Wang Meng: A piece of "Jin Se" explains people's difficulties
"A piece of "Jin Se" solves people's difficulties", from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty to the present, there are many poems by scholars Scholars discussed Li Shangyin's "Jin Se", making deep connections and wide explorations, closely analyzing and thinking freely, quoting each other, inspiring each other, and refuting each other's problems. Although it is not a voluminous article, it is still a grand view. A "Seven Rhymes" with only fifty-six words (the title can only be fifty-eight words, but almost all interpreters believe that the title is just the first two words of the first sentence, which is equivalent to no title, that is, 56+2-2 It’s still fifty-six words) and it is indeed rare in the field of poetry research to trigger such clever and intellectual research.
Recalling "the time", the author read this poem without any academic research. When I was a boy, I was suddenly moved when I first read "Jin Se". I felt that the poem was so sad, so tactful, and so elegant. At that time, I had no idea about the allusion of Emperor Wang turning into a cuckoo, and I had no idea that words like "Jin Se", "Jade Smoke", and "Pearl Tears" could not be said to be "reclusive" (a summary of Shang Yin's poetry style by Gao, a poetry critic in the Ming Dynasty). The words also connect so many books and anecdotes. Although I can't understand them, I can appreciate them and recite them catchily. Its artistic conception, its emotions, the beauty of its images, the perfection of its form, and its musicality all seem to be perceptible and completely acceptable to the ordinary minds of ordinary modern people and teenagers.
Even now, when I was ill, I read some books related to Shang Yin's poems and "Jin Se" out of interest, and I was stunned to understand the complexity and profoundness of "Jin Se". Liu Xun in the Song Dynasty mentioned that "Jinse" was the name of the maid of Linghu's Chu family. Huang Chaoying of the Song Dynasty also pretended to be Su Shi and said that this poem was a chant of "suitability, resentment, purity, and harmony" in the sound of the harp. Zhu Heling, Zhu Yizun, Feng Xi, He Zhuo, Qian Liangze and modern Mr. Liu Kaiyang of the Qing Dynasty considered it a mourning poem. He Zhuo, Wang Shihan, and today's Ye Congqi, Wu Diaogong, Chen Yongzheng, Dong Naibin, and the classical literature teaching and research group of the Chinese Department of Anhui Normal University believe that this poem is a poem in which the poet looks back on his life experiences, and some even emphasize political encounters. . Mr. Wu Diaogong made it clear that this poem should be classified as a "political poem" and must be distinguished from "Untitled", which is a number of love poems. Mr. Ye Congqi believes that this poem is "clearly a piece of homesickness while traveling". Cheng Xiangheng believes that "this Yishan is the one who inscribed his poems at the beginning of the collection", which means that he uses this as a preface to summarize and reflect on his life's poems. Mr. Zhou Zhenfu and Qian Zhongshu also advocated this theory. In "Talk about Art", Mr. Qian gave a more detailed analysis of Jinse Yu's "Jade Qin" as a metaphor for poetry. The first two sentences say "Although the scenery has passed, the chapters remain", three or four sentences describe the method of composing poetry, and five or six sentences It talks about "the style or state of the poem", and seven or eight sentences says "Looking back from the past, I feel so sad", etc.
The author has little talent and knowledge, and I don’t dare to stir up the heat and reveal my weakness. I just want to discuss a question here: what is poetry interpretation, what is poetry interpretation, what is interpretation of people, how to distinguish between right and wrong poetry interpretation, and how to interpret ordinary people How did people at that time love this difficult-to-understand poem?
"The poem has no explanation" illustrates the difficulty of interpretation, but it does not say "the poem also has no explanation". Poems still need to be explained and can be explained. Not allowing explanations will not help the poem and will not work. So what does the interpretation of poetry that we usually mean (that is, including what ordinary readers and contemporary readers need to understand about a poem) actually mean?
The first level should be the literal meaning of the poem, the meaning of each word, word, phrase, sentence and contextual connection, including the homophony, tropes, tone and allusions of the words. Without the basic knowledge and judgment in this area, it is certainly difficult to read a poem. For example, in the sentence "This feeling can be recalled," the meaning of "kewai" is "qiwai", but our old poems do not have question marks or commas, which is of course a bit troublesome but also quite interesting. "At that time" is also interpreted as the present tense, which is different from that time, which is the past tense, and our verbs do not add ing or ed. In this way, the last two sentences of "Jin Se", "This feeling can be remembered later, but I was already at a loss at the time" are difficult to explain. It seems that the literal interpretation is not easy. But the fact that a poem can be circulated and circulated for a long time should eventually prove that there is nothing impossible in the literal meaning of the poem as a whole, but that some interpretations are flexible and leave room for change.
