Basic information
Yuefu is a music management institution established by the imperial court since the Qin Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, a large number of songs were collected from the people, collectively referred to as. Later, Yuefu became a poetic genre. (1976, a button clock was unearthed in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, and the inscription was written in gold: Yuefu. A seal unearthed from the site of Anqin in 2000 further affirmed this historical fact, which did not begin in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. )
Yuefu is a court institution established by the feudal dynasty in Han Dynasty to manage music. Yuefu originated in the Qin Dynasty, and the name Yuefu was adopted in the Han Dynasty. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+02 BC, Yuefu was formally established when Emperor Wu was in office. Its task is to collect and edit local folk music, arrange, adapt and create music, and sing and perform.
According to Records of Rites and Music in the History of Han Dynasty, when Emperor Wudi was in power, there was an organization that collected local ballads, arranged and made music scores, called Yuefu. Later, people called the poems collected and created by this institution Yuefu Poetry, or simply Yuefu Poetry. By the Tang Dynasty, although the scores of these poems had long been lost, this form followed, becoming a poetic genre with no strict meter and close to five or seven words.
In the Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems. Some people used old Yuefu poems to write current events to express their feelings, such as "Song of the Sage" and "Guan Shanyue". Some people wrote new poems to reflect real life.
Han Liang Yuefu
Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties refer to Yuefu poems collected, preserved and handed down by the royal Yuefu system or the music management organ equivalent to Yuefu function. Yuefu was the permanent music management department of the imperial court before the Western Han Dynasty mourned the emperor. The Chief Executive is a Yuefu Order, which belongs to Shaofu and is one of the sixteen orders under the jurisdiction of Shaofu. The court of the Western Han Dynasty was also responsible for managing music, which was subordinate to the closure of the field. Yuefu and Letai belong to two systems in administration, and there was a clear division of functions at first. The Joy of Suburb Temple directed by Taiyue is an elegant and ancient music handed down from the previous generation. The music used by Yuefu when he was in charge of the emperor and the court was not traditional ancient music, but a popular tune dominated by Chuyin. The earliest Yuefu poem sung with Chu voice was the first chapter 17 of Anshifang Song. In addition, Emperor Gaozu's "Song of the Great Wind" was sung in Chu when he sacrificed to Peigongyuan Temple, which was also managed by Yuefu authorities. From Hui Di to Wenjing World, there are mainly two kinds of Yuefu poems recorded in the Western Han Dynasty.
The expansion and development of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty was in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. It was said in the Book of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty that Yuefu was established when Emperor Wu made a decision, and it was entrusted by Zhao, Dai, Qin and Chu. I thought that Xielv, a captain, gave dozens more people to write poems. Legally, he wrote an eight-tone song with 19 chapters. On the first day of the first month, we used Ganquan to worship the mountain, and let 70 children sing songs, which surprised the temple. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the function of Yuefu was further strengthened. It not only organizes literati to create songs and poems for the use of the imperial court, but also widely collects ballads from all over the country. Many folk songs are sung in Yuefu and handed down. The Yuefu poems created by literati are no longer limited to Song Like's banquet in Anshifang, but also sung during the festival, and the status of Yuefu poems is obviously improved. According to "Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao", when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, the Yuefu Order consisted of three officials. According to the History of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty, by the end of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Yuefu had more than 800 employees and became a large-scale music institution. More than 100 years from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Cheng was the heyday of Yuefu. Emperor Ai ascended the throne, ordered the dismissal of Yuefu officials, greatly reduced Yuefu personnel, and placed the rest under the jurisdiction of the order. Since then, there has been no Yuefu organizational system in the Han Dynasty.
The organ in charge of music in the Eastern Han Dynasty also belonged to two systems. One is Taiyue Music Department, and the chief executive is Taiyue Music Order, which is equivalent to Taiyue Music Order in the Western Han Dynasty and belongs to Taichangqing. One is the propaganda department of Huangmen, in charge of Cheng Hualing, belonging to Shaofu. The name of Huang Men's advocacy has existed since the Western Han Dynasty, and it has a very close relationship with Yuefu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huangmen Propaganda Department, which was in charge of Cheng Hualing, provided songs for the ministers who enjoyed the banquet, which actually played the role of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty. Yuefu poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty were mainly sung by Huangmen Propaganda Department, so they were preserved.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some old Yuefu songs were still in use, and a considerable number of Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties were circulated inside and outside the court. Some collections in the Six Dynasties specially included ancient Yuefu poems, mainly Yuefu poems in the two Han Dynasties. Zhiliang compiled The Book of Song Dynasty, and his Le Zhi included many poems of Han Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Guo Maoqian sorted out Yuefu poems in Han and Tang Dynasties, which were divided into 12 categories: symphonic songs, She Yan songs, advocacy songs, cross-wind songs, harmony songs, Shang Qing songs, dance music, Qin Ge, miscellaneous songs, modern songs, miscellaneous songs and new Yuefu songs. Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties are mainly preserved in suburban temple songs, preaching songs, harmony songs and miscellaneous songs, with the largest number of harmony songs.
