(1) Romantic Literature: All walks of life, especially intellectuals, are deeply disappointed with the "rational kingdom" envisioned by the enlightenment thinkers and strive to find new spiritual sustenance. This social emotion is reflected in the field of literary creation, resulting in romantic literature. Romantic literature is politically opposed to the feudal system, no longer deliberately highlighting human rationality, but through magnificent imagination and exaggeration, it deeply explores people's emotional world and shapes distinctive characters. In the creative style, it is characterized by imaginative conception and ups and downs. In France, Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris typically shows the characteristics of romantic literature, praising the beauty, goodness and light of the world and lashing the ugliness, evil and darkness. In Britain, Shelley's Prometheus Liberated encourages people to fight for freedom and ideals. In Germany, the poet Heine expressed strong patriotic feelings in his long poem Germany, a winter fairy tale.
(2) Realistic literature:1After 1930s, social contradictions in capitalist countries in Europe and America became increasingly acute, and realistic literature rose and gradually became the mainstream of literature. It pays attention to social problems, typically reproduces social features, deeply analyzes the essence of social life, and exposes and criticizes social ugly phenomena. French Balzac's Human Comedy shows all aspects of French social life in the first half of the19th century, which can be called the "social encyclopedia" of capitalism. British Dickens' novel David? Copperfield and others. Through the description of the life of the lower class, it truly reflected the social situation in Britain at that time. In Russia, Pushkin's poetic novel Eugene? Onegin ",Leo? Tolstoy's novel Anna? Karenina and others. , are masterpieces of the world literary world. In northern Europe, Andersen of Denmark sympathizes with the weak and mocks the strong in his works; Ibsen's Drama of Social Problems in Norway exposes the bourgeois mercenary and the hypocrisy of bourgeois democracy. American writer Mark? Twain's works criticized the racial discrimination in American society and denounced the ugly nature of capitalist money supremacy.
(3) 20th century world literature: At the beginning of 20th century, realistic writers created a lot of excellent works, such as Bernard Shaw's Apple Car in England and Rome? John of Roland? Christopher, wait. However, the two world wars, the economic crisis sweeping the capitalist world and serious social problems have profoundly affected the development of literature, and modernism, which shows the spiritual crisis of western society, has become the mainstream of literature. Modernist literature emphasizes centralized self-expression; The technique is grotesque, and there is no obvious reason for the beginning and end of the story; The background of the story is vague, the causal relationship is unclear, and the language style deviates from tradition. Hemingway, an American writer, not only continued his realistic creation, but also contributed a lot of modernist works, including The Old Man and the Sea. Waiting for Godot by French playwright Beckett is a typical representative of the absurd school of modernist literature. In the first half of the 20th century, Soviet literature was highly prosperous. Gorky's novel Mother and ostrovsky's How Steel was Tempered have great world influence. In the 20th century, a number of outstanding writers and literary works emerged in Asia, Africa and Latin America, which reflected the spirit of anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism and patriotism. Tagore in India, Lu Xun in China, Marquez in Colombia, Socain in Nigeria, etc. Have great influence in the world.
Second, the glory of art.
(1) From neoclassical art to romantic art: 65438+At the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, France was in violent turmoil before and after the Great Revolution. In the pursuit of the heroic spirit of ancient Greece and Rome by the bourgeoisie, neoclassical art was born. It emphasizes rationality and often takes ancient history and realistic major events as the theme. In the form of expression, it emphasizes rationality and pays attention to the rigor and harmony of the picture. French painter David is an outstanding neoclassical artist. Representative works include death of marat and The Coronation of Napoleon. They show the important historical events and figures during the French Revolution and Napoleon's reign, and vividly reproduce the important historical picture of France in this period. French painter Angel's work Fountain fully shows the perfect combination of human beauty and classical beauty. People are disappointed in the "rational kingdom" and seek new spiritual sustenance. This kind of emotion is reflected in the field of artistic creation, resulting in romantic art, which pays attention to the expression of people's feelings, uses bright colors and bold brushstrokes, and emphasizes the integrity and unity of the whole picture, but does not stick to the excessive description and depiction of local and details. Romantic art especially emphasizes the role of color, making the picture colorful and magnificent. /kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, French romantic painter Delacroix's masterpiece "Guiding People's Freedom" typically showed the style characteristics of this painting school.
(2) Realistic art and impressionism:1In the middle of the 9th century, realistic art rose, represented by French Miller and Russian Lie Bin. Miller's masterpieces include The Sower and gleaner. Russian painter Lie Bin's masterpiece is The Tracker on the Volga River. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, with the development of social economy and the progress of science and technology, a group of young painters took "not caring about the theme" as their purpose and resisted the conservative and trite theme. With the help of the new achievements in the field of optics at that time, they were fascinated by the study of light and color, emphasizing capturing the "instantaneous impression" of everything in the world under light and color and expressing subtle color changes. Impressionism is due to the work Sunrise by French painter Monet. Named after the impression. By the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, Impressionism had further developed and strongly advocated the expression of individuality. Most of the works have rough lines, exaggerated forms, bright colors and decorative charm. Van Gogh of the Netherlands is a famous representative of Impressionism in this period. Van Gogh was called "the painter who jumped into the sun". His work Sunflower makes people feel brilliant under the scorching sun. Cezanne, a French painter, is good at still life painting, with strong color contrast and strong three-dimensional sense, and is called "the father of modern painting".
