1. Europe and America
(1) UK
Byron (1788- 1824) is an active romantic poet in England. Important works include the long poem "childe? Haller's Travels, Oriental Narrative Poems and Don Juan, the representative work of satirical poetic novels. His creation has a great influence on European romantic literature.
Shelley (1792- 1822) is an active romantic poet in England, whose masterpiece is Prometheus Liberated, and the lyric short poems ode to the west wind and Ode to a Lark are famous masterpieces.
Charlotte. Blanc's poem (18 16- 1855) is an English writer, who wrote the famous novel Jane? Love.
Thackeray (1811863), an English writer, is famous for his novel Fame and Fame.
Dickens (18 12- 1870) was an outstanding representative of critical realism in Britain in the 9th century. He wrote more than a dozen novels in his life, as well as many short stories, essays and plays. "David? Copperfield is his masterpiece. Important works include Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens, with his high artistic generalization and vivid detail description, truly reflected the social outlook of England in the middle of19th century.
Defoe (1660- 173 1) is an English novelist. His works include Robinson Crusoe, Captain singleton and Diary of the Great Epidemic Year. Robinson Crusoe is every realistic novel in Britain, which has played a great role in the development of English novels. Defoe is known as "the father of English and European novels".
(2) Ireland
Voynich (1864- 1960) is an Irish woman writer. His masterpiece is The Gadfly.
(3) France
Balzac (1799- 1850) is an outstanding representative of French critical realism literature in the 9th century. The masterpiece Human Comedy includes 96 novels and short stories. This book reflects the social life of France in the middle of19th century extensively and profoundly. It vividly depicts how the aristocratic class gradually perished under the corrosion and forced attack of the bourgeois nouveau riche, and mercilessly exposes and strongly criticizes the greed, meanness and ugliness of the bourgeoisie and the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society. It is one of the greatest creations in world literature and one of the most brilliant achievements of human thinking labor. Marx and Engels, revolutionary instructors, spoke highly of Balzac, saying that he "deeply understood the realistic relationship" and praised him as a master of realism. His works include Gao Laotou, Disillusionment and Eugénie? Grandet et al.
Hugo (1802- 1885) was the leader and representative writer of the French romantic literary movement in the 9th century. His most famous works are Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
Dude (1840- 1897) was a French realistic writer in the second half of the 9th century. The representative works of novels are small things and so on. The short stories "The Last Lesson" and "Around Berlin" are well-known for their profound patriotic content and exquisite artistic skills, and have become masterpieces of short stories in the world.
Mo Bosang (1850- 1893) is a famous French novelist. He wrote more than 350 short stories, six novels, three travel notes and many literary, political and current affairs reviews. The basic theme of his works is to expose the corruption of bourgeois spirit and social atmosphere, and he is recognized as a master of short stories in the world. His famous short stories include Suicide Ball, Necklace, My Uncle Christmas and Miss Feifei. His novels are represented by Life and Beauty.
Flaubert (182 1- 1880), a French writer, wrote the novels Madame Bovary and The Emotional World.
Dumas (1802- 1870) is a French writer who wrote the novel La Traviata.
Roman? Roland (1866- 1944) is a French writer. Literary creation began at the end of19th century. In the early days, he mainly wrote plays, such as Dandong and The Struggle between Love and Death. At the beginning of the 20th century, biographies of Beethoven and Tolstoy came out one after another, praising outstanding figures. After the October Revolution, his thoughts were encouraged and he fought side by side with Gorky. 193 1 bid farewell to the past. Roman? Roland's highest achievement is John? Christophe is one of the greatest achievements in world literary creation in the early 20th century. He became one of the most important writers in the early 20th century and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 19 15.
Ou ren? Portal (18 16- 1887) is a great French worker poet and a strong fighter of the Paris commune. 1865 joined the first international and became an activist in the workers' movement. After the birth of the Paris Commune, he was elected as a member of the Commune. The day after the commune failed, he wrote the Internationale, which is an artistic summary of the historical experience of the world proletarian regime and an excellent example of proletarian art.
Stendhal (1783- 1842) was originally named Henry? Red and Black, a French writer of critical realism, is a masterpiece of critical realism, which profoundly shows the essential characteristics of social history at that time.
