and the Country. These poems were widely read by progressive young people, so he was exiled to southern Russia by the czar authorities.
During his exile, he wrote poems such as Short Sword, Caucasian Prisoner, Bandit Brothers, Tears of Salah and Bahce. 1824, he was imprisoned in the village of Mikhailovsk, and wrote a long poem "Tzgang", a historical drama "Boris Godunov" which explored the fate and historical role of the people, and a poetic novel "Count Nurin".
/kloc-after the failure of the inner-party uprising in February, the new czar Nicholas I pardoned Pushkin and recalled him to Moscow. The poet once had illusions about the new czar, hoping that he would become an enlightened monarch like Peter the Great, but at the same time, he could not forget the old friendly December Party members and wrote "To the Prisoner of Siberia" and "Alion".
1830 wrote four small tragedies and The Collection of Belgin's Novels in Pilkino Village, among which The Postman is the first work in Russian literature that reflects the fate of "little people".
Yevgeny onegin's poetic novel (1823 ~ 1830) was finally completed, and was praised as "the encyclopedia of Russian life" by belinsky. 183 1 married Goncharova, the first beauty in Moscow, and moved to Petersburg in May, still working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He wrote a long narrative poem The Bronze Knight, a novella The Queen of Spades, a fairy tale poem The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish, a novella Dubrovski and a novel The Captain's Daughter reflecting the Bugattio Uprising. Modern people magazine was founded on 1836. 1837 was killed by the French exile dantes in a duel in February.
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow. During the period of 1805- 18 10, Pushkin spent every summer in zakharov village where his grandmother Maria Aleksev (whose maiden name was Hannibal) lived. Zakharov village is located on the outskirts of Moscow, not far from Zvenigorod. The impression of childhood life is reflected in Pushkin's early long poems Godsworn (18 13) and Bowa (18 14), as well as the poems he gave Eugene in Huangcun Middle School (1814).
Pushkin spent six years in Huangcun Middle School (founded in 1 81year1month 19). Young poets experienced 18 12 Great Patriotic War here.
18 15 At the beginning of this year, Pushkin recited his patriotic poem Memories of Imperial Village in front of the famous poet г.p. Jerchavin (published in the magazine of Russian Museum that year). In Huangcun Middle School, Pushkin also joined the "Al Zamasu" literary society. Society opposes conservative and retro literary creation. Pushkin's early poems convey a feeling that life is short, so you might as well eat, drink and be merry in time.
18 16 years, Pushkin's poetic style has undergone great changes. His creation takes elegy as the main genre. 18 17 In June, Pushkin graduated from Huangcun Middle School and worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the title of 12. He became a frequent visitor to the theater, often attending Al Zamasu's parties, and joined the drama and literature group "Green Light Society" on 18 19. Led by "Happiness Alliance" (the secret organization of party member in December). Pushkin didn't take part in the activities of secret organizations in The Decemberists, but he forged a deep friendship with many activists in these organizations. He wrote a series of short political poems, including To Cha Daieff (18 18), Ode to Freedom (18 17) and h.я· Price Kovai (17). During these years, he continued to write ruslan and lyudmila. Pushkin began to write this long narrative poem as early as Huangcun Middle School, which is also in response to the call of the "alzas Smas" Society to create an epic of national heroes. The work was completed on May 1820, and once published, it immediately aroused strong repercussions.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/820, he was summoned by Count M.A. Miloradovic, Governor of Petersburg, and asked him to explain the widely circulated political satire. Pushkin faces the punishment of exile in Siberia. Thanks to the efforts of his good friends karamzin, Cha Adayev and glinka, he was released as a celebrity through job transfer. And from there to the Caucasus and Crimea at the end of May 1820. In September, he came to his new workplace, Kishniov, and worked under the command of the Governor of Bissalabia Province, H. Inzov. 1820165438+1October-182 1 65438+1October, the poet traveled to Kamenka (one of the activity centers in The Decemberists), Kiev and other places,/. These experiences broadened the poet's horizons and enriched his inner world.
