Travel to the north to seek the world.
Coups in past dynasties are not uncommon. "The change of Chen Qiao in yellow robe" was a successful coup launched by Zhao Kuangyin, the supreme commander of the imperial army in the later Zhou Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin acceded to the throne without bloodshed, which not only unified more than half of China, but also managed the country well. The economy and culture of Song Dynasty reached another peak in the history of China, which was closely related to Zhao Kuangyin's way of governing the country.
History has proved that Zhao Kuangyin is an outstanding figure in promoting historical development.
Most people who know the history of China know that there is an allusion of "Chen Qiao mutiny, wearing a yellow robe". What is said here is the story of Zhao Kuangyin using military force to launch a coup, establish the Song Dynasty and strengthen the centralization of feudal autocracy.
I. Life:
Zhao Kuangyin, born on March 2, 9271,came from a military family in Jiamaying, Luoyang.
Zhao Kuangyin was the first emperor of the Song Dynasty, and his reign was from 960 to 976. Zhao Kuangyin was born in a military family.
History of Song Dynasty Ceng Yun: Biography of Song Taizu. Kuang Yin's father, Zhao Yinhong, was the king of Wu in the later Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties. Kuang Yin, a teenager, was described as "long, dignified and spacious in appearance, which was very human to those who knew him." " 」
Judging from this comment, Kuang Yin is very different from other children of the same age. The only communication situation is that I don't like reading.
Zhao Kuangyin was born on February1March 26th, 927 in a military family in Jiamaying, Luoyang. According to legend, with the birth of the baby, "the room is surrounded by red light, the strange fragrance is lingering, and the body is golden, and it will remain unchanged in March."
When Zhao Kuangyin was born, Weah's century-old Tang Empire had disappeared from the world for 20 years. A balance is broken, followed by lasting turmoil. Influenced by his family, he loved riding, shooting and martial arts since he was a child, and he developed a good martial arts.
At the age of 2/kloc-0, he bid farewell to his parents and wife and began to wander around the world to find his own career. He roamed many places in North China, Central Plains and Northwest China, but all failed. In 949, he finally met his chance. On the way to the north, he met Guo Wei, the envoy of the later Han Dynasty. Guo Wei is now recruiting in the northeast of daming county, Hebei Province, so Zhao Kuangyin, who is strong and proficient in martial arts, joined Guo Wei.
When Guo Wei acceded to the throne (Zhou Taizu), he appointed Zhao Kuangyin as the imperial governor, which won the appreciation of Yin Chai Rong of Kaifeng Prefecture and became Chai Rong's subordinate. Chai Rong ascended the throne (after Zhou Shizong), and Zhao Kuangyin won the trust of Sejong and became an important minister around Sejong. He was promoted to commander of the Guards, and Sejong died. His son Zongxun succeeded to the throne at the age of seven. In the second year, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, forcing Zongxun to abdicate and establishing the Song Dynasty.
Mao's daily life is simple, and his clothes and diet are simple. Although he is bound by his family, he is by no means a stingy person. He once spent a lot of money on some projects and gave generous treatment to the surrendered monarch. His private life is rigorous and simple, but he is very generous to the place where he spends it, which is rare among emperors in past dynasties.
1976, Zhao Kuangyin collapsed. There are different opinions about the cause of Mao's death. Some people say that he died suddenly because of drinking too much, while others say that he died because of abdominal swelling and sores. The common view is that the death of Taizong has a lot to do with Taizong.
According to common sense, natural death seems more likely. Because after the Queen Mother Du issued the imperial edict, Zhao Kuangyin had ordered Zhao Pu to draw up the imperial edict of succession and hide it in the golden palace. Zhao Guangyi is determined to inherit Dabao's brother, and there is no need to kill anyone. "
What the truth is, due to the lack of historical data, is still unclear, but one thing is certain, that is, Taizong did a lot of work to cover up the cause of Taizu's death. The Records of Taizong compiled by Tang Taizong Chao has gone through three times, but it has not been successful. Although he tampered with and covered up many truths, Taizong was still not satisfied. Emperor Taizong's unusual attention to a Taizu record is enough to explain the mystery of Emperor Taizong's abnormal succession, and the sound of candles and axes has become an eternal mystery.