(4) Russia
Pushkin (1799- 1837) is an outstanding Russian national poet, the representative of Russian positive romantic literature in the19th century, and the founder of critical realism literature. His works are rich in people's nature and are called "Encyclopedia of Russian Life". He wrote more than 800 lyric poems in his life, including the famous Ode to Freedom, Dedicated to Chaadayev, Dedicated to the Sea and Dedicated to Poets. Narrative poem "Zgang" and "Bronze Knight"; The novel The Captain's Daughter; The collection of short stories "Belgin's novels" and the representative novel "Eugene? Onegin. Pushkin is "the originator of Russian literature". "
Nikolai Gogol (1809- 1852) was the best Russian satirist in the first half of the 9th century. The founder of critical realism literature. The satirical comedy "An Imperial Envoy" published by 1836 is an excellent drama that criticizes realism and a milestone in the history of Russian realistic comedy. The novel Dead Soul marks the peak of his creation.
Chernyshevski (1828- 1889) is a Russian revolutionary Democrat, materialist philosopher, critic and writer. His early works include The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality, and the famous novel What to Do? It is his masterpiece. Lenin called him "the only truly great Russian writer."
Lev? Tolstoy (1828- 19 10) is a great Russian critical realist writer in the second half of the 19th century, and also an outstanding artist universally recognized in the history of world literature. His complete works are as many as 93 volumes, but mainly three landmark novels, War and Peace, Anna? Karenina and Resurrection.
Chekhov (1860- 1904) was an outstanding Russian critical realism writer, a world-famous master of short stories and a famous playwright in the late 19th century. He devoted his life to the creation of short stories, wrote more than 470 short stories and more than a dozen plays, and is one of the best short story writers in the world. His representative works include The Man in the Trap, The Chameleon, Sorrow, Distress and Wanka. Uncle Vanya, Ivanov, Seagull and cherry orchard are all masterpieces that stir the world. He is the first person in the history of Russian literature to reach the peak of world literature with short stories as the main creative genre.
Turgenev (18 18- 1883), a Russian writer, has written short stories such as Luo Ting and Father and Son.
Gorky (1868- 1936) was originally named Alexei? Macsimovici? Skov is a great proletarian writer and the founder of socialist literature in the former Soviet Union. He is the author of 69 volumes of the Complete Works of Gorky. Among the famous works are autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University". His masterpiece Mother.
(5) Germany
Goethe (1749- 1832) is a great German poet and thinker, a representative of the highest achievement in German literature, and one of the most important writers in the history of world literature. Early important works, historical drama "Gotz? Feng? Berry Sangen, the poem Prometheus and the epistolary novel Young Werther made him famous all over the world. Faust, the masterpiece, is an immortal masterpiece, which is regarded as the highest artistic achievement of1the end of the 8th century1the beginning of the 9th century in Germany.
German playwright Schiller (1759- 1805) has a famous play "Conspiracy and Love".
Heine (1797- 1856) was an outstanding revolutionary nationalist poet and political commentator in Germany in the 9th century. The long poem Germany ―― A Winter Fairy Tale is his masterpiece. Textile Workers in Silesia is his famous political poem, which for the first time created the image of a bourgeois grave digger who taught himself to bury the old system.
Whitman (18 19- 1892) was an outstanding revolutionary democratic poet in Germany in the 19th century. Leaves of Grass is his masterpiece.
(6) America
Mark? Twain (1835- 19 10) is an outstanding American humorous satirist. The novel huckleberry? The Adventures of Finn and the short story Running for Governor are his representative works. In his later years, he wrote famous articles, such as The Man Who Corrupted Fort hedley.
Oh? Henry (1862- 19 10) is an American short story writer. He wrote about 300 short stories and one novel in his life. The Police and Hymns, The Gift of Maggie, The Yellow Bird Behind and The Last Leaf are all well-conceived short stories.
(7) Denmark
Andersen (1805- 1875) is a Danish fairy tale writer. He wrote more than 160 fairy tales in his life, and he is one of the most outstanding fairy tale writers in the world. The Emperor's New Clothes, Nightingale, Ugly Duckling, Little Match Girl, Shadow, Old House, Mother's Story, Gardener and Master, etc. , has been included in the world's best fairy tales.
2. Asian part
Tagore (1861-1941) is an Indian writer, poet and social activist. The main works are Moge and Morning Song, and famous story poems are widely circulated in India. 192 1 The Gitanjali won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He is the first Asian writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works include Gardener, Birds and Crescent Moon.
Arabian Nights is a famous collection of folk stories in ancient Arabia and an old translation of Arabian Nights. The book is full of wonderful and magnificent fantasy, but also full of realistic life atmosphere. It vividly reflects the social system, lifestyle and customs of ancient Arab countries with diverse themes and eclectic artistic techniques