Let's talk about this from the perspective of national strength, political environment and cultural inheritance. ! First of all, the economic base determines the superstructure. Judging from the social environment at that time, the territory of the Tang Dynasty expanded after the Han Dynasty. With the effective governance and development of kings, the national strength became strong, which contributed to the prosperity of cultural undertakings on a certain basis. Secondly, there were few wars in the early Tang Dynasty, and the political and military environment at home and abroad was relatively stable. Thirdly, it developed on the basis of Han Dynasty Fu! ! The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry development. Strong national strength, eclectic cultural spirit and rich cultural accumulation have prepared sufficient conditions for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Many great and outstanding poets pushed the development of China's poetic art to the peak. Poetry creation in the early Tang Dynasty was still influenced by the poetic style of the Southern Dynasties, with narrow themes and the pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric. Only with the appearance of Yang Jiong, Lu and the so-called "Four Masters" did the scope of poetry expand, from Taige to Guanshan and Saimo, showing its majestic momentum and broad mind. Whether writing frontier fortress, traveling or farewell, there are such emotional characteristics. In terms of poetic style, at this time, the finalization of the five or seven words was completed. Metric poetry belongs to modern poetry, which is relative to ancient poetry. The ancient style is divided into four, five, seven characters and miscellaneous characters, which are not limited to flat tones or duality. The levelness and rhyme of modern poetry have a certain style and also require duality. Stereotyped writing has had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's poetry and has become the main style of China's ancient poetry. In the early and late Tang Dynasty, two important poets appeared: He Zhang. Chen Ziang argued that poetry should be endowed with something. His 38 poems Feeling Encounter are the practice of this proposition. But his best poem is on the rostrum of Youzhou: "Where was the past before me?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " Expressing unexpected sadness, it contains self-confidence and ambition, strong feelings, and a great loneliness that is first in the trend and not understood. Zhang's Moonlight on the Riverside describes the bright moonlight on the Riverside, with strong feelings, profound philosophy, euphemistic style and endless charm, creating a perfect artistic conception. And Zhang's artistic maturity reveals the coming information of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of Tang poetry. At this time, the stars in the poetry circle shine. Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are good at expressing the beauty of landscape and countryside, as well as the quiet and peaceful state of mind in which man and nature live in harmony. Wang Wei's landscape poems are poetic and picturesque, which brings people to a bright and clean realm full of vitality. Autumn night in the deep mountains: "after the rain, the mountains are empty, and the autumn night stands. There is moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream. Cuizhu whispers that the laundry girl returns, and the fishing boat opens the lotus leaf first. What's the point of going to Wang Sunbai in spring? " The pine trees after the rain are mottled with moonlight and flowing springs. Huansha girl came back noisily from the bamboo forest in the moonlight; The fisherman is separating the lotus leaves and rocking the boat away. The night in the mountain village is picturesque. He also has some poems, and there is some Zen in silence. Among the important poets in the Tang Dynasty, he was most obviously influenced by Buddhist thought. However, he is not a completely reclusive poet. Some of his poems are impassioned, while others show strong human feelings. The song "Send Two Ambassadors to Anxi" was later compiled into Yuefu, which became the song "Three Stories of Yangguan" repeatedly sung at the farewell banquet, because it wrote the general feelings of people when they were in love. Meng Haoran is good at writing the beauty of landscape and countryside with the most economical pen and ink. "Passing the Old Village" describes the joy of being a guest, a quiet farmhouse, sincere friendship and rich life interest. "Xiao Chun" describes the feeling of beauty, tranquility and comfort in spring. The song "Sleeping in Jiande" is just 20 words, but it has written endless feelings: "The boat is sailing in the fog, and at dusk, the old things start. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! "A touch of Woods in the dusk, a touch of moon shadow in the water. In this hazy and clear, far-reaching and quiet realm, there is a faint homesickness. Many of Meng Haoran's poems express multiple realms and feelings in extremely frugal words. At this time, Chang Jian, Chu Guangxi and others have similar poetic styles to Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there appeared some poets who took frontier life as their theme, such as Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Can and Zuyong. Most of them have been to the frontier fortress, enjoyed the magnificent scenery of the frontier fortress and yearned for the merits of the frontier fortress. In their poems, the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and the lofty sentiments of defending the country are all vividly displayed. Wang Changling wrote more than twenty frontier poems, the most famous of which are Upper Frontier and Joining the Army. His frontier poems have a profound sense of history and a clean style. He is also good at writing poems on other subjects, and his seven-character quatrains have great artistic achievements. Gao Shi's poetic style tends to be magnificent and generous: "Wan Li did not hesitate to die and once succeeded. Draw a picture of Kirin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace. Laugh at the soil, once poor! The ancients were ignorant of this and often became old people. " We can feel his chivalrous temperament from this poem. The representative figures of frontier poets, as well as Cen Can. He wrote about the magnificence of frontier fortress scenery and the heroic and unrestrained soldiers. Deserts and sufferings have become magnificent pictures full of lofty sentiments in his works. Li Bai, a great poet, can best embody the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and represent the high artistic achievements of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is a poet with heroic personality, unrestrained feelings and eager to make contributions. His poems fully show the self-confidence and ambition of the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and are full of ideals. His achievements in poetry are various, which greatly enriched the expression of classical poetry and pushed the creation of Yuefu poetry to a new height. His seven-character quatrains, together with Wang Changling's seven-character quatrains, were later praised as the representative works of the Tang Dynasty. His poems have distinct artistic personality: explosive lyricism, unpredictable imagination and vivid images. His poems and songs are like flowing water, and his feelings gush out, like the water of the Yellow River, pouring down thousands of miles. Born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, I felt the high spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In his later years, he witnessed the decline of Tang society, and the contrast between ideal and reality was huge. In his poems, there are both confidence in establishing meritorious deeds and indignation and criticism of the darkness of the imperial court. His poems are so imaginative that he often thinks that people think everywhere. Previous people commented on his poems, saying that "out of nothing", "difficult to get around" and "dreaming of climbing Mount Tianmu" are all examples. In imagination, there are often exaggerated elements, writing about the worries of white hair, saying that it is "three feet dry with white hair"; Write the five old peaks of Lushan Mountain, saying, "Jin Furong cut out the sky"; Writing about the Yellow River is said to be "The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes in his heart". He is an imaginative poet, and his poems are often strongly subjective. Because of his cheerful and bold personality, his poems are bright, fresh and colorful. He is a gifted poet. Another great poet at that time was Du Fu, who was called "Poet Saint" by later generations. Du Fu is younger than Li Bai 1 1 years old, and their profound friendship has become a literary story that has been told through the ages. Du Fu in his youth, like many poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, had a vagrant life of "chasing horses lightly". But his main activity was after the An Shi Rebellion. Deeply influenced by Confucianism, he has the ambition of being a gentleman for a while, but he has been down and out all his life, so he can better understand the sufferings of the people emotionally. The Anshi Rebellion brought great damage to the society of the Tang Dynasty, and half of China was reduced to a mound of ruins. Du Fu emigrated during the war, and wrote a series of poems expressing the sufferings of people's livelihood, such as the Northern Expedition, Three Officials, Three Farewells, Military Vehicle Shop, and going to Fengxian to chant 500 words. Many important events in the war, the destruction caused by the war and people's mentality in the war are vividly reflected in Du Fu's poems. No poet in Tang Dynasty reflected the history of An Shi Rebellion so profoundly and extensively, so his waiting was called "the history of poetry". Because of his own bumpy experience, he often feels the sufferings of the people and sings a song, so the pain of his country is integrated with his personal sorrow. "Spring Hope", "Climbing the Building" and "Climbing Yueyang Tower" are all such poems. "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall. How can I not cry by this railing?" And "where the petals flow like tears, lonely birds sing sadness" is a mixed feeling, which is not only the feeling of life experience, but also the sadness of home and country, and it is difficult to separate. The change from Tang poetry to Du Fu is a great change, and the theme turns to writing about current events and the lives of the people at the bottom. Writing adopts narrative