(3) Modernist art: The two world wars in the 20th century caused great trauma to people's minds; The rapid pace of industrialization has aggravated people's sense of tension; The development of science and technology has broadened artists' horizons of understanding the world. Various new schools created by artists are quite different from traditional arts, and are collectively called modernist arts. Their main features are anti-tradition and anti-rationality, attaching importance to the artist's inner "self-feeling" and "self-expression" and revealing the artist's anger, negativity, pessimism and disappointment. Spanish painter Picasso is one of the most influential modernist artists. His work guernica accuses the fascist German Air Force of bombing the Spanish city of guernica through a series of distorted patterns. After World War II, modernist art developed further and various forms of expression appeared, reflecting the spiritual confusion of contemporary intellectuals in Europe and America. Faced with these dazzling art forms, people will feel novelty and excitement for a while, and they will also have long-term confusion about what art is.
3. Music and film and television arts
(1)/kloc-Music schools and masterpieces in the 9th century: Romantic music rose in Europe in the 9th century. It pays attention to lyricism, autobiography and the form of personal psychological portrayal, highlighting personal feelings. By the middle of19th century, romantic music reached its peak. The late works of German musician Beethoven are a bridge between classicism and romanticism. The outstanding representative of romantic music is John of Austria? Strauss. He is known as the "king of waltzes", and his works are beautiful in melody and light in rhythm, the most famous of which is The Blue Danube. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, European opera also made brilliant achievements. Italian musician Verdi wrote the opera La Traviata, and his works expressed strong patriotism and national consciousness. French opera artist Bicai's work Carmen vividly shows romanticism. /kloc-in Europe in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, there appeared a school of national music that carried forward national characteristics. /kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, the Russian national music school rose. Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake is a world-famous masterpiece.
(2) The development and changes of world music in the 20th century: In the 20th century, modernist music rose, which was relaxed, lively, easy to understand and widely spread all over the world. American jazz, which originated at the end of 19, gained unprecedented popularity after World War I. After World War II, music represented by rock, blues and jazz became more popular, attracting countless listeners. The change of public psychology in the new era, especially the growth of teenagers' rebellious spirit, makes rock music become the mainstream of pop music. In the early 1950s, the rock music Night Shake caused a great shock to American teenagers. In 1960s, rock music became more and more popular in America, and works such as Time is Changing appeared. British The Beatles also has great influence in the West. With the revolution of communication technology and the increasing convenience of transportation, the increasingly prosperous pop music activities are changing the entertainment and lifestyle of human beings. The increasing exchange and blending of music between countries has deepened the understanding and respect of different national music and promoted the prosperity of world music.
(3) The emergence and development of film and television art:1In the late 9th century, human society entered the electrical age, and the rapid progress of science and technology provided a technical and material basis for the emergence of films. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the Lumiere brothers in France made a film machine with both shooting and projection functions. At the end of 1895, they showed their short film to the public for the first time, which marked the birth of the film. At the beginning of the 20th century, American Griffith filmed and directed both narrative and artistic films, such as The Birth of a Country. But the original films are all black and white silent films, which are called "silent films". During this period, the Soviet film industry developed rapidly, and films such as Battleship potemkin were filmed. 1927, the United States successfully filmed a sound film with sound, dialogue, music and singing for the first time, and the film entered the period of sound film. 1935, the world's first color film "the house of glitz" was successfully filmed. After World War II, widescreen and stereoscopic movies came out one after another. Film has gradually become a brand-new art and a popular form of entertainment. Some people call it the "seventh art" created by human beings after poetry, music, dance, art, architecture and drama. In the mid-1920s, television appeared. 1929, the TV program premiered in London, England; The first TV series in the world was broadcast in the 1930s. For the first time, a two-hour TV broadcast was launched every day. By the end of 1930s, 20,000 households in Britain had televisions. In the early 1940s, the United States began to pilot color TV programs. After the Second World War, driven by the third technological revolution, TV has entered a stage of large-scale popularization and application: TV programs have developed from live broadcast to live video broadcast, and from multi-channel transmission to satellite transmission. The content of TV Festival is extremely rich, and the coverage of TV communication is very wide. Some people call TV art the "eighth art" of the art family. Film and television art not only reflects the progress of mankind in science and technology, but also directly and keenly responds to and affects the development of civilization and the changes of social customs, satisfies people's diverse aesthetic needs and spiritual pursuits, and has an increasingly profound and extensive impact on social life.