means of expression
Mainly: narration, discussion, explanation, description and lyricism.
Means of expression refers to various concrete methods of vividly expressing the results of thinking by certain means, also known as artistic means. Forms of expression: such as narration, description, satire, exaggeration, symbol, metaphor, comparison, metonymy, personification, parallelism, duality, hierarchy and so on. It should be said that expressions sometimes include expressions.
Rhetoric is a kind of language application that uses effective language means to improve the effect of language expression and make language expression accurate, vivid and vivid according to the needs of expression. Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. In addition, the paper also involves comparison, metonymy, quotation, pun, irony, thimble and rhetorical question.
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are common: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, association, imagination, combination of suppression and suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, care before and after, lyricism through scenery and so on.
The difference between expression and expression.
About expressions:
(1) expressions are classified into narrative, descriptive, explanatory, lyrical and argumentative expressions;
(2) An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions;
(3) There are also related expressions in the composition requirements of hot topics-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively.
Taken together, "expression" should be the method and form used to express thoughts and feelings with language, art, music and action.
About the technique of expression:
Describing scenery with objects, lyrical narration, lyrical expression, straightforward narration, flashback and narrative contrast, setting off the symbol of Zhang Xianzhi, setting off imagination, taking care of the feelings of objects in the scenery, setting off the beauty of objects, setting off sadness, rendering truth and reality, and combining positive description with direct and indirect lyricism. , the number is unlimited.
On rhetorical devices;
Metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.
The specific language method and means used to express specific content is expression, which is the formal element of article composition. Expression is gradually formed with the emergence and development of language expression. The concept of "expression" was put forward in modern writing research and has been used ever since.
First, the expression skills of poetry
Rhetoric methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, metonymy, antithesis, exaggeration, comparison, allusion, translation, intertextuality, repetition, etc.
2. Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Lyricism: It can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by holding things; Scene mixing)
Description: It can be divided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, point-surface combination, light-dark combination, frontal combination, rough outline painting and meticulous painting. Le Jing wrote about mourning, mourning for Syaraku and so on.
3. Expression techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing; Suppress change, elaborate description, symbolize association, set off, contrast, imagination, association, care, express ambition, etc.
4. Chapter structure: cut to the chase, go straight to the point, express your ambitions, make love with the scenery, get a proper total score, see the big from the small, go deep into layers, take care of the transition and pave the way.
5. Thoughts and feelings include infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
6. Function: deepening artistic conception, deepening theme, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, meaningful, intriguing and far-reaching influence.
The Expression Procedure of Poetry Appreciation
This poem adopts the technique of (expression, rhetoric, expression), writes the characteristics of (image), shows (highlights) (certain) thoughts and feelings, and plays a (certain) role.
Interpretation of key concepts
1, contrast
Contrast is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of an object to make it stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to intentional description from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed stand out. It can be contrast, such as Qin Luofu, who uses the reactions of "walkers" and "teenagers" to set off Qin Luofu's beauty. It can also be a kind of contrast, such as "cicada singing", "Tonamiyama is more secluded", "Monks knock on the door of the moon" and "The moon is a bird that scares the mountain". More things are used to compare people. For example, the moon in the river was written three times in Pipa, which respectively set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters. Another example is Peach Blossom Pond in thousands of feet, which clearly shows Wang Lun's feelings for the poet.
Step 2 use allusions
To use allusions is to quote historical facts and use allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, vividness and implication of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji's successful "Yong Yule 17 17 Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia".
In addition, the use of previous poems and songs is also an allusion. For example, almost every sentence in Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting has an allusion, which enhances the cultural connotation of the article; In Yangzhou Slow, Jiang Kui used Du Mu's poems explicitly or implicitly, which formed a contrast between reality and reality and expressed the desolation of things being transformed.
3. Virtual reality
This is a common concept used by the ancients when discussing articles. Virtual and real are relative, some are real, and none is virtual. Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, abstract is virtual; Now it is a fact, imagination is virtual ... Poetry often uses this technique to expand the artistic conception of poetry. For example, Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling" shows that the present is true, and the imagination of later generations is empty, resulting in endless aftertaste. Another example is Li Yu's "Yu Meiren", the first six sentences are one solid and one virtual, that is, "When is the spring flower and the moon (real), and how much is known about the past (virtual)? It's just that Zhu Yan has changed (in vain). The combination of reality and reality has placed the grief of my hometown. Another example is Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow". The decadent scene is true, and the hypothetical imagination is empty. Using the writing method of combining reality with reality can make the work more compact and vivid, and greatly increase the capacity of the work.
4. Language features
(1) fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains Xiling Snow, at the entrance of Wu Dong Wan Li Boat Park. " Four sentences describe four kinds of scenery, including dynamic scenery, static scenery, gorgeous colors and fresh and vivid language. Another example is Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon 650.