The legend of the mystery of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin's sudden death;
In 976, Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song Dynasty, died suddenly. There is no record of his illness in the official history, and there are different accounts in unofficial history. The cause of his death has become a bizarre unsolved case in history.
According to Hunan Shan Ye, on a snowy night in the ninth year of Kaibao 10, Zhao Kuangyin called his younger brother Zhao Guangyi into the palace, and the two brothers were drinking in their bedrooms. After drinking, it was already late at night. Zhao Kuangyin and Yufu stabbed him in the snow and said, "Work hard." Zhao stayed in the bedroom that night, and died inexplicably at first light the next day. Zhao Guangyi received a testamentary edict, which preceded Ling's succession.
"Ember Record" said that Zhao Guangyi coveted Mrs. Huarui, the concubine of Zhao Kuangyin, for a long time. When Zhao Kuangyin was in a coma, she molested Mrs. Huarui in the middle of the night, woke Zhao Kuangyin up and cut him with a jade axe. He was unable to do so and cut the floor. So Zhao Guangyi, as a lamb, killed Zhao Kuangyin and fled back to his home.
Sushui said: When Mao died, it was already four drums. The Empress of the Song Dynasty asked Wang Jien, the chamberlain, to call Prince Fang. Considering that Mao had long planned to run wild with Wang Guangyi of Jin Dynasty, Wang Jien found Zhao Guangyi. After entering the palace, Queen Song asked, "Is Fang here?" Wang Jien replied, "The King of Jin is here." Empress Song was shocked, then suddenly woke up and cried and said, "My mother and son's life is entrusted to you, butler."
In addition, it is said that as a younger brother, he inherited his brother's throne, which is the opinion of his mother, Empress Dowager Du. On his deathbed, Du Taihou said to Zhao Kuangyin, "If the Zhou Dynasty was succeeded by an elderly emperor, how could you be today?" ? You and Guangyi are both my sons. You will pass the throne to him in the future, and the country is the long monarch. This is the outline of the country! "Zhao Kuangyin agreed, so he asked Prime Minister Zhao Pu to write an oath in the synopsis of the Golden Chamber and seal it in the synopsis of the Golden Chamber. This is the so-called "Golden Chamber Alliance". This is the legal basis of Zhao Guangyi's "brother's death".
All this has caused many questions.
One is the "Candlelight Axe Shadow" when Zhao Kuangyin died.
Supposedly, according to court etiquette, Zhao Guangyi was not allowed to sleep in the palace, but he did. Eunuchs and maids were not supposed to leave the emperor, but they all did. The hectic figures, the strange sound of axes and Zhao Kuangyin's cry of "Let's do it right" all tell people that this is a bloody murder planned in advance.
Second, Wang Jien forged the imperial edict.
How dare Wang Jien go against the will of the Empress Dowager Song? It was supposed to be for Zhao, but it came. If things fail, isn't it fatal?
This statement only adds the crime of usurping the throne to a eunuch, and at the same time covers up the crime of killing his brother.
The third is the authenticity of synopsis of the golden chamber.
When Du Taihou died, Zhao Kuangyin was only 34 years old, in the prime of life, and his son Dezhao 14 years old. Even if Zhao Kuangyin died a few years later, there would be no situation in which the seven-year-old orphans left by Chai Shizong in the later Zhou Dynasty were leaderless. Du Taihou was wise all his life. How can he make this decision? In addition, The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber was published five years after Zhao Guangyi ascended the throne. Why not announce it publicly when Zhao Kuangyin died?
There are still some doubts, which also makes people criticize Zhao Guangyi.
Zhao Guangyi didn't wait until the next year, so it changed its title. -the new king acceded to the throne, and it is customary to change the calendar year to the New Year's Day the following year. However, Zhao Guangyi changed the nine-year treasure to the first year of rejuvenating the country, with only two months left. This can't wait to break the routine, and there is only one explanation: first "clear the name."
Is there a ghost in his heart?
Forced to kill Zhao Kuangyin's eldest son Dezhao (then 30 years old), Zhao Kuangyin's youngest son Fang De (only 26 years old) also died of a mysterious disease. After Zhao Kuangyin's widow died, Zhao Guangyi broke the queen's etiquette. All this is accidental?