Literally, "Jinse" means "Jinse", so why is it untitled? Does citing the words in the poem as the title mean that it is untitled? Then why not mark it as untitled? At that time, there was no approval for " Untitled". So what if there are questions? Some questions try to tell the reader everything, while others are just a shadow wall or a mark. Starting from the Jinse and its string pillars, it writes about the Chinese years, the story of the lost butterfly and the cuckoo, the sea, the moon, the beads, the tears, the fields, the sun, the jade, and the smoke. It boils down to the feeling of loss. This poem It starts from Jinse (whether it is Xing, Bi or Fu cannot be taken literally) and writes about the poet's feeling of loss. Although it seems vulgar and even vulgar to say this, it should be the starting point for discussion. Right?
The second level is the author’s background and the trigger and motivation for writing, that is, why the author wrote this poem. This is actually an interpretation of poetry from the perspective of creation theory and writer theory, which requires the accumulation of a lot of history, biography, cultural background, creation situation information, and a lot of textual research and verification. If we don’t understand the Niu-Li party struggle, the marriage between Yishan and the Wang family, the Wang family’s premature death, and the bumps in Shang Yin’s official career, it is of course impossible to make inferences about mourning and feelings. If you don't know that the old editions of "Yuxi Sheng Ji" and "Li Yishan Ji" often start with this poem, it will also greatly affect the confidence in the poem's preface and poetry review.
As for whether the Linghu family has a maid named "Jinse", does Wang like to play Jinse? Is Shangyin proficient in the music's rhythms of Shi, Yu, Qing, and Harmony and prefers the Jinse instrument? This requires excellent materials. . The so-called "litigation and disputes" often focus on differences in this aspect.
Although this kind of research on the origin and creative process of a writer's creative background is in line with the proposition of "knowing people and analyzing the world" from Meng Fuzi to Lu Xun, it also has two difficulties. First, there is often a lack of good and sufficient materials, especially in the case of ancient poets and writers, who are often scrappy and mixed with authenticity. Therefore, many opinions, speculations, and estimates may contain more elements of wishful thinking than scientific and logical conclusions. For example, the theory that "Jin Se" is a political poem is based on the fact that Li Shangyin was frustrated politically in his life, but there is no evidence that he wrote this poem to express his political injustice. Another example is Linghu Yahuan. Who can prove clearly today whether there is such a maid in the Linghu family? Even if there is such a maid, how can one prove that "Jin Se" must have been written for her? Even if there is such a maid, how can one prove that "Jin Se" must have been written for her? There is absolutely no such maid in Linghu's family, so how can we prove that Li Shangyin could not have met a woman named Jinse in his life, which caused him to feel sad and confused in love? Or as the saying goes, "If it is said that they met by chance, then two sentences must be said. It cannot be so sincere and important" (see page 2 of "Comments on Li Shangyin's Collected Poems"). Of course, this statement is very reasonable, but isn't there a way of "provoking" from here to there in making poetry? From a person who has no chance of falling in love with each other and getting along with each other. Why is it inconceivable that a woman with whom I have a good impression associates my love life with depression, and associates myself with unsatisfactory love, career, and politics throughout my life? Here, whether it is a positive judgment or a negative judgment in full, it seems that the premise Neither is sufficient. The results of numerous lawsuits are bound to be inconsistent.
