From the 14th and 15th centuries to the mid-19th century, the content and scope of Western gardens have been greatly expanded. Garden design has expanded from the design of private courtyards in history to paying equal attention to parks and private gardens. The function of gardens is no longer just an extension of family life, but is responsible for improving the urban environment and providing a place for citizens to rest, socialize and enjoy. In the West, the concept of garden (Garden or Park) has since gradually developed into a broader concept of landscape (Landscape). In the second half of the 19th century, the term Landscape Architecture appeared, and now it has become the name of this industry generally recognized around the world. The influence of the development of European classical gardens on modern landscape design. The development process of European classical gardens. The European garden cultural tradition can be traced back to ancient Egypt. The gardens at that time imitated nature that had been cultivated and transformed by humans. It was a geometric nature, so Western Gardens began to develop along geometric paths. Representatives include ancient Egyptian gardens, ancient Greek gardens and ancient Roman gardens. Water, evergreen plants and colonnades are all important gardening elements, laying the foundation for Italian Renaissance gardens in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 8th century AD, the Arabs conquered Spain and brought Islamic garden culture, which combined with the Christian culture of the European continent, formed a unique Spanish garden style. As a symbol of life and a source of meditation in Arabic culture, water often appears in the form of cross-shaped channels in the courtyard, representing the four rivers of water, wine, milk, and honey in heaven. Various decoration changes are delicate, and ceramic tiles and mosaics are used as finishes. This type of garden greatly influenced American gardening and modern landscape design. The glory of the ancient culture of California gardens in the Middle Ages was completely wiped out, and the society was in turmoil. People sought comfort in religion. Therefore, the foundation of medieval civilization was mainly Christian civilization. There are two different types of gardens: religious temple courtyards and castle courtyards. Both types of gardens were primarily practical in the beginning. As the situation stabilized and productivity continued to develop, the decorative and recreational properties of the gardens became increasingly stronger. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Italian Renaissance movement emerged. The rapid progress of literature and art caused a group of people to love nature and pursue pastoral interests. Renaissance gardens became popular and gradually transformed from geometric to Baroque art curves. In the late Renaissance, gardens even pursued subjective, novel, and dreamlike expressions of "manipulativeism." In the 17th century, an outstanding figure appeared in the history of gardening who created a new style of gardening in France and even Europe - Andre Le Notre (1613-1700). French gardens were created by him. China calls it classical garden. Le Notre's garden retained some elements of the Italian Renaissance manor, and reorganized it in France in a more cheerful, gorgeous, grand and symmetrical way, creating a more noble garden and pursuing the tranquility of the entire garden. It is open, unified yet full of changes, creating a magnificent and majestic landscape effect. In China's Old Summer Palace, Emperor Qianlong's curiosity led to the construction of Western-style buildings imitating French gardens. Baroque Gardens In the 17th and 18th centuries, the tendency of painting and literature to focus on nature influenced British gardening. Coupled with the influence of Chinese garden culture, natural landscape gardens appeared in Britain. A new kind of garden is composed of undulating and open grassland, naturally winding lakeshore, and patches of naturally growing trees. In the mid-18th century, as an improvement, some scenic spots were built in the garden, such as Chinese pavilions, towers, bridges, rockeries and other exotic small buildings or imitating the ruins of ancient Rome. People call this kind of garden a sentimental garden. Or an English-Chinese garden. Continental European landscape gardens began by imitating British and Chinese gardens. Although they were often blindly imitated at first, they eventually brought about fundamental changes in gardens. The development of landscape gardens in continental Europe was a process of purification. The proportion of natural landscapes became larger and larger, and there were fewer and fewer scenic spots. After 1800, pure natural landscape gardens finally appeared. Garden design in the first half of the 19th century was often a synthesis of geometric and formal gardens. At the end of the 19th century, more designs used formal gardens to coordinate the relationship between architecture and the environment. The art and architecture industries are developing in the direction of simplicity. Influenced by new trends of thought, gardens are on the road to purification, gradually turning to functional and people-centered design. In the 19th century, the gardening style stagnated in a design style that blended natural and geometric styles, and even gradually degenerated into imitation and patchwork of historical styles until the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Art Nouveau Movement led to the birth of new garden styles. . Influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, the garden style was more concise, romantic, and elegant. Small-scale spaces with different functions were used to construct gardens, and the use of natural materials was emphasized. This style influenced later garden design in continental Europe and still has a certain influence today. The purpose of the Art Nouveau movement was to create a new design through decorative means, mainly in the pursuit of natural curves and the pursuit of straight-line geometric shapes. Another feature of the Art Nouveau movement is the emphasis on the connection between gardens and architecture in the form of art. It is believed that gardens and architecture should be conceptually unified. The ideal garden should reproduce the "outdoor room" inside the building as much as possible. Although Art Nouveau rebelled against the tradition of classicism, its works were not "modern" in the strict sense. They were useful explorations and preparations before modernism.