The most puzzling thing is that Zhao Guangyi's descendants believed his ancestor's statement of "killing his brother to usurp the throne" and passed the throne to Zhao Kuangyin's descendants. This is about the succession of Song Gaozong Zhao Gou.
It is said that Zhao Gou has no son. Who will inherit the throne? Ministers are talking about it. There is a strong view that Zhao Kuangyin is the founding king and should choose his successor from his descendants. At first, Zhao Gou severely criticized this argument. Suddenly one day, he changed his mind and said that he had a dream that Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin took him to the "Long Live Hall" and saw all the surprises of the "candlelight sword shadow" that day, and said: "Only when the throne is passed on to my children and grandchildren will the country have a chance to turn over." Therefore, Zhao Gou finally found Zhao Shen, the seventh sun of Zhao Kuangyin, and passed the throne to him. At this time, the bloody night of terror has passed 187 years.
This just shows that Zhao Gou admitted the sins of his ancestors and gave a basic answer to Zhao Kuangyin's death.
Two. Internal affairs:
(a) The right to release soldiers with a glass of wine:
Although Zhao Kuangyin ascended the throne, he dared not sit back and relax. Through this mutiny, he deeply realized the great energy of military commanders in abolishing emperors and changing dynasties. Yes, since he can overthrow the monarch himself as a military commander, can't other generals overthrow him in the same way? He shuddered at the thought of this. Especially a threat to him, are some prestigious and heavily armed generals, in order to nip in the bud, Zhao Kuangyin is determined to take their operation.
First of all, Taizu abolished the post of inspection before the temple, and then directed a comedy of "lifting the war with a glass of wine". One day, the imperial commander Shi Shou and others were called to the back garden, and Taizu gave a banquet to treat each other. After three rounds of drinking, Taizu pretended to be sad and said, "I didn't get here by your efforts, but it was too hard to be an emperor." Happy is better than unhappy. I dare not lie down all night! " When Shi Shouxin and others asked him why, Mao said, "It's not hard to know. Who doesn't want to be an emperor? " Hearing this, Shi Shouxin was terrified and repeatedly confessed, "Why did your Majesty make such a statement? Today's fate has been set, who dares to have infidelity? " "Otherwise! Mao said categorically: "Although you have no objection, if your subordinates want wealth, once you are given a yellow robe, although you don't want to be an emperor, can you do it?" Hearing this, the generals kowtowed in horror and asked Taizu to show a "way out." Mao made his real meaning very clear: "Life is like a blink of an eye. Those who seek wealth just want to accumulate more money and have more entertainment to save their children from poverty. Why not release the military power, go out to guard the place, buy more fertile land and beautiful houses, set an unshakable industry for future generations, and at the same time buy more children and dancers, drink and have fun day and night, and live in peace for the rest of your life. I'll make a marriage room with you again, and there will be no suspicion between the monarch and the minister, and peace will prevail. Isn't that great? People understood Mao's meaning and bowed down and said, "Your majesty cares about the minister. It's really a matter of life and death!" Call in sick the next day. Mao was overjoyed and arranged for them to do our time in the local area. Zhao Kuangyin's several glasses of fine wine easily solved the problem of the general monopolizing the military power, which was praised as "the application of the highest political art" and became an eternal story.
(2) Stubborn stems and fragile branches:
Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the local buffer regions have been too powerful, often splitting one side and even carrying out armed rebellion, posing a serious threat to the imperial court. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin weakened the buffer region from three aspects: political power, financial power and army, according to the 12-character policy of "cutting its power, controlling its money valley and accepting its elite soldiers" put forward by Prime Minister Zhao Pu, so as to achieve the goal of attaching importance to the weak branch and neglecting the control.
In the aspect of "cutting power", Zhao Kuangyin has successively sent civil servants to local counties as chiefs to replace unruly soldiers; And set up a year of judges outside, these two * * * are in power, restricting each other, dispersing and weakening the power of local governors. In terms of "controlling its money valley", Zhao Kuangyin has set up a transshipment ambassador to manage local finance, and stipulated that all state taxes, except normal expenditures, shall be sent to the capital and shall not be retained without authorization. In this way, it not only increases the fiscal revenue of the central government, but also makes it impossible for local governments to have a material basis against the central government. In terms of "accepting its elite soldiers", Zhao Kuangyin transferred Xiang and all its elite soldiers to the Central Imperial Army, which expanded the number of the Imperial Army to several hundred thousand, while the local troops were only left with some old, weak and sick people, who could only do odd jobs and lacked combat effectiveness, and could not compete with the Central Imperial Army at all, thus undermining the military foundation of local resistance to the Central Government.