Secondly, even if the writer comes back from the dead and explains the origin and process of his writing, so what? Even if our commentator has mastered the reliable "original copy in the country" and "unique secret", or even If a writer's writing situation can be reproduced in considerable detail and accuracy, the biographical and historical significance of these materials and judgments will still be greater than their literary significance. There are many Chinese classical poems that state the origin of their writing. For example, Wang Bo's poem "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuzhou" is well-known. Who except experts cares about the specific target of Wang Bo's poem? "There are close friends in the sea, as far away as the world." The couplet "Next to Neighbors" is very general and powerful, and its literary, social and even political significance is countless times greater than sending someone to the young government to serve as an official! Another example is the title of a poem like "Visiting ××× but not meeting you", so what? Can you summarize the specific meaning of the poem? The origin of a writer's writing is very specific, small and clear, but a touching work often contains huge and profound content, including the writer's personality, cultivation, pursuit and life experience, as well as the era, country and nation in which the writer lives. Isn’t it common sense that many characteristics of a region have far more connotations than the writer himself realizes? Now looking back at "Jin Se", even if it proves that it is indeed about a woman or a ceremonial ceremonial instrument or a ceremonial ceremonial instrument How much can the appropriateness, resentment, clarity, and harmony of the music add or detract from the poem "Jin Se"?
The third level, for ordinary readers, the most important thing is the poem. The connotation, the meaning of poetry. This is not only related to the origin of the writer's creation, but also independent of the writer's will. Take "Jin Se" as an example, it is its artistic conception, images, allusions and exquisite and perfect language and form. It should be said that the first reason why readers like this poem, read, chant and recite it is because of the attraction of beauty. Its beautiful artistic conception, beautiful images, beautiful words, beautiful language and beautiful forms are full of charm. Secondly, you will be fascinated by its feeling of bewilderment, its confused state, and its implicit meaning. "Fifty strings of brocade strings are unprovoked, each string and one column reminds me of my good years." These two sentences are catchy, and the writing is elegant but not difficult. Recalling the past years from Jinse and Qixing, this basic idea is really not difficult to understand. "Zhuang Sheng was obsessed with butterflies in his morning dream, and looked forward to the Emperor's spring heart with cuckoos." In his memories, there was (or was diffused or shrouded) a confusion similar to that of Zhuang Sheng's turning into a butterfly and not knowing who he was. In his memories, there was also a desire to turn into a cuckoo. The emperor's spring heart. Or it can be interpreted as recalling the inner experience similar to Zhuang Sheng's dream of a butterfly or Du Yu's flowering of a cuckoo. That is to say, what is expressed here is a sense of loss and confusion, and also a sense of transformation: Zhuang Sheng turned into a butterfly, Wang Di turned into a bird, and the transformations are endless.
What is lost, what is confusing, what is changed? The poet did not say it, and ordinary readers do not need to force it to say it. It makes sense that thoughts of old age turn into poetry, life turns into death, youth turns into old age, great ambition turns into nothing, and the pursuit of love turns into loss. "The bright moon in the sea has tears, and the sun in the blue field is warm and the jade produces smoke." The mind wanders in the sea and the blue field, and the moon is warm and the sun is shining. The spirit feels the teardrops and jade smoke. It is lonely and lonely, sad (tears), warm, and noble (beads and jade). , moon, sun) and helpless (tears and smoke are all free and inaction), broad (sea, blue field), deep and serene (tears and smoke also fleetingly pass away and are ultimately useless) and beautiful; It is both confusing and vivid (the four sentences in the middle are actually vivid when interpreted in isolation), obstructive (mysterious) and intimate at the same time. What is this? Of course it is not about chanting fields, chanting sea, chanting pearls and chanting jade, not chanting poems and chanting objects, but chanting one's own inner world, one's own spiritual life, one's own inner feelings. The heart is only a small space, so although this poem contains the words "Haitai Sun and Moon", it does not make people feel that the poet is elaborating and expanding. This poem has no grandeur.
The heart is inclusive and broad, including not only Zhuang Sheng Wang Di, butterflies and cuckoos, the sun, moon and pearls in the sea, but also love, art, poetry, life experiences, wisdom, pain and sorrow. At its core is the word love. , so the knot is clear: "This feeling can be recalled later, but it was already at a loss at the time." It writes about the feeling of loss. Why is it at a loss? Because of the inner experience of confusion, loss and transformation, because of the ups and downs in career and love, because of wandering, because of the poet's poetic heart and his own poetic style. What's more, it describes the poet's inner world so profoundly.
