Stylistic features of poetry

Poetry is a lyrical literary genre, a rhythmic and emotional language art form, and the oldest and most basic literary form in the world. China's ancient poems have distinctive stylistic features, which can be summarized as follows. 1. In China's ancient poems, there are no strict metrical rules, such as leveling, antithesis and rhyme. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry creation gradually developed in the direction of metrical. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the metrical pattern of poetry was fully mature and stereotyped. Because this kind of poetic style is newly formed, it is called "modern poetry" in the Tang Dynasty, and the poetic style without strict meter, antithesis and rhyme is called "ancient poetry". "Modern poetry" is called "metrical poetry", which has been used since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are generally called archaic poems, including ancient poems of Yuefu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, folk songs of Yuefu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and literati poems in this period. "Wen Xin Diao Long? Yuefu said: "Where music is poetry, poetry is a song." From this, we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song and Yuefu, that is, poetry refers to the lyrics made by poets, song refers to the music that matches poetry, and Yuefu refers to both. Later, the works written by copying the old theme of Yuefu or imitating Yuefu genre were also called Yuefu, although there was no soundtrack. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others started the new Yuefu movement, created new themes and wrote current events, so it was called the new Yuefu. From the metrical point of view, the poetic style after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, has certain meter. Classical poetry, also called archaic style, is written according to the practice of ancient poetry, and its form is relatively free, and it is not bound by metrical rules. Except for classical poems (ancient poems before the Tang Dynasty), which don't talk about antithesis and rhyme casually, most classical poems have strict rules on the number of words, sentences, levels and rhymes. The metrical poems in the Tang Dynasty are very strict, including definite sentences, definite words, definite rhymes, definite tones (the flat tones of each word in the poem) and definite couplets (the two couplets in the middle of the metrical poems must be right). For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, each poem has four sections and eight sentences, and each sentence must have the same number of words, which can be four or five rhymes. The two couplets in the middle must face each other. Two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be put or not. The characteristics of Ci in Song Dynasty are tone, sentence, word and rhyme. And according to different aphorisms, the rhymes of words are different. For example, in "Spring on the Jade Tower", rhyme should be read according to epigrams. The feature of Yuanqu is that each set of songs takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be the same as Gongdiao. Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters. Five-character rhythmic poems are referred to as five laws for short, and are limited to eight sentences and forty words; Seven-character metrical poems are abbreviated as seven laws, and are limited to eight sentences and fifty-six words. More than eight sentences are called long method, which is also called exclusive method. The long method is generally a five-character poem. Only four sentences are called quatrains; Five lines * * 20 words, seven lines * * 28 words. There are two kinds of quatrains: absolute and ancient. The law should be restricted by Pingqimi, and the ancient law should not be restricted by Pingqimi. The ancient absolutely is generally limited to the five absolutely. Second, emotional imagery poetry is a literary style that focuses on expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings. The emotional expression of poetry generally relies on imagery. Because the concrete externalization of feelings in poetry is accomplished through the choice of images, it is an essential element for a successful poem to have images that are mixed with scenes, virtual and real, beautiful and ingenious. Classical poetry is concrete in image and profound in artistic conception. The images often contain rich intentions, profound philosophy, the poet's aesthetic tendency and the poet's feelings. Images in classical poetry are often extremely aesthetic images composed of objective "images" and subjective "meanings". The "image" in poetry is an entity that embodies the poet's will through language, and it changes at will. It is devoted to the poet's emotion or will. If you are involved in emotion, it is "empathy", such as "where petals flow like tears, lonely birds sing their sorrows" People transplant their tears and heart-pounding to flowers and birds, and such flowers and birds are emotional images. Images in classical poetry are often associated with national history and culture, traditional customs, lifestyle, psychological characteristics and so on, and are endowed with some conventional connotations and emotional colors in the historical accumulation. For example, in classical poetry, it is common to use the moon to contrast feelings. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poetry is synonymous with homesickness. For another example, "broken into mud, ground into dust, only the fragrance remains" is a metaphor for your own misfortune and noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow. "Don't boast about the good color, just leave fresh air to fill the dry Kun" is the quality embodiment that you don't want to go along with the pure plum blossom. It can be seen that "image is the representation of emotion", and poetry is a combination of creation and creativity of image in a certain sense. In China's classical poems, there are many images with relatively stable emotional colors, which poets often use to express similar or interlinked feelings, understand the traditional aesthetic psychology of the nation and express their thoughts and feelings. 3. Strong lyric poetry is a literary genre with main emotion. It reflects social life in a lyrical way, is highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic language and line-by-line arrangement. As a style characterized by expressing inner feelings, it is the main embodiment of the function of poetry to express emotional people. There are usually two ways to express emotions in ancient poetry. One is direct lyric. Indirect lyricism is also called direct expression of the mind, that is, to express one's emotions, feelings and understanding without resorting to false foreign objects and camouflage. For example, in Chen Ziang's poem "Youzhou Tower", "In front of me, where is the lost time? Behind me, where are the future generations? . I miss heaven and earth, boundless, boundless, crying alone. " The former expresses the heroism of ancient and modern heroes, while the latter expresses the resentment and frustration of the poet with lofty aspirations. The second is indirect lyricism. The most common ones are borrowing scenery to express feelings, embodying feelings in scenery, blending scenes, holding things to express feelings and so on. For example, "Song of Chile" shows the magnificent grassland scenery and the pride of loving hometown through its magnificent artistic conception and infinite vitality. Du Mu's whole poem Shan Shiliu expresses the poet's enterprising spirit of being positive and wanting to make a difference by praising Shan Shiliu's tranquility, elegant beauty and vitality.