The authors of the existing Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties cover all levels from emperors to civilians, some of them are written in temples and some are collected from the people. Sima Xiangru and other famous literati also participated in the creation of Yuefu poems. The Records of Han Yi Wen recorded 28 songs and poems of the Western Han Dynasty, 3 14, all of which were Yuefu poems. The Yuefu poems in the Western Han Dynasty that can be seen now can be determined to be works of the Western Han Dynasty, including a few folk songs such as Dafeng Pavilion, Anshifang Song 17, Jiaosi Song 19, cymbals Song 18. Other Yuefu poems were written in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Ethnicity
The establishment of Qin and Han Yuefu began in the Qin Dynasty, and it was tied with Taiyue, belonging to the same court. According to Guan Baigong and Qing Biao in Han Dynasty and 1977, the Wrong Music Palace Clock was unearthed from the imperial tomb. Liang, Tang, Mao Qian, according to the records in Records of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty, decided that Liang Wudi should set up a suburban sacrifice and a Yuefu, and the theory of reading poems at night was interpreted as the establishment of the first Yuefu. Wang Yinglin in Song Dynasty and He Chao in Qing Dynasty. According to the historical data of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty for two years, the author raised an objection. In fact, Records of Le Shu's Biography and New Books also contain records of Yuefu before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Now people think that Yuefu originated in Qin Dynasty and followed in the early Han Dynasty. The establishment of Yuefu by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty should be interpreted as the large-scale expansion of Yuefu institutions.
In 7 BC, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty abolished Yuefu officials and ordered them to stop Yuefu officials. Ancient military books and suburban music are not Zheng's music, but belong to other officials. There are two explanations for this historical fact: stop and streamline institutions. It is clearly recorded in History of Rites and Music of Han Dynasty that the number of Yuefu staff was reduced at that time, and the remaining 47% was merged into Yuefu institutions. During the Jin and Sui Dynasties, there was the name of Le Tai Fu; Zheng Yile discussed the issues of "three tones of harmony" and "three tones of obedience" in Sui Shu Yueji, formerly known as Yuefu and later named Taiyue. It can be seen that Yuefu and Taiyue were still the same institution in this period. There was no Yuefu outside the Yuefu Department in the Tang Dynasty, but there were also teaching workshops and pear gardens. Since then, there have been no facilities for Yuefu institutions.
The Relationship between Yuefu and Elegant Music and Popular Music In the early Han Dynasty, Yuefu ordered Xiahou Kuan to prepare a flute for An Shile, which was a ritual activity of elegant music, and music was actually the Chu sound of folk and popular music at that time. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Yannian used a lot of folk music to engage in suburban worship activities. During the Jin and Sui Dynasties, Le Tai adopted Shang Qing temperament. In the Tang Dynasty, the music department was still in charge of refined and popular music. These historical facts show that before the Middle Ages, there was no strict boundary between Tai Yue or Yue Fu, as a music institution, and the music it managed. As a court institution, the music of Taiyue or Yuefu is often related to the likes and dislikes of the monarch. Outstanding entrepreneurs among monarchs, such as Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wudi and Emperor Taizong, are all open-minded and do not stick to elegance and vulgarity. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was biased, but the Chinese national pronunciation he advocated was actually a clear commercial music in the Southern Dynasties, but it was nothing more than elegant folk music in the previous generation. Wang Yunxi's Yuefu Poetry holds that "too much music dominates elegant music, while Yuefu dominates popular music", which is a reflection of different thoughts of elegance and vulgarity after the Song Dynasty, and is actually a fact before post-production inference.
Yuefu and Yuefu Poems In the historical materials of Yuefu music literature, it has become a common practice to call Yuefu poems by Yuefu, and the most famous usage is Liang's "Wen Xin Diao Long Yuefu No.7" .. In the Song Dynasty, Guo Maoqian compiled Yuefu Poems and summarized Yuefu poems with the word Yuefu. Later, some scholars will also refer to boring poems, words and songs with lyrics as Yuefu, which is a mixture of nouns.