A shallow level of joy, anger, sorrow, and joy is a good answer to why. It has a "reason" to talk about: being happy or unhappy for someone, something, a scene, a place, a time, something, This is easy to figure out. But after experiencing the pain of losing his wife, the pain of wandering, the hardships of his official career, the hard work of a poet and the joy of harvest, as well as various personal emotional experiences and inner experiences that others cannot know, when Li Shangyin went deeper and deeper into his own heart After going deeper, his feelings are chaotic, unified, general, inexplicable, can only be understood but not put into words and therefore slightly mysterious; such a feeling is confused and "unprovoked". This feeling of bewilderment has appeared in his inner life many times and long ago. Is it now expressed in the form of "reminiscing" due to the rise of Jinse or being touched by Jinse (I am inclined to say this)? Or from Jinse (whether it is a musical instrument, two words, a metaphorical allusion similar to "Yuqin" or a woman's name, a woman), you can get immediate - "at that time" inspiration impact, thus obtaining a beautiful and graceful meaning. Feelings of confusion? How can each of these two possible explanations be one and not the other?
The first two sentences and the last two sentences of this poem are actually quite clear. With "Sihua Nian" as a guide and "Qing Wan Ran" as a summary, there will be no lawsuits against Zhuang Sheng and Wang Di in the vast sea and blue fields. In the year of Sihua, I think of butterflies, cuckoos, teardrops, and jade, and my love becomes confused and confused, a sea of ??tears and a blue field of jade smoke. How can a humble opinion be ridiculed as being too cheap and too little learned and lacking in skills?
The fourth level is the appreciator's personal unique supplement and experience or the special performance under certain circumstances. For example, in the 1960s, I was greatly impressed by Yan Shu's famous saying "There is no choice but the flowers fall away, and the familiar swallows return" when talking about international politics. Emotions lament love from "Jin Se", poets gain a poetic heart from "Jin Se", those who are unjust complain from "Jin Se", and those who have not returned for a long time chant "Jin Se" and feel homesick. Weeping; this is the result of the cooperation between the appreciator and the author. We can also imagine that those who know music think that this is the feeling Yishan feels when he enjoys a Jinse solo - intoxicated and infatuated, as if there is something there and not there, like smoke and tears, or gain or loss. Apart from music, what kind of art can move its viewers so deeply yet completely? This probably makes sense. We can also imagine the recollections of a traveler, a wanderer of earth and space, in his later years, of his wandering life. Let’s imagine that a scientist like Einstein gained knowledge from this poem - why are all things in nature so unprovoked, with boundless pursuits, and how time is rushing! Success is achieved, but the temples are already stained. , although you have unfinished ambitions, you are no longer young! Or your achievements are not yet completed but this body does not exist, birds or butterflies, will there be support? In the vast universe, how many tears are condensed on the pearls of human wisdom! How many tears are condensed on the pearls of human wisdom! How many scientific truths are buried under the blue fields like beautiful jade. When can people unearth the clues like jade or smoke? All scientific research results need to be washed and washed by the long river of time. Who can say that at the same time? Who can judge the value of our new scientific theories and not be confused?
To put it this way, it may sound like a cross talk "Crooked Criticism of the Three Kingdoms", but although the author likes to make fun of me, I am not making fun of it. I just want to affirm that Li Shangyin's "Jin Se" has left a huge and free artistic space for readers and future generations at home and abroad. Of course, it is not good to be too big and inappropriate. The verses that combine this artistic space are actually very clever and appropriate. Very affectionate. The eight lines of poetry are like eight pillars. Readers can wander around and enjoy themselves in the palace built by these eight pillars.
The fifth level is for academic research on "Jin Se". Because of "Jin Se", we are connected with Li Shangyin's entire poem; because of one poem, we are connected with the treasure house of poetry of our country and the world, the ocean of poetry, the ocean of literature; with one word, we are connected with astronomy, geography, history, politics, philosophy, religion, language, phonology, and even nature. Science, of course, is endless research. Is this the interpretation of poetry based on knowledge? Or is it the promotion of knowledge through a poem? At that time, "Jin Se" was really on the rise, arousing the talents of China and foreign countries to promote ancient and modern knowledge. What a great knowledge, truly boundless and spectacular! We should look at the ocean and marvel in admiration!
By the way, according to the five-level theory, there are many poems that are as clear as words. At least the first three levels are easy to unify. "There is a bright moonlight in front of the bed..." does not need to be so complicated to explain, and there is not so much debate and knowledge. It is still a good poem, and it is a more popular good poem. This article does not mean to favor or even advocate secluded poetry, nor does it mean to separate the "five layers".
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