If the long narrative poem "ruslan and lyudmila" is the crystallization of Pushkin's study career under the guidance of the best Russian poets, then his first narrative poem "Southern China" and "Prisoner of Caucasus" pushed him to the peak of Russian literature and made him a well-deserved poet. Another of his "Southern Narrative Poems", The Tears Springs of Bach and saraj, came out later. The work looks incomplete and incoherent, as if it contains unfinished words, so it has a unique charm and arouses readers' strong emotions. At the same time, the poet also tried to dabble in ancient Russian themes, and created the narrative poem "Brother Robber" (written in 1822 and published separately in 1827) and the satirical poem "Gabriel", and planned to create "Mustislav" and "Vadim" (the latter is also planned to be written as a script). With the passage of time, Pushkin gradually realized that there are objective laws in the world, and no matter how brave and noble your thoughts are, they can't be shaken. At first, Pushkin was desperate for this. It was in this mood that he began to write the poetic novel yevgeny onegin in Kishniov in May 1823. At the end of the first chapter of the novel, it is mentioned that the protagonist will travel abroad, similar to Byron's poem Don Juan.
1July, 823, Pushkin was transferred to Odessa. It was during this period that Pushkin began to think of himself as a professional writer. His works enjoy a high reputation among readers. However, Pushkin's difficult situation in Odessa eventually led him to ignore his real identity as an exile and submit his resignation. As a result, in July of 1824, he was dismissed from public office and taken to Mikhailovsk village, his father's territory in Pskov region, where he was placed under the guardianship of his parents.
Despite the difficulties, the poet's first autumn in Mikhailovsk village was fruitful. He finished Dialogue between Booksellers and Poets, which he started writing as early as Odessa. Pushkin expressed his professional beliefs in this poem. He wrote "To the Sea", reflecting on the personal destiny of Napoleon and Byron in a lyrical way, and the great influence of historical responsibility on personal destiny. He also finished the long narrative poem "Shigang" and continued to write "yevgeny onegin". 1in the autumn of 824, he resumed writing autobiographical memoirs (he stopped writing as soon as he arrived in Kishniov) and began to conceive the historical drama Boris Godunov (1825,1.7,183/kloc-).
From the end of 1825 to the beginning of 1826, Pushkin completed the fifth and sixth chapters of yevgeny onegin. The first part of the novel ends here. In the last few days in Mikhailovsk village, he wrote the poem Prophet.
1On the night of September 3rd, 826, the messenger б A. Acer Kass, the governor of Pskov, rushed to Mikhailovsk village to give instructions: Pushkin would go to Moscow accompanied by an emissary, and the new Tsar Nikolai I would summon him. Pushkin was received by the czar immediately after he arrived in Moscow on September 8. Since then, he has been sheltered by the highest authorities, and his works are exempt from general news censorship. It was also in these years that Pushkin became interested in Peter the Great, who advocated reform. Pushkin has started writing about his great-grandfather Hannibal, and Peter the Great has become the hero of this work and the long narrative poem poltava.
Pushkin began to travel back and forth between Moscow and Petersburg, sometimes returning to the village of Mikhailovsk. He has been to the Russian-Turkish battlefield (1828) and often goes to the Embassy of China. 1829, he went to the Caucasus alone. During this period, the poet's creation has undergone new changes. On the one hand, he made a rational analysis of reality from the perspective of social history; On the other hand, he also found that it is often impossible to make a reasonable explanation of the world around him and realized the complexity of reality. This makes his works reveal an uneasy premonition, full of fantasies and painful and sometimes morbid memories of the past years, as well as a strong interest in death.
From 65438 to 0827, the authorities began to investigate the poem Andre Shenye. This poem was written by Pushkin in Mikhailovsk village in 1825, and it mentioned the reflection on the 1825+02+04 incident. 1828, the authorities saw him using the satirical narrative poem Gabriel written by Kishniov. After Pushkin's explanation, the highest authorities ordered to stop the investigation of these two poems, but the poets began to be secretly monitored by the constitutional police.
Pushkin realized that he had to change his life. 1830, he proposed for the second time to 18-year-old Moscow beauty Natalya nikolayev Goncharova, and the other party agreed. That autumn, he went to Boljinnuo village, Nizhny Novgorod's father's territory, to go through the formalities of receiving the nearby village of Kistenevo, which was a wedding gift from his father. As a result, it was delayed there for three months because of cholera epidemic and traffic jam. These three months are called "Autumn in polking" by later generations, which is the climax of Pushkin's creation. He created a series of works, including Belgin's novels, a series of small tragedies, the last two chapters of yevgeny onegin, Colomna's cabin, the history of the village of GoRisino, and the story of his father and his long-term worker Balda.