and detail description, and lyricism is expressed in narrative and detail description. In order to write current affairs conveniently, he often uses ancient prose, but his higher achievement is metrical poetry. Among his 1400-odd poems, regular poems account for more than 70%. The achievements of his metrical poems are mainly to broaden the scope of expression and give full play to the expressive force of metrical poems, which not only strictly abides by the rules of metrical poems, but also breaks the shackles of metrical poems. Unpredictable, unconventional, beautifully written. Poems such as Spring Hope, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and Up the Mountain are all examples. Sometimes, in order to express an event or the feelings caused by an event more completely, he adopts the form of a group of poems. Writing current affairs with poems is Du Fu's creation. Rhyme, especially seven rhymes, is highly mature in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu is different from Li Bai in artistic techniques and styles. Li's feelings gushed, and Du Fu sang repeatedly. Li is imaginative and Du is realistic. Li is unrestrained and elegant, and Du is depressed and frustrated. It is generally believed that in the history of China's poetry development, Du Fu is comprehensive and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. In the middle Tang Dynasty, the development of poetry was diversified, and different schools with distinct artistic opinions appeared. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and some poets around them, in the face of such high achievements in Tang poetry, found another way. They pursue fantastic beauty, attach importance to subjectivity, often break the shackles of legal style and enter poetry with prose sentences. Among the poets of this school, Li He is a brilliant, kind-hearted and emotional poet. He only lived for 27 years. In his poems, the colorful world full of youthful interest and the sparseness and sadness of life are intertwined with the feeling of aging before age. His poems are rich in imagination, colorful in images and dense in combination. In this school of poetry, his poetic style is particularly distinctive. At this time, another school of poetry was dominated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. They believe that poetry should aim at development and be beneficial to the use of politics and religion. Bai Juyi put forward that "articles should be combined with the times, and songs and poems should be combined with each other." Both Yuan and Bai expressed their concern for the country, their criticism of the dark phenomenon and their sympathy for the people's sufferings on the topic of Yuefu. Bai Juyi's 50 new Yuefu poems, some of which are well written, such as Selling Charcoal Weng. In artistic expression, Bai Juyi advocates that the style of writing should be easy to understand, and his taste is just the opposite of that of Han and Meng poetry schools. Bai Juyi not only wrote a lot of allegorical poems, but also wrote a lot of leisurely poems. The most successful ones in art are Long song's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were also famous poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. Their artistic tastes are different from those of Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai, and each has its own characteristics.
Another change of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty. The spirit of reform in the middle Tang Dynasty disappeared, and the poet went to himself. At this time, a large number of well-written epics appeared, among which Tu Mu and Xu Hun were the representatives. Du Mu is a great epic writer. Thinking about history is actually a feeling of reality. The sense of history and realism are integrated in the beautiful natural images and feelings. Poems such as "Jiangnan Spring" and "Bo Qinhuai" are excellent works of chanting history. One of the poets with the highest artistic achievements in the late Tang Dynasty was Li Shangyin. The development of Tang poetry, to the creation of artistic conception in the prosperous Tang dynasty, reached the realm of exquisite images and untraceable pure beauty, which was a peak. Du Fu moved from realism to synthesis, which is another peak. Poets in the middle Tang Dynasty found another way, or pursued strangeness or simplicity, which was another peak. At this point, poetry is at the end of its tether. When Li Shangyin came out, with his profound cultural accomplishment and amazing talent, he opened up a poetic realm full of hazy beauty, which made people chew it carefully and reached a new peak. He is a poet who is good at expressing his mental journey and has strong and delicate feelings. His love poems are affectionate, ambiguous, unforgettable and difficult to understand. Many of his poems (especially untitled poems) are characterized by emotional flow and jumping, illogical image combination, vague meaning and rich feelings, which can often be interpreted in many ways. His artistic skills have reached a lofty level, greatly expanding the emotional capacity of poetry and making a final contribution to the development of Tang poetry. Some poets in the late Tang Dynasty were gorgeous and some were indifferent, but their achievements were not great and they could not be compared with their predecessors.