1, the meaning of "a hundred schools of thought contend":
"A hundred schools of thought contend" refers to the emergence of different schools of thought among intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The so-called "hundred schools" refers to a huge number. Hanshu is mainly divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, Miscellaneous Notes, famous scholars, military strategists, military strategists and novelists.
The so-called "struggle" refers to scholars or thinkers representing various classes and political forces at that time, hoping to explain everything to the universe and society according to the interests and requirements of their own classes (layers) or groups. As a result, they write books, accept disciples, make a loud noise, argue with each other and compete to express their opinions.
2. Social reasons for the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend"
Politics: Great social changes (the collapse of patriarchal clan system and the loss of the authority of Zhou Tianzi) and the war for hegemony provided a historical stage for a hundred schools of thought to contend. In class relations, the "scholar" class is active and highly valued.
Economy: The use of ironware and Niu Geng promoted the prosperity of commerce and towns, and the rapid development of feudal economy provided material conditions for the prosperity of academic culture.
Culture: The formation of specialized cultural courses, the rise of private schools, relatively relaxed academic environment and extensive cultural exchanges and collisions provide the necessary cultural background for a hundred schools of thought to contend.
2. Summary of three compulsory knowledge points in senior two history.
(1) Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius founded the Confucian School. He put forward the theories of "benevolence" and "propriety" and advocated "rule by virtue", based on the Six Classics (later the Five Classics); During the Warring States period, Mencius put forward four moral norms, advocated "benevolent government" and put forward the idea of "valuing the people and despising the monarch", which became the basis of China's early people-oriented thought; Xunzi widely absorbed the essence of hundred schools of thought, emphasizing "Heaven has its way" and "knowing destiny and using it", and thought that the goal of learning was to grasp "courtesy"
(2) Qin and Han Dynasties: The Qin Dynasty "burned books to bury Confucianism" and Confucianism was suppressed; On the basis of Confucianism, Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty learned from the strengths of hundreds of schools, founded new Confucianism, and advocated "great unification". When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became orthodox.
(3) Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties: Five Scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty initiated Neo-Confucianism, and Zhu Jian established a Neo-Confucianism system in the Southern Song Dynasty, which promoted the new development of Neo-Confucianism.
(4) Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasty: Li Zhi and others challenged tradition, advocated individuality and denied imperial power, and became pioneers of modern progressive thought, which impacted the orthodox position of Confucianism, but did not go beyond the scope of Confucianism.
(5) The New Culture Movement has shaken the orthodox position of Confucianism.
(1) The positive role of Confucianism;
(1) Confucianism is the mainstream of traditional culture in China;
(2) The Confucian concept of unified benevolent government has laid the basic principles of China's traditional politics, which is conducive to safeguarding national unity;
(3) Confucianism emphasizes people's sense of social responsibility and historical mission, pays attention to integrity and morality, and highlights the dignity of human nature, which has a positive effect on shaping the character of the Chinese nation;
(2) The negative influence of Confucianism:
(1) Focus on the relationship between man and nature and between man and society, which has influenced the development of science and technology in China (both promoting and hindering).
(2) Confucianism is the product of agricultural civilization, which is not suitable for modern China to accept industrial civilization and modernization;
(3) Confucianism becomes orthodox, which has a certain binding effect on academic freedom and ideological emancipation.
3. Summary of three compulsory knowledge points in senior two history.
Ming and Qing novels
1, the rise and development of novels
(1) China's novels, which rose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Ji Shen's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio);
(2) The Tang Dynasty was dominated by short stories with bizarre plots, which were called legends;
(3) The scripts of the Song Dynasty laid the foundation for the prosperity of later novels;
(4) Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties flourished.
2. Reasons for prosperity
(1)XX centralization has entered the strengthening stage.
(2) Handicraft and commerce flourished, capitalism sprouted and the citizen class expanded.
(3) meet the needs of the public.
3. Prosperous performance
A large number; Various schools; Rich expression techniques; It has greatly surpassed the previous generation in reflecting the depth and breadth of social life, shaping characters, describing details and using language.
4. Works
Luo Guanzhong, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is the earliest historical novel in China in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
Shi Naian, the Water Margin, is the first novel with the theme of peasant uprising in China in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
The Journey to the West, Wu Cheng'en, Ming Dynasty and China ancient romantic fairy tales.
Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is an excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in Qing Dynasty and ancient times.
The Scholars is an excellent satirical novel written by Wu.
A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel by ancient scholars of Cao Xueqin, Gao E and China in Qing Dynasty.
4. Summary of three compulsory knowledge points in senior two history.
1, The Book of Songs
(1) Overview
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China and an important symbol of the formation of mature poems in China. I collected more than 300 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.
(2) content
(1) The poems in The Book of Songs are divided into three parts: wind (folk songs), elegance (orthodox court music) and ode (sacrificial music, which is used in the court ancestral temple to worship ancestors and pray for gods).
② Features: Four-character-based, multi-chapter overlapping sentences. The content is simple and realistic.
(3) influence
(1) compiled by Confucius laid the realistic foundation of China's classical literature and was regarded as a Confucian classic by later generations.
② It has a profound influence on the development of China literature and occupies an important position in the cultural history of China and the world.
2. Chu ci
(1) Overview
Qu Yuan absorbed the essence of southern folk songs and created a new poetic genre-Chu Ci by using Chu dialect, and Li Sao is the representative work of Chu Ci, so Chu Ci is also called "Sao Style".