Pushkin's works in Polkino are different in style and rhythm, which seems to be intentional. But these works are mainly divided into two styles: one is ups and downs, and the other is peace and simplicity, which are in sharp contrast. These are the two poles of Pushkin's creation.
Belgin's Novel is the first complete prose work left by Pushkin. He tried to write prose more than once before. As early as 182 1, he made clear his principle of prose creation: "Accuracy and conciseness are the most important advantages of prose style. We need not only ideas, but also ideas. If there is no theme, no matter how gorgeous the sentence is, it has no purpose. " This collection of novels is also a unique memoir of an ordinary person, telling some extraordinary stories that the protagonist heard in his opinion.
On February 6th, 2008, Pushkin and Goncharova got married in Moscow. In the spring of the same year, he and his wife moved to Petersburg and rented a villa in Huangcun. Pushkin wrote onegin's letter there and completely finished the poetic novel yevgeny onegin. Pushkin called this novel his "faithful companion" for eight years.
In the late 1920s, Pushkin tried to re-recognize the reality in his creative process, which required him to have a deeper understanding of history, because by tracing back to history, he could find the roots of many contemporary fundamental problems. 183 1 year, he was allowed to work in the archives, and regained the office of "historical editor" and was ordered to edit the history of Peter the Great. At that time, the terrible cholera epidemic and the Polish incident that brought Russia to the brink of war against Europe made the poet worried about the fate of the country. In this case, Pushkin believes that a powerful regime is the savior of Russia. His poems "In front of the altar ...", "To those who slander Russia" and "Bao Luoting Zhou Nuonian Festival" all reflect this theme. The last two poems and a poem by B.B. zhukovsky were edited into a booklet called The Fall of Warsaw. Pushkin was accused of this, and critics called his move a political betrayal. This made his reputation in the west decline, and his reputation in Russia was also damaged to some extent. At the same time, the Russian writer Ф B. Bulgarin, who is associated with the Third Hall (the political surveillance and reconnaissance organ), accused him of pursuing liberal ideas.
From the 1930s of 19, in Pushkin's creation, prose style gradually surpassed poetry and gained the upper hand. The collection of Belgin's novels published by 183 1 did not achieve great success. Pushkin began to conceive a large-scale epic about Pugacho Uprising, the hero of which was an aristocratic youth who defected to the rebel army. Later, because he didn't know enough about the history of that era, Pushkin temporarily shelved this work and wrote the novel Dubrovski instead (1832- 1833). The hero of this novel finally becomes a killer in order to avenge his father who was taken away from his territory. Although the theme of the story is taken from real life, Pushkin adopted the traditional writing method of thriller in the process of creation, which made the plot of the novel ups and downs and climaxes. Maybe it's a hunch that there will be trouble when the novel is censored. Pushkin suddenly stopped writing at the end of this work and began to conceive works about Pugachev uprising. In order to restore the historical truth, he even studied the history of the era of Peter the Great, and collected public reports about pugachev himself and historical documents about peasant uprisings (pugachev's personal files were top secret documents at that time, so it was forbidden to consult them). 1833, he made a special trip to Volga River and Urals, in order to witness the battlefield of that year and listen to the legend about pugachev with his own eyes. Arrived in orenburg via Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan and Simbilsk, and then arrived in Urals via Yayik River (renamed ural river after the peasant uprising).
1In the autumn of 833, he returned to Polkino. This Autumn in polking is half as long as Autumn in polking in 1830, but its weight is not inferior. In a month and a half, Pushkin finished the History of Pugachev Uprising and Song of the Western Slavs, created a long narrative poem Angelo and the Bronze Knight, a fairy tale poem The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish and The Story of the Dead Princess and the Seven Warriors, and began to write the novel The Queen of Spades.
1833165438+10, Pushkin returned to Petersburg. At this time, he realized that he had to change his life. First, he had to get rid of the surveillance of the authorities.
