Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun were both important poets in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao Yuanming is a master of the poetic style in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Xie Lingyun created a new poetic style in the Southern Dynasties. Pastoral poetry? Thank you. Landscape poetry? It occupies an important position in the history of China literature. Later people called it pastoral poetry. Xie Lingyun's? Landscape poetry? On Tao Yuanming's? Pastoral poetry? On the basis of inheritance, there are some developments and innovations. First, the similarity of Xie Tao's poems
(1) Xie Tao inherited the characteristics of metaphysical poems and talked about metaphysics in his poems. In many of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, Hyunri is integrated into daily life, for example, in the fifth poem "Drinking? There's a real meaning in this. Did you forget to say it? This? Words? With what? Meaning? Tao answered questions about relationships in daily life. When he was picking chrysanthemums under the east hedge, he happened to see Nanshan, the birds returning from Nanshan, and realized the true meaning of life. In Xie Lingyun's poems, landscape description became the main body of poetry, which made metaphysical poetry turn into landscape poetry and gained a new life. Landscape has become his means of education, so his landscape poems are often written in the first half and metaphysics in the second half. For example, at the end of "Return the Stone House to the Lake", there is a saying: If there are fewer things to worry about, you will naturally feel no worries, and you will feel very happy if you are in a happy mood. Fable brings strangers, try this push. ? Generally, they use the meaning of Laozi and Zhuangzi to convey the idea that they pursue the natural realm of seclusion between mountains and rivers, so as to achieve equality between life and death, forget about honor and disgrace, and achieve everything.
(2) Xie Tao's poems have strong self-emotion color. Although there are many differences in content and style between Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun's poems, they are all expressions of self-emotion.
Tao Yuanming's poetry creation based on freehand brushwork. The pastoral scenery he described clearly endowed the poet with his own symbolic significance. ? Bird? It is the most common image in Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. From the poem "Returning to Birds" in four words? Bird? Go to the Woods in the morning, once you find the outside world? The breeze is wrong? At that time? Looking for your heart? I've been back in the forest for a long time. Where's Gu? ,? Sound is harmonious? ,? Are you satisfied with the old habitat? They all show that birds are very comfortable after returning to the forest. The bird image is only a symbol of the poet's seclusion after he became an official, and the happy state of the bird after returning to the forest is also a true reflection of the poet's initial state of mind in seclusion. In addition, pine trees and chrysanthemums are also images that often appear in Tao's poems, and also have the meaning of the poet's own situation. Tao Yuanming's poems often describe refreshing, lofty and clear scenery, which is the externalization of the poet's clear and clean inner world.
Xie Lingyun's description of landscape scenery is also full of subjective feelings. In the poem "Stone Wall Scenery Returning to the Lake", we can vaguely find the poet's emotional context, which begins with subjective description. The focus of his expression is not to reproduce the unique style, but to express the poet's love for mountains and rivers and his wandering mood. So the objective representation of the scenery in the mountains: The Woods and valleys gather in the evening scenery, and the sunset clouds float in the night sky. ? At this time, the subject's love is hidden in the description of the scenery. When it reappears, it becomes a pleasure to realize Hyunri. Most of the emotions expressed in this kind of poems have such a looming process. Therefore, Xie Lingyun hides the poet's subjective feelings behind the objective scenery description. Second, the differences between Xie Tao's poems
(1) Poetry changed from subjective freehand brushwork to objective description.
Tao Yuanming himself is an expert in freehand brushwork. Is he the subject of his poems? Me? The position is very clear. Tao Yuanming? Life is poetic, and feelings are poetic, so he has no intention of imitating mountains and rivers, but only writes a state of mind that is integrated with the scenery? 1。 For example: Returning to the Garden, Part I:
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. The birds fell in love with the ancient forest, but the fish in the pond were lost. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Under the eaves of elm willow, Li Tao Luo tang qian. A warm and distant village, the smog in the Yi market. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. It is unnatural to be locked in a cage for a long time.
Is the narrative angle of this poem the first person? Me? . And then what? The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Under the eaves of elm willow, Li Tao Luo tang qian. A warm and distant village, the smog in the Yi market. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. ? Not only wrote the beauty of rural scenery, but also wrote the happiness and satisfaction of living in a leisurely rural life. Affection and scenery, scene blending.
The natural landscape described in Xie Lingyun's poems is not contaminated with the author's subjective feelings. In Xie Lingyun's poems, things and I are separated. He tried to describe the natural landscape vividly, but he couldn't see the theme in his specific poems? Me? The shadow. Did the author go with an objective attitude? Watch? Natural landscape, so his description of natural landscape became a description of pure natural landscape. For example:? When it rains, it will clear up and the clouds will return to the west. The dense forest contains Childe Xu, and the far peak is hidden. ? As can be seen from the above poem, Xie Lingyun has tried his best to sketch and describe the changes of the landscapes of the four seasons, rain or shine, reaching the point of coincidence that we can't find between the lines? Me? The shadow. This is due to the separation of things and me in Xie Shi's poems, which leads to the loss of the poet's subject, the loss of the poet's emotional observation in the natural landscape, and the complete disappearance of freehand brushwork, replaced by objective and cold description.
(2) Did Xie Lingyun's landscape poems break through Tao Yuanming? A poem stops in an instant? The limitations of. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems evoke infinite feelings from the scene of one thing and one scene. Xie Lingyun is good at describing the dynamic process of natural scenery, refining and concentrating the emotional scenery of different times in a poem. His landscape poems often use deformed techniques, such as "going to the county for the first time": the upper reaches of the stream, the water involved, the mountains start? . Xie Lingyun's later poems can contain a journey in one poem, showing another style. Entering Hukou, Peng Li, a poem written on the way to Linchuan, completely broke through the narrative mode limited to one event at a time. (3) From Enlightenment to Realism
The language of Tao Yuanming's poems is very philosophical, which needs readers to associate and understand? You can only understand without words? Something. Is there infinity under the surface described by Shi Tao? Never? . This linguistic feature of Tao's poetry is related to the metaphysical trend of thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but he is never as mysterious as a metaphysician in language, but embodies profound significance and purport from the depiction of images and the construction of poetic context. For example, in the fifth part of Drinking, in just a few words, who is the poet? Proud to forget your words? Show the realm of blending things with me in front of readers and inspire them.
Xie Lingyun is different. His poetic language is realistic. Xie Lingyun exerts the expressive force of language, enhances the effect of describing objects in language, and uses various techniques to describe them. Language realism also developed under his efforts. In "Going to the County for the First Time", he wrote: The wild sand shore is clean, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the autumn is crisp? , use? Kuang? 、? Clear height? 、? Ming? Four adjectives describe the fields, sand banks, sky and moon in autumn, and reproduce the characteristics of autumn. As for it? Changchun grass in the pond and willow in the garden become songbirds? . ,? The moonlight shines on the snow, and the north wind mourns? . It is also a beautiful sentence that has been passed down through the ages. These poems give full play to the realism of language, and tell the impression that others want to say but may not be able to say it, giving people a refreshing feeling.
From Tao Yuanming to Xie Lingyun, it is no accident that pastoral poetry developed into landscape poetry. Both Xie Lingyun and Tao Yuanming inherited metaphysical poems and their expressive features. Moreover, Xie Lingyun opened up and developed the realm of poetry on the basis of Tao Yuanming's poetry, became the pioneer of pastoral landscape poetry, and laid the foundation for the formation of pastoral landscape poetry school in later generations.