(2) dull. Or plain, characterized by choosing exact words to describe directly, all using simple lines, unadorned, true, profound and approachable. But plain doesn't mean simple and shabby, but a return to simplicity in language, which embodies the writer's real kung fu. For example, Tao Yuanming's group poem "Returning to the Garden" uses plain language, such as household words, which is about family affairs, but nothing.
(3) gorgeous. It is characterized by rich words, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings, such as Li Shangyin's Untitled poem, Li He's Quotations from Li Ping's poem and a passage describing music in Bai Juyi's Pipa.
(4) bright. Its characteristics are direct, clear, frank and provocative. It is often decisive and broken. For example, Li Qingzhao's early words "lost lips 17 17", Bai Juyi's poem "Grass" and so on.
(5) Implication, sometimes called suggestion, is characterized by implication, which is often not a direct narrative, but a tortuous talk, in which the words are intentional, or quoted without sending, or want to say something for readers to appreciate, such as Du Mu's poems, Li Qingzhao's later words and so on.
⑥ Conciseness, characterized by neatness and conciseness, such as Jia Dao's poems and Su Shi's ci.
This poem selects the scenery of …, depicts the artistic conception of …, creates the atmosphere of …, uses the rhetoric (or technique) of …, and expresses the emotion of ….
There are generally two ways to write poetry appreciation articles:
(1) comprehensive analysis-express your views through the overall analysis of the whole poem.
In this position, the more complete writing is:
A. brief introduction of the author.
B. Introduction of writing background.
C image analysis of works (interpretation or translation of poems, emotions and thoughts expressed in poems, artistic conception expressed in poems).
D. analysis of artistic techniques of works (usually combined with image analysis of works).
E. comprehensive evaluation of the artistic features of the work (often with the meaning of summary).
If completeness is not required, the author's introduction and writing background can be omitted.
⑵ Theme analysis-analyze the most prominent aspects of poetry and express your own views.
When using this writing method, we often only grasp one aspect, such as artistic conception, language expressive force, and the beauty of expressing thoughts and feelings in some way. For other aspects, we ignore it, so its length is generally short and small.
It must be pointed out that no matter which writing method is adopted, the appreciator should have his own understanding and analysis of the poem, and try to avoid imitating others or even copying it.
How to appreciate ancient poetry
Appreciating ancient poetry is one of the important purposes of our study of ancient literature, and it is also the basis for our further study. So how should we analyze classical poetry?
First of all, we must understand poetry, which requires us to have a correct understanding of every word and sentence of a poem. If you don't even understand the original meaning of the poem, how can you analyze and appreciate it? When talking about poetry appreciation, Mr. Wu Xiaoru once put forward "General Notes" and "Ming Allusions", which are the basis of reading a poem. For us, there are more or less language barriers in classical poetry. For some poems, we must rely on the comments of our predecessors to understand them. Moreover, it is very important to correctly understand the meaning of allusions in classical poetry. The ancients said, "Poetry is nothing." The understanding of a poem can naturally be different, but after all, there is still a relatively objective standard, which is to be reasonable. At least I think this understanding is reasonable, and the analysis of ideological content and artistic techniques on this basis can be convincing.
On the basis of understanding poetry, we can analyze poetry from the following aspects: first, we must understand the creative background and writing situation of poetry. To deeply analyze poetry works, we must first understand the author. Mencius once put forward the literary criticism method of "knowing people and discussing the world", that is, to deeply understand the poet's life, thought, morality, experience and the situation of his time. This is very helpful for us to understand the work correctly. For example, after we understand the political situation in the middle Tang Dynasty and Liu Zongyuan's experience, we can better understand the attitude of avoiding the world and taking care of mountains and rivers in Fisherman. Second, we can analyze the ideological content and artistic characteristics of the works themselves, and analyze the shorter works, such as metrical poems and quatrains, sentence by sentence. We can do problem analysis or paragraph analysis for longer works. This is the main body of job analysis. The works we analyze must have appreciation value. When we read a poem, we will have some feelings. We write analytical articles to show the value of our works and express our feelings. The analysis of works is also a process of re-creation, so we should pay attention to the choice of words. We should try our best to make the language beautiful and concise. Third, we can compare and analyze other works that are comparable to our works, so as to better grasp the ideological and artistic nature of poetry. For example, Du Fu's "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower" and Meng Haoran's "The Story of Lin Dongting" are both excellent works describing Dongting Lake, but through comparison, we will find that "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower" shows us Du Fu's concern about the fate of the country and the sufferings of people's livelihood. Lin Dongting is only limited to self-pity for personal suffering. In contrast, the two poets are different in mind, character and ideological realm. Fourthly, understanding the status and influence of the works is also a way for us to better grasp the works. For example, if we know that Ode to an Orange is the first poem in the history of China's poetry, we can better understand "expressing ambition by supporting things".