On the eve of 1834, Nicholas I appointed Pushkin as court assistant. Pushkin is in a dilemma. The only way out is to resign as soon as possible. But his family expenses are getting bigger and bigger. His last book was published more than a year ago, and those publications didn't bring him much income. The study of history takes up most of his time, and the salary of history editor is pitiful. Only the publication of new works can improve his situation, but the publication of new works must be approved by the tsar. His narrative poem "Bronze Knight" was previously banned from publication.
In order to pay off short-term debts, Pushkin completed another prose novel "The Queen of Spades" at the beginning of 1834. The novel was published in the magazine Reading Library. This magazine is the highest paid and paid quickly. Pushkin began to write The Queen of Spades when he was in the village of Polkino. He's going to make a trio with B.Ф. Odoyevski and Nicola Nikolai Gogol.
Pushkin submitted his resignation on 1834, requesting permission to continue to access the archives, because he had to consult relevant materials when writing the History of Peter the Great. The resignation request was approved, but the request to continue working in the archives was rejected. He had to ask Zhukovsky to help mediate. The authorities later gave him a five-year salary in recognition of his law-abiding behavior. But the salary for these five years is less than half of Pushkin's debt. Because there is no wage income, Pushkin can only make a living by writing. But in Russia, professional writers are different from ordinary people. His income depends on the needs of readers. From the end of 1834 to the beginning of 1835, Pushkin published several collections, including yevgeny onegin (this poetic novel was published separately from 1825 to 1832), poetry collections, novelettes and narrative poetry collections. But these books are not easy to sell. Critics agree that Pushkin's talent has deteriorated, saying that the Pushkin era in Russian literary history is over. 1autumn of 834 (in Poljinnuo village) and1autumn of 835 (in Mikhailovsk village), Pushkin made no achievements in literary creation.
Readers are saddened by the exhaustion of Pushkin's talent, but they don't know that Pushkin's best works have not been approved for publication. For many years, he has been thinking about the rich history of Peter the Great and is writing a novel about Pougatcheff uprising. At this time, the poet's creative thinking has undergone fundamental changes. Pushkin, a lyric poet, is becoming a "poet who entertains himself". He keeps trying to write in prose style, but the result is not completely satisfactory, so many works only stay in the stage of conception, outline and draft. Pushkin is constantly exploring new literary forms and looking for ways to solve many problems at once. He founded a magazine called Modern People, and published articles by Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev, zhukovsky and ViaRimsky. However, this magazine has not been welcomed by readers. At that time, Russian readers were not used to this serious periodical which alluded to reality and criticized the shortcomings of the times. The magazine has only 600 subscribers, and the distribution income can't cover the printing fee or manuscript fee, which is a serious loss. More than half of the recent two issues of Modern People magazine published Pushkin's works, but most of them were unsigned. The fourth issue of Modern People published the novel The Captain's Daughter.
Similarly, in order to inspire future generations, Pushkin wrote a concluding poem "I built a monument for myself ..." (1August 836), and its style returned to the classical tradition originated from Horace.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/837, the poet clashed with George Dundees. The latter was introduced by his adoptive father, Dutch minister Gerkelen, and served in the Russian Guards. The quarrel between the two sides eventually led to a duel of 65438+1October 27th (Russian calendar), in which the poet was seriously injured and died two days later. Buried in Petersburg after death.
Pushkin occupies a lofty position in the history of Russian literature. He won the reputation of "the father of Russian literature" with his outstanding works.
Pushkin's literary works cut to the core issues of Russian society at that time, and created typical images of Russian literature such as "superfluous people" and "little people". His literary style inherits and develops the achievements of Russian literature in the18th century, creatively draws lessons from western European literature, harmoniously combines written language and spoken language, and absorbs the essence of a large number of folk languages, thus creating a new concise and beautiful Russian literary language. He participated in the founding of Literary Newspaper and Modern People, leaving many literary criticism works, political papers and letters. Pushkin's literary creation ended the backwardness of Russian literature and created conditions for the prosperity of Russian literature in the19th century.
Belinsky, a Russian politician and literary critic, said: "Russian literature originated from Pushkin, because the lifeblood of Russian life beats in his poems."