(2) Features
(Compared with the Book of Songs, it has four fonts, unified sentence pattern and simple content) Chu dialect; Flexible sentences; Romantic color.
(3) Value
It is a lyric poem and occupies a lofty position in China literature. The poet incorporated deep and sincere feelings and rich imagination into his works, expressing his love for the people.
3. Han Fu
(1) meaning
On the basis of Chu Ci, writers created a comprehensive style-Fu. The original poems and songs can be sung, but Fu can't, so he can only recite them. It looks like prose with poetic rhythm, which is a style between poetry and prose. Fu pays attention to literary talent and rhyme, and has the nature of prose and poetry. Later it gradually developed into parallel prose and prose.
(2) Features
Han Fu is rich in rhetoric, exaggeration and content, which shows the grand cultural tolerance of the era of great unity.
(3) Representative figures and representative works
(1) Sima Xiangru's Zi Xufu and Shang Fulin in the Western Han Dynasty.
② Er Jing Fu by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty
4. Tang poetry
(1) status
The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of China's poetry, which represents the achievements of classical poetry. The Tang Dynasty not only has complete poetry genres and rich works, but also has superb writing skills and diverse styles, leaving a brilliant chapter in the history of China literature.
(2) Reasons for prosperity
The open and prosperous social environment in Tang Dynasty; The imperial examination is mainly based on poetry and fu.
(3) development stage and main representative figures
The development of Tang poetry has experienced four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang.
(1) early Tang poetry. It is the preparation period for the prosperity of Tang poetry.
Poets and Representative Works in Early Tang Dynasty
Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
Wang Bo's Ren Zhoushu in Du Shaofu and Chen Ziang's Youzhou Tower both advocate the "character" of poetry.
② Tang poetry. In the golden age of poetry creation, the development of Tang poetry reached the peak of prosperity, and many famous poets and schools appeared.
Poets and representative works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty:
Frontier poems: Gao Shi's Don't Move Big, Song of Snow White Farewell to Tian Wu's Home (magnificent frontier scenery and heroic military life).
Landscape poems: Meng Haoran's Sleeping in Jiande and Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains (describing the leisurely and quiet landscape and pastoral life)
Li Bai and Du Fu made great achievements in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Poet Li Bai-Romantic Poet: As a first-time Baidi City, it is difficult to take the Shu Road.
Poet Saint Du Fu-Realistic Poet: Three Officials and Three Farewells
③ Poetry in the Middle Tang Dynasty. In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the heyday of the dynasty has passed, but poetry creation has not declined.
Poets in the Middle Tang Dynasty and Their Representative Works
Bai Juyi, a Poet in the Middle Tang Dynasty: Ironic Poems —— Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu: Narrative Long Poems —— Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Xing
④ Late Tang poetry. Li Shangyin and Du Mu were outstanding poets in the late Tang Dynasty, and later people called them "Little Du Li".
Poets and Representative Works in Late Tang Dynasty
Du Mu's Jiangnan Spring and Li Shangyin's Untitled
5. Summary of three compulsory knowledge points in senior two history.
Characteristics of the western Zhou dynasty enfeoffment system
1. The patriarchal clan system is more intense.
After the Duke of Zhou became king, he enfeoffed a large number of vassal states. For these feudal princes, Zhou Wang called those with the same surname uncles and those with different surnames uncles. Relatively speaking, the princes of the vassal states enfeoffed by Shang Dynasty had little blood relationship with Shang King, so they often rebelled against the rule of Shang King. However, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, many governors were closely combined with the Zhou regime by the patriarchal clan system. This is the so-called "feudal relatives", which strengthens local management.
2. The same surname Bao, expanding the scope.
Compared with the schematic diagram of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is not difficult to see that princes with the same surname existed in Yan State and Lu State, which broke the precedent of many people with the same surname in Shang Dynasty, made the influence of various nationalities reach far to the frontier and expanded the effective jurisdiction.
3. More explicit obligations
For example, princes must make regular pilgrimage to the king of Zhou, contribute various products to the king of Zhou, and accept the orders of the king of Zhou to send troops to defend the royal family or quell the rebellion; At the same time, we should also contribute to the wedding, funeral and hunting in Zhou Wang. Sometimes, the vassal States can be ordered by Zhou Wang to mobilize the troops of small and medium-sized neighboring vassal States to carry out conquering wars. Because a big country became the leader of one side, it was also called Fang Bo, and some Fang Bo was called to the court to assist King Zhou.
Step-by-step data packet
In their own feudal countries, the vassal States continued to enfeoffment their own people with a large number of birthrights, which made the power of the king of Zhou extend step by step with the blood relationship and penetrate into every region of the vassal States; There was no such strict system in Shang dynasty, and the control of Shang king over foreign service areas was very limited.
5. Generation of rank titles
The vassals who were enfeoffed had five titles, namely, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong. Although there is no specific record of grade difference from the content of bronze inscriptions, it can be confirmed that grades have been classified.
6. The emergence of national supervision system.
In order to prevent the governors from rebelling, Zhou Wang sent people as supervisors to monitor. For example, after the demise of the Shang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty, Jean's son Wu Geng still lived in Yin's hometown and managed Yin people. At the same time, the younger brothers Guan Shu, Cai Shu and Huo Shu were supervised by him, which was called "Three Supervisors". Unearthed bronze inscriptions confirm that some prison officials were sent to other vassal States during the Western Zhou Dynasty. This was an important measure taken by the King of Zhou to strengthen the control of local governors, and it was also the first sound of establishing a supervision system in ancient China.