About the details of Tao Yuanming, we will introduce you from the following aspects:
First, Tao Yuanming's poems
Peach Blossom Garden: five poems about drinking, one about returning to the garden, one about drinking, four about enjoying willow and mulberry, one about returning to the garden, three about words and preface, and moved to it.
II. Introduction
Tao Yuanming, renamed Qian in his later years, was posthumous title's "Mr. Wuliu" and "Mr. Jingjie" (by the famous poet posthumous title). He was born in a declining bureaucratic family, and he was the first outstanding pastoral poet in China. The name of the Jin dynasty was profound and clear, and it was renamed Qian after entering Liu and Song Dynasties. Tang people are not shy about calling Tao Wei or Tao. Born around 365. He once served as Jiangzhou wine offering, Jianwei joining the army, Zhenjun joining the army, Pengze County Order, etc. He left his post after more than 80 days as the county magistrate of pengze county, and retired to the countryside. He is the first pastoral poet in China. There is Tao Yuanming's collection. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, known as the "hermit of the ages", was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors. The father's name is not recorded in history, so it is doubtful. )
When a teenager was young, his family declined. At the age of nine, he lost his father and lived with his mother and sister. Orphans and widows. His mother is the daughter of Meng Jia and Meng Jia is the son-in-law of Tao Kan. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. ("Biography of Meng Qian, a general who went to the West in the Jin Dynasty") Yuan Ming's "A lot of people follow the example of their ancestors all their lives." In the future, his character and accomplishment will be largely his grandfather's legacy. Grandfather's family has a large collection of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different ideas of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "naturally loving mountains". When Tao Yuanming was a teenager, he had the great ambition of "escaping all over the world with great ambition" ("Miscellaneous Poems"), and he was filial to Emperor Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "helping the people", he made a toast to Wang Ningzhi in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict, and he was born in a civilian, so he was looked down upon. He felt that he "couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days" (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin). After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get away from this and go as far as Xijing. "("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling ") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love? "("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin ") gave a deep sigh for the official life of people.
In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his title to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is normally closed. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under Emperor Wu of Song (Tao Yuanming joined the army after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and held Huan Xuan hostage as the whole story of Andi's arrival in Jiangling, thus realizing his will to resist the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Stop Clouds 4") After Emperor Wu of Song entered the health, his style was quite extraordinary. There has been a long-standing corruption phenomenon of "abolishing all officials" in the politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After emperor Wu of song "set an example" (set an example), he first threatened (banned in advance), "all officials at home and abroad are in awe and change their customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. However, shortly after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Huan Xuan's meritorious Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his love affair, he appointed Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, as an important official, such as recorder and master of Yangzhou secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. The poem "Qu Azuo, the first town army joined the army" wrote: "I am tired of mountains and rivers, but I miss them." "I will talk about it and move with it, and I will eventually return to class." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. On the 8th1day, I met Du You of Xunyang County, and his subordinates said, "Make a leather rope to meet him." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years were thirteen years in which he tried, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.
Retirement Tao Yuanming resigned from his post and returned to his hometown, leading a life of "giving everything". Because there are five willows planted in front of his house, he is called Mr. Five willows. His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, Liu Yin Houyan, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan [1]" (Drinking) is widely known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first, and then said to the guests, "I'm drunk enough to sleep." He also wrote in the biography of Mr. May 6th: "When drinking, you will be drunk; I was drunk and retired, and I didn't hesitate to stay. " . Yixi lived in Beijing for four years (now at the foot of West Yujin Mountain in Xing Zi County) and caught fire. He moved to Chestnut Town, and life became more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking (Part V) "was selected as one of Five Poems in the eighth grade Chinese version of People's Education Publishing House. ) declined the old farmer's suggestion in a tone of "harmony but difference". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to send money to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What is the way to die? It shows that he is so natural about death. In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three monuments, one big and two small. In the middle of the regular script, the tomb of Mr. Tao Gongjing, the champion of Zheng in A Jin, is engraved with an epitaph on the left and a poem "Qu Ci" on the right. It was made by the descendants of Tao in the first year of Qing Qianlong.
Third, the main achievements
Landscape pastoral poetry prevailed in Jin Dynasty, and its ideological content was empty and narrow, superficial and boring. Tao's poems, on the other hand, sprang up suddenly, blowing a fresh and refreshing breath to the dull literary world at that time. His poems show the simple taste of rural life and describe the quiet and beautiful rural scenery, which not only shows the poet's love for rural life, but also shows his sentiment of resolutely getting rid of dirty politics. His poems describe rural life, eulogizing labor and self-sufficiency, which were not found in previous feudal literature, such as Returning to the Garden and Harvest Early Rice in September of Gengxu New Year.
Drinking, Miscellaneous Poems, Reading Classics of Mountains and Seas, Ode to Jing Ke and other poems reflect Tao Yuanming's concern for politics after his retirement. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "It's poetry. In addition to the "leisurely view of Nanshan" advocated by critics, there is also "Jingwei holds the micro-wood and can fill the sea". Xingtian dance is a martyr, and its fierce ambition is always in the form of' King Kong glaring'. Prove that he didn't float all day and all night. This kind of "fierce ambition always exists" and "leisurely seeing Nanshan" are the same person. If there is a trade-off, it is not a complete person, and then it is more realistic. " ("Two Essays by Jie Jie Ting, Untitled Draft")
Other poems include "Happy know life", "Entrusting Nature" and negative thoughts of escaping from the world.
Fourth, historical evaluation.
After the death of Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yan Yanzhi, his best friend, wrote Historical Records of Zheng Tao for him, and named posthumous title "Quiet Festival". Yan Yanzhi praised Tao Yuanming's character and integrity in his obituary, but did not fully affirm his literary achievements. Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature has not been fully affirmed and recognized in the decades after his death. Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of Liang Dynasty, attached great importance to Tao Yuanming's poems and couldn't put it down. Xiao Tong personally compiled, prefaced and biographied Tao Yuanming. The Collection of Tao Yuanming is the first collection of literary works by scholars in the history of China literature, which is of great significance. Xiao Tong praised "his prose is not crowded, his words are brilliant, his ups and downs are obvious, he is superior to others, and his cadence is as bright as Beijing".
Although Tao Yuanming's literary position in the Southern Dynasties has not been affirmed as it should be, his poetry and prose works have spread more and more widely and exerted more and more influence.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, more and more poets liked Tao Yuanming's poems, and their evaluation of Tao Yuanming became higher and higher. Wang Ji was an idyllic poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Like Tao Yuanming, he lived in seclusion in the countryside for many times, entertaining himself with Gin.
Meng Haoran, an idyllic poet in Tang Dynasty, worshipped Tao Yuanming. He wrote in "Going to Hanan to Send Old Beijing in Summer": Appreciating "Gao Shi Zhuan", pottery is the best, and his eyes are full of pastoral taste, so he calls himself the emperor.
Li Bai admired Tao Yuanming's character and poetry. In "A Play for Zheng Liyang", I wrote: Ling Tao is drunk every day, and I don't know five willows and clear springs. Su Qin has no strings and pours wine with a towel. Under the breezy north window, I call myself Emperor Xi. When I arrived at chestnuts, I met my whole life. Li Bai's thought of "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to high officials" and Tao Yuanming's spirit of "not bending down for a bucket of rice" are in the same strain.
After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu lived a wandering life and regarded Tao Yuanming as his confidant. He wrote in "A Letter to Mr. Yin Wei, Henan Province": What did a guest preach? Everyone asked Kong Rong. Qingyang is still isolated, and Zhang Fu is still in the west. Shi Ding was divided into different schools, and his ci field followed the national style. Respect and look at the ground, let go of poverty. Turbid wine asks for a pottery order, and cinnabar visits Ge Hong. The rivers and lakes are short and brown, and the frost and snow are full of flying tops. The prison is big and the circulation is empty. I am ashamed to know thistle, but I am afraid to laugh at Yang Xiong. Ignoring the wrong gods and fears, eulogizing virtue and justice. Who wants to be a chicken in the residual soil room of the corpse township?
Bai Juyi, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, highly admired Tao Yuanming. In the tenth year of Tang Yuanhe (8 15), Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, which is close to Xunyang, Tao Yuanming's hometown. He visited Tao Yuanming's former residence and wrote the poem "Visiting Tao Gong's Former Residence". In the poem, "dust pollution does not pollute jade, and Lingfeng does not peck" is first used to praise Tao Yuanming's noble personality: dust pollution does not pollute jade, and Lingfeng does not peck jade. Alas, Tao Jingjie was born in Jin and Song Dynasties. The heart is really guarded, and the mouth can't talk. There will always be solitary bamboo, brushing shouyangshan's clothes. Poverty and hunger are not difficult. Mr. Wang has five men. They are hungry and cold together. If you don't have enough food in your intestines, you can't finish your clothes. I can't continue to sign the contract, which is really virtuous. It has been 500 years since I gave birth to your husband. Every time I watch Biography of Five Willows, I want to beat my chest. I once recited the legacy and wrote sixteen articles. When I went to my hometown to play today, Mori Ruojun was there. Don't envy a bottle of wine, don't envy a piano without strings Mu Jun's legacy is good. He died of old age in this Yuan Qiu. Chaisang ancient village, chestnut old mountains and rivers. There are no chrysanthemums under the fence and smoke in the ruins. Although the descendants are unknown, the clan has not moved. Every time my family name is Ren Tao, my heart is still there. Bai Juyi wrote in Sixteen Hidden Bodies of Small Pottery: My husband has been away from me for a long time, and there is paper and ink. Advise me to drink one cup after another, and there is nothing to say. I come from the boss and admire him very much. Others can't reach it, and the effect is drunk. The ancient literati in China were addicted to alcohol, which was inseparable from the influence of Tao Yuanming. Bai Juyi's poem makes it very clear: "If you don't achieve anything else, you will get drunk."
In the Song Dynasty, Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature was further consolidated and confirmed. Ouyang Xiu praised Qu Ci and said, "Jin has no articles, but Tao Yuanming has Qu Ci. Ouyang Xiu also said, "I love Tao Yuanming, wine and leisure. "Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty once said that Tao Yuanming's poem" Building a house is human, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. " "Since the poet, there is no such sentence. However, Yuan Ming tends to be divorced from the group and his writing is brilliant. Between Jin and Song Dynasties, there was only one. Su Shi said in The Book with Su Zhe that "I am not very good with poets, only good and profound poems are few, but their poems are qualitative and realistic, only as good as those of Cao, Liu, Bao, Xie, Li and Du Fu". It is unfair for Su Dongpo to put Tao poetry above Li Bai and Du Fu, but he summed up the artistic style of Tao poetry with the words "quality and reality, wealth and reality", which is still very accurate. Su Dongpo regarded Tao Yuanming as a mentor and friend all his life. He not only loves his poems, but also admires him as a person. He once commented on Tao Yuanming: "If you want to be an official, you must be an official, and don't be suspicious; "If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden, not to it. When you are hungry, you will buckle the door and beg for food; When you are full, welcome guests with chicken and millet. Ancient and modern sages are precious. " People attach importance to truth, so does poetry, which comes from people's truth, which is the main reason why Tao poetry has enduring charm. In his later years, Su Shi said in The Book with Su Zhe: "I am deeply ashamed, deeply enlightened, and want to take the evening festival as a warning." Because Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Su Shi occupied the supreme position in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty, their admiration for Tao Yuanming undoubtedly played a vital role in further determining his position in the history of China literature. Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, took Tao Yuanming as his confidant in the depression of serving the country with no door and hard ambition. The word "Shui Long Yin" says: "You have to believe that this Weng is not dead, and now he is angry." There are 626 words left by Xin Qiji, of which 60 are recited, mentioned, quoted by Wen Taotao explicitly and implicitly, and almost one word in every 10 is related to Tao Yuanming. Xin Qiji said in Nian Nu Jiao: "You must believe in picking chrysanthemums, and you will be happy for thousands of years. Only Tao Pengze." Gave Tao Yuanming the highest evaluation ever.
The Yuan Dynasty followed the lofty evaluation of Tao Yuanming in the Song Dynasty. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Tao Qian is great because he is not quiet." Liang Qichao once said when evaluating Tao Yuanming, "Nature is his loving companion and always smiles at him". As he said, Tao opened a channel between nature and philosophy, and reached a reconciliation between the suffering of life and the purport of nature. Even the most common rural life scene shows an infinite and meaningful beauty in his works. Tao Yuanming's immortal poems and great personality have influenced the thoughts and creations of several generations of literati such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Dongpo and Xin Qiji. He made inestimable contributions to the development and prosperity of China literature. Tao Yuanming's poems focus on expressing emotions and aspirations. His language, seemingly simple, is actually wonderful. In plain and mellow poems, there are warm feelings and a strong flavor of life. Tao Yuanming's five poems "Returning to the Garden" are the best or the best among the pastoral poems. Among them, "Little without Vulgar Rhyme" is compiled into middle school students' Chinese textbooks. The lyricism of poetry is refreshing; The scenery of the poem is an eye-opener. Unforgettable after reading it. Whenever you read it, it is a wonderful enjoyment. As a hermit in the troubled times at the end of the Jin Dynasty, it is conceivable that Tao Yuanming often interacted with Buddhism in Lushan Mountain in his later years, but they may not be like-minded ideologically. Anyone who has carefully studied Tao's poems and knows about the poet's life knows that Tao Yuanming is an atheist with a quiet appearance, warm heart and ready to help others. When I was a teenager, I was ambitious, accepted Confucianism and hoped to make contributions. However, after being an official for a period of time, the reality disappointed him. He didn't want to go along with the people in power, so he chose a road to retire and return to the fields. At this time he was influenced by Zhuangzi's philosophy. Because he lived an idyllic life that many scholars never had, and he personally participated in labor and had contact with the working people, he inevitably got some new feelings and inspirations in his thoughts. Therefore, when the Jin Dynasty advocated the old style of writing, he was able to create a new form of pastoral poetry with a unique style and made great contributions to the history of China's poetry development. He never forgot this world from his "ambition to escape from the four seas" in his youth to his "ambition to stay in the world" in his old age. His masterpiece "Peach Blossom Spring" handed down from ancient times is precisely his vision of a "happy society" where everyone is independent and friendly, and there is no distractions and poverty in reality. Even analyzing his seclusion and drinking in the background at that time contains the significance of expressing some dissatisfaction and resistance to the dark rule at that time. Of course, Tao Yuanming was, after all, a scholar-bureaucrat who lived in the feudal society more than a thousand years ago. In his thoughts and poems, many negative things cannot be avoided, such as poverty, eating, drinking and avoiding the world. However, due to his class preference, literary critics and poets of later generations pay more attention to appreciating and praising his characteristics in this respect, which is regarded as the essence of Tao Yuanming's poetry.