Narrator is also called narrator The activities of characters, the occurrence and development of events are directly introduced and explained, and the narrative methods include direct narrative, flashback, supplementary narrative and interpolation.
Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? Red Cliff Nostalgia, West of the Old Base Area. The Red Cliff of the Three Kingdoms in Zhou Lang reviews the historical facts of Battle of Red Cliffs in a narrative way, paving the way for the following lyrical discussion.
Xu Shun described the events in the order of their occurrence and development. Xia Sai Qu by Lu Lun: "The moon is high, the geese are soaring, and the Tatar leaders are hiding in the dark. We chased them, and the burden of horses was light, and the burden of snow on our bows and swords. "According to the sequence of events, the enemy fled when the moon was dark, and our soldiers were ready to catch up. ".
Flashback first writes the ending of an event or an important event that happened afterwards, so as to arouse the reader's suspense, and then describes the occurrence and development process of events in order of events. Li Yu's "Looking at Jiangnan" "How much I hate, I dreamed of it last night. It is also like the old garden, the car is like running water in Ma Rulong, and the flowers and the moon are spring breeze. " Using flashback technique, first say that I had a "disgusting" dream last night, and then explain the content of the dream. This writing has aroused the suspense of readers and highlighted the theme of "hate".
In the case of the whole sequence, the original narrative is temporarily interrupted and the narrative related to the central event is inserted. Bai Juyi's Pipa Journey ends with a paragraph "Tell us how she spent her girlhood in the capital", explaining her previous experience. It is a part of the development of the plot. Through this plot, the author and the pipa girl have emotionally produced "we are all unhappy-to the end of the day".
Supplementary narrative in the narrative process, in order to meet the needs of plot development, effectively express the character's personality, highlight the theme of the work, and make supplementary narrative for the missing parts in the previous narrative. Du Fu's "Cottage Blown by Autumn Wind" tells the story of his sufferings during the period of "bereavement" after the autumn wind swept through Maotai House.
Analyze and comment on a problem or event to show your views and opinions. Arguments in poetry often require incisiveness and visualization, and are closely combined with narrative, description and lyricism. Pure argumentative poetry has no artistic charm. Su Shi's "Title of Xilin Wall" "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only in this mountain" clarifies a truth: human understanding is relative and limited, and only by getting rid of the limitations of local experience can we understand the essence of things.
Lyricism refers to expressing the author's subjective feelings and thoughts in his works. Lyric ways include direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Speaking directly is also called expressing feelings, feelings and attitudes directly, that is, calling and expressing feelings directly by expressing feelings.
Li Bai's "Dream on Mount Tianmu", how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be seen with sincere faces?
It directly expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings of despising powerful people.
Indirect lyric is to express inner feelings through narration, description and discussion of objective things, scenery or characters. There are many ways of indirect lyricism, such as borrowing scenery to express feelings, embedding feelings in scenery, blending scenes, supporting objects to express feelings, touching scenery to express feelings and so on.
Wang Changling's Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Inn. Friends and relatives in Luoyang asked each other, and there was a piece of ice in the jade pot.
He euphemistically and implicitly expressed his abstinence by expressing his wishes.
In literary works, the author uses strong subjective things (emotions, joys and sorrows, etc.) to describe objective things. ) and express their feelings through the scenery. It is characterized by "scenery gives birth to feelings, and feelings give birth to scenery", which is a seamless integration of scenes, that is, what Wang Guowei said: "All scenes are feelings." This technique is very common in classical poetry. In fact, it can be subdivided into two forms: one is situational lyric, and the other is situational blending. Liu Yong's next film, Yulinling, bears the pain of acacia's parting, and there are only seven words in it, "Yang Liuan's breeze is fading". With the help of desolate scenery, the author expressed his loneliness and sadness.
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Businessmen don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing "backyard flowers" across the river. (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai) The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scenery is not a clear moonlit night in Wan Li and a cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, but a foggy moon shrouded in cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's anxiety in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend into one, seamless.
Emotion is embodied in landscape poems, but the feelings to be expressed are all contained in the description of landscapes.
Du Fu's quatrain "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. "
There is not an emotional word in the poem, but it reveals the author's joy and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life everywhere.
There are both elements of scenery description and lyricism in the poetry of scene blending, which are integrated into one, and it is difficult to compete with Du Fu's "Spring Hope", "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation is green in spring". Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Through the description of flowers, birds, flowers and trees, the anxiety and discrete sadness of national subjugation are expressed, and the effect of scene blending is achieved.
Touching the scenery means that in literary works, the author or the characters in the works are touched by the scenery in front of them and cause some feelings. Mutu's "Mountain Walk" is "far from the cold mountain, there are people in the depths of the white clouds. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February. " On the mountain road, the poet couldn't help admiring the beautiful night view of Fenglin, ignoring the urgency of driving and stopping to watch.
Holding things to express meaning is to express meaning by feeling foreign things. This technique is quite common in fu poetry. Sing the scenery to highlight its personality characteristics. Lu You's "Yongmei" is "unintentional for spring, everyone is jealous, smashed into mud, crushed into dust, and fragrant as ever." It has shaped the image that plum blossom is not afraid of cold, proud of frost and snow, and does not yield to evil forces, which actually expresses the poet's own maverick mind.
The combination of reason and feeling refers to a technique that combines lyric and reasoning organically and interacts with each other in poetry creation. Poetry pays attention to thinking in images, and rarely demonstrates and demonstrates, but if the arguments are embodied in concrete images, it can produce good artistic effects. Wang Zhihuan, where herons lodge, mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you climb a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. "The magnificent sight that the author of this poem saw when climbing the stairs expanded the poet's mind and made him realize a profound truth: only by climbing high can he see far. Emotion is born by scene, reason is born by emotion, and reason is born by reason.
In the process of discussion or lyricism, I suddenly stop and write about scenery, ending with scenery instead of emotion, leaving my meaning unfinished. Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" and "New Sound of Pipa Dance" always closed the mountain and left old feelings. I can't hear you when I pick up the edge, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. "The first three sentences are all lyrical about music. When it comes to "worrying about the border", the word "endless" is used. Then how can you complete this sentence with seven limited words? The poet put pen to paper and made love to the scenery: it seems that after the troops bought wine and drank music, there suddenly appeared a vast and desolate scene of looking at the Great Wall for a month; The scene was magnificent and sad, which deepened the poet's thoughts and feelings.
Description refers to the concrete description and depiction of people, events, scenery, environment and scenery in vivid language. Description is the most widely used artistic expression in creation. Description methods include frontal description, profile description, line drawing, fine description and so on. According to the different description objects, it can also be divided into detail description, language description, psychological description, action description, portrait description and scenery description.
Positive description is also called direct description, that is, directly portraying and describing the portrait, psychology, language, action or environment and atmosphere of the characters from the front.
Bai Juyi's Pipa Tour "The big strings are like rain, and the small strings are like rain ..."
A positive description of the pipa girl's superb playing skills.
Profile description is also called indirect description. Through the description of other related people, things, things and scenes, the object to be described is expressed from the side or from another angle, making it more vivid and prominent.
Bai Juyi's pipa tour, the east boat is quiet and the west boat is quiet, and we see the white autumn moon entering the heart of the river.
By describing the audience's reaction and moonlight, the charm of music is expressed from the side.
Line drawing was originally a painting technique of Chinese painting, which refers to drawing characters with colorless ink lines. Literary creation of post-used materials has become a method of literary description, that is, people, events and scenes are truthfully outlined with the simplest, most refined and concise pen and ink, without modification or comparison. When writing people, things and scenery, there are several characteristics different from other techniques: not writing background, only highlighting the theme; Don't ask for details, just ask for vividness; Not gorgeous, but simple.
Ma Zhiyuan's "Clear Sand? Qiu Si's novel "Old vines faint crows, bridges flowing, old roads thin horses" skillfully arranged nine selected events, outlined the bleak scene of autumn wind rustling on the desolate ancient road, and wrote the bleak scene in the eyes of heartbroken people, which effectively set off the sad feelings of the characters through the scene.
Gongbi painting is the opposite of sketch painting, also called Gongbi painting. It refers to the detailed description and description of the key description objects with delicate brushstrokes, which makes readers have a clear and profound impression, which is just the opposite of the method of sketching the outline. Bai Juyi's trip to the pipa, "The big strings are like rain, and the small strings are like rain ..." shows the superb playing skills of the pipa girl.
Detail description is a concrete and detailed description of the actions, language, psychology, portraits and small links or plots of events. The key to detail description is to grasp the small links in the poem and try to figure out the author's intention. Zhang Ji's Qiu Si is "in a hurry, there is no fear, and pedestrians come again." Living in a foreign land leads to endless homesickness. The poet did not directly say this endless homesickness, but chose a typical action detail of "opening and opening" to tell the homesickness of the wanderer in plain words.
Action description expresses characters by describing their actions and behaviors. It is necessary to discover the inner feelings of the characters through external actions. Zhao Shixiu's "Passer-by" "If you don't come at midnight, knock off the snuff." The action of "knocking at leisure" seems unintentional, but in fact it shows the anxiety and boredom of the poet waiting for his friends not to come.
Language description includes monologues and dialogues. It is an artistic expression means to express the inner feelings of the characters, portray their characters and promote the development of the plot. It pursues the exquisiteness of nature and is integrated with the poet's overall narrative and lyric. Zhu Qingyu's Boudoir Sacrifice to Zhang Shui Department "The bridal chamber stopped the red candle last night to pay homage to my aunt and uncle in front of Xiaotang. After putting on makeup, I whispered to my husband, is thrush deep and fashionable? " By asking questions, the newly-married woman's uneasy mood before meeting her in-laws is vividly portrayed.
Psychological description depicts the inner pleasure activities of the characters in a specific environment. Through psychological description, we can directly go deep into the spiritual world of characters and express their rich and complicated thoughts and feelings. Psychological writing has direct psychological description, and it can also describe psychology through actions, language and details.
Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart" "Suddenly saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching her husband to find the Marquis."
It describes the psychological changes of young women from ignorance to "regret" in detail, highlighting the theme of in my heart forever.
Scenery description refers to the description of natural landscape and social landscape, which is often used to create an environment, set off the atmosphere, express the thoughts, emotions and personalities of characters, and highlight the theme of works. The description of scenery is the most common in poetry, and its description means are varied, but they basically follow the principle that "scenery and language are emotional". Du Fu's quatrain "Birds cross the river, mountains are green and waters are white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The first two sentences, written in spring, are fresh and pleasing to the eye, which strongly contrast the author's wandering sadness and express his feelings of staying in a foreign land. This is a typical case of writing sadness with joyful scenes, and comparing the author's homesickness with the differences between objective scenery and subjective feelings.
Render one of China's traditional painting techniques, and then use it to refer to literature and art.
In order to highlight the characters and environment, emphasis, repetition and other writing techniques are used in the creation. Wang Changling's "Gang Ci" "The plane tree leaves in Jinjing are yellow, and the bead curtain does not roll frost at night. The jade pillow has no color, and you can listen to the Nangong for a long time. " The first sentence is broken, describing autumn scenery's rendering of the atmosphere of the palace on a cold night.
Aluminum foil is divided into positive foil and negative foil.
The former is like Song of Eternal Sorrow, "If she just turns her head and smiles, there will be hundreds of spells, and all the makeup in the sixth palace will disappear", which sets off the beauty of Yang Guifei with the beauty of the sixth palace.
One of China's traditional painting techniques. Also known as "clouds shine on the moon". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, that is, through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere, to highlight a certain emotion of a character or highlight the image of a character. Specifically, it means not saying the original intention, but only saying things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of setting off the original intention. This technique is usually used in combination with rendering technology. ..... new thin, don't take off sick wine, don't sad autumn. ..... (Li Qingzhao's Memories of Playing the Flute on the Phoenix Tower) I want to talk about the suffering of lovesickness, but I don't say it directly, but I use "not sick wine, not sad autumn" as a foil.
A kind of writing sadness with a happy scene as a contrast is a happy scene on the surface, but actually expresses sadness and sadness. Du Fu's quatrain "Birds cross the river, mountains are green and waters are white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The first two sentences describe the spring scenery, and the scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye, which strongly reflects the author's wandering sadness and expresses his feelings of staying in a foreign land. This is a typical case of writing sadness with joy.
Dynamic-static combination is also called dynamic-static interleaving (including dynamic lining and static lining). When describing the image, the combination of motion and static makes the image more vivid. Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Creek" "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " Quiet environment: people are quiet, the night is quiet and the mountains are quiet, but in the poem, the author uses silent movements-osmanthus falling, the moon rising and birds singing-to highlight the unparalleled silence.
Realistic writing refers to a true description of specific people, events and scenes, or a direct and positive narrative. "Nian Nujiao" "Flying stones in the air, crashing on the shore, rolling up thousands of piles of snow." Wrote the majestic momentum of the river rushing against the coast.
Virtual writing [writing content does not belong to the actual situation of objective things, but is described by imagination, fantasy, association and recall; Or something written is to express the author's subjective thoughts, feelings and moods, although it is an objective thing. "When I think of Gong Jin, Joe got married for the first time, handsome and heroic, with a feather fan and a black scarf. She talked and laughed, and everything was over. " (same as above)
Recall the history of Battle of Red Cliffs.
The combination of reality and fiction refers to the combination of reality and fiction when shaping artistic images. (1) Use virtual reality, that is, describe it through imagination, fantasy, association, memory and other forms, write out the actual situation that the content does not belong to objective things, and express realistic feelings. (2) reality sets off emptiness, scenery is reality, and emotion is emptiness. To contrast the virtual with the real is to turn the scenery into emotion, that is, although what is written is objective and intended to be beyond words, the purpose is to set off subjective feelings with objective scenery. 1) Li Yu's "Looking at Jiangnan" "How much hate, in the dream last night. It is also like the old garden, the car is like running water in Ma Rulong, and the flowers and the moon are spring breeze. "
(2) Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha? The last three sentences of Qiu Si's "Old vines faint crows, bridges flowing, old roads thin horses" are the scenes in the author's dream, and the purpose of writing the prosperous memories of the old country is precisely to show the desolation of the author as the king of national subjugation. The more brilliant the dream is, the more attention is paid to the virtual scene, and the more miserable the present situation is.
(2) Although the nine kinds of scenery are all objective and realistic scenery, they all carry the author's subjective sadness, and the scenery turns into the sadness that the heartbroken people are reduced to the end of the world.
It can be divided into two types: first promoting desire and first restraining desire.
You should cherish the moss on your shoes' teeth and buckle Chai Fei for a long time. But this spring spring, after all, can't be caged. Look, there is a pink apricot sticking out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "Not Worth Visiting the Garden") The first two sentences of the poet's visit to the garden were rejected; In the last two sentences, the poet got something else. When he sees all the love, there is a gap between his feelings, with regret in front and happiness behind. This is the way to raise first and then suppress.
When describing from far to near, first look at the hand from a distance, and then gradually write near. This angle changes the central task from near to far. Zhang Ji's "a night-mooring near maple bridge" "On a frosty night, Jiang Feng sleeps while fishing. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " First, write a bright moon hanging high in the sky, then write that crows inhabit trees, then write that rivers and rivers are maple fires on riverbanks, and finally write bells in the ears, completely according to the distance, with a strong sense of hierarchy.
From near to far, contrary to the above. Li Bai thinks at night, and the foot of the bed is bright. Is it already frosty? . I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
Describing the moon from the bed to the night sky, from the reverse journey to the hometown, is written from nearby and gradually written into the distance, vividly showing the poet's homesickness when he touched the scene.
Put two things in the same place to contrast and set off each other. "Looking back on Vietnam" "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home. Maids-in-waiting are like flowers in the Man Chun Hall, but only partridges fly today. " The first three sentences emphasize the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence contrasts the desolation of today, which constitutes a strong contrast between the present and the past and expresses the author's feelings about ups and downs.
Several sentences juxtaposed in intertextuality are interpreted together in content. Wang Changling's "Out of the Great Wall", "Yue Guan Qin, Long March people did not return."
Cite historical facts and use allusions in poems. It can not only refine the language, but also increase the richness of the content and increase the vividness and implication of the expression.
Fu is "paving the way", which describes the characteristics of things from many angles.
Pointing, also called "application", is a creative technique to integrate the wonderful sentences in previous poems into one's own language. Such as Wang Shifu's "The West Chamber", "Blue sky and yellow land, tight west wind, flying north and south. Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry. " Use the phrase "blue sky and yellow leaves" in Fan Zhongyan's Su Mu.