In the Five Dynasties, Mao changed Fang Zhenxiong by depriving governors of their power and suppressing military attache. The weakness of the imperial court, the arrogance of soldiers and the lack of power of civil servants have improved the authority of the central government. Within the central government, Mao began to divide the power of ministers. The military power belongs to the Privy Council, while the financial power belongs to the three ministers. The Privy Council and the Prime Minister are collectively called the "second government" and the three ministers are called the "order plan". These three positions are almost the same, and they are all directly subordinate to the emperor. In addition, Mao also added a deputy prime minister to help him know about politics, so as to disperse and win over the power of the prime minister. Through the division of ministers' power, the situation of ministers' exclusive power is prevented. Mao once bluntly said to Prime Minister Zhao Pu, "You scholars can't manage state affairs. Explain that the autocratic monarchy system in Song Dynasty has been consolidated and strengthened unprecedentedly? . However, these measures have also increased the number of officials, increased expenditure, curbed power, weakened local power and planted seeds accumulated in the future.
Three. diplomacy
Hakodate policy:
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty, only the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins were ruled. In the Song Dynasty, there were Northern Han and Qidan in the north, Houshu in the west, Jingnan, Nantang, Nanhan and wuyue in the south. Every country has its own independent forces and is spying on the attitude of the Song Dynasty. In this case, it is impossible for the Song Dynasty to sit back and relax. Only by eliminating or subduing these small countries or foreigners can we complete the unification of the world and lay a solid foundation for the Song Dynasty.
On an important night, Zhao Kuangyin and Premier Zhao Pu had a meaningful dialogue.
Zhao Pu asked, "Why did your Majesty come out in such a cold night? 」
Zhao Kuangyin replied, "I can't sleep! Outside a sofa, it's all other people's worlds, so I came to see you. 」
Zhao Pu: "Does Your Majesty feel that his world is too narrow? Now is the perfect time to go to the north and unify the whole country. I wonder what your majesty thinks of the marching direction. 」
Deliberately said: "I want to attack Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty. 」
After a long time, Zhao Pumo said, "I don't understand this. 」
Zhao Kuangyin asked, "Why? 」
Zhao Pu's analysis: The Northern Han Dynasty relied on the Khitan, and it was harmful to attack it. Even if the Northern Han Dynasty was destroyed, it was necessary to bear the great pressure of the Khitan alone. It is better to save the Northern Han Dynasty first, thinking that it will block the shielding of the Khitan, concentrate on destroying the southern countries, and then concentrate on the North.
And Zhao Pu's words, Zhao Kuangyin finally determined the strategic policy of "south first, then north" and "easy first, then difficult", which is the famous "decisive battle on hakodate" in history.
(2) personal expedition northern han:
In September of the second year of Kaibao, Song Taizu sent Li Jixun to attack the Northern Han Dynasty, but failed with the help of the Qidan army. In October, Mao personally marched into the Northern Han Dynasty. Song Junjian laid siege to Taiyuan, and Yang Jiye, a general of the Northern Han Dynasty, went out of the city to commit the Song Dynasty, and suffered a crushing defeat. The Liao army rescued the Northern Han Dynasty in two ways, all the way from the Ten Mausoleums, and Song Jun was defeated by Yangqu. Later, Taiyuan was frightened by the flood and Minister Guo was killed. Then the Khitan sent troops to help the Northern Han Dynasty, and Taiyuan was saved. However, Song Jun was unable to attack for a long time because he was stationed at the gates of Taiyuan, and his foot soldiers were sick because of the rain in summer, so he transferred to the army. The Northern Han Dynasty did not abandon the army reserve, and * * * counted 30 thousand stones of millet and tens of thousands of horses of tea and silk. Mao * * * attacked the Northern Han Dynasty three times in the first year, the second year and the ninth year of Kaibao, and all of them were Liao army reinforcements and sent troops to Taiyuan City. After a long attack, it is impossible to return.