It can be said that this art movement at the turn of the century was a design movement that connected the past and the future. It heralded the end of the old era and the arrival of the new era. British Garden Click to enter the villa landscape design and enjoy more exciting things >> The school that has had a great influence on modern landscape planning and design traces the development and changes in the field of garden design over the past century. No matter which style, it has had a wide impact on modern gardens. Based on the development of garden landscapes in the last century, numerous design styles emerged in various countries in the 20th century, and some very influential schools of thought emerged. 1． The first manifestation of French modern garden style was the "International Exhibition of Modern Arts and Crafts" held in Paris in 1925. At the exhibition, one can see some modern features of the garden, represented by four identical red "trees" designed by the architect Stevens, a combination of pillars with cross-sections and huge abstract concrete blocks. , and the "Garden of Water and Light" designed by the ancient Egyptian Reikian. The exhibition unveiled a new scene in modern landscape design. French modern landscape design broke the shackles of traditional rules or natural styles, and adopted a new dynamic and balanced composition at that time, which was highly geometric, but it was not a static balance dominated by abstraction, but an irregular geometric style. reflect. 2. Modern Baroque style is characterized by the large number of curves used in landscape design works. The representative figure of this style is Brazilian landscape architect Bray Marquez. His works expand upon the forms of ancient parterres. His curved flower beds are like a paintbrush containing moisture, drawing bright strokes on the earth. Flower beds are used to limit the growth range of large plants, but the plants are never pruned. This is essentially different from the patterned flower beds of Baroque gardens. He uses contrasts in color and texture of plant leaves to create beautiful patterns, rather than relying primarily on flowers; extending this contrast to other materials such as gravel, pebbles, water, paving, etc. His various design languages ??are still widely spread around the world. 3. Barragan-style landscape design combines modernism with Mexican tradition, pioneering new approaches to modernism. He often designs buildings, gardens, and furniture together to form a unified and harmonious whole with a distinct personal style. The garden uses bright, colorful walls to create a strong contrast with the water, plants and sky, creating a tranquil and poetic sanctuary for the soul. Some elements of his work, such as colorful walls, elevated flumes, and cascading waterfalls, have become hallmarks of Mexican style. 4. Typical features of the California School are: simple forms, direct connections between indoors and outdoors, hard surfaces adjacent to the house that can be arranged with garden furniture, small irregular patches of grass, redwood decks, wooden benches, swimming pools, and barbecues. racks and other recreational facilities. Fences, walls and screens create privacy, while existing trees and a new pergola provide shade to outdoor spaces. Some also draw on some features of Japanese gardens: such as low bryophytes, ferns, evergreen trees and naturally embellished stones. It is an artistic, functional and social composition in which every part has been carefully considered in relation to climate, landscape and lifestyle. It is a local, contemporary and humane design that meets the needs of comfortable outdoor living. , maintenance is also very easy. The California School transformed the history of American gardens from the revival and copying of European styles to the exploration of the diversity of American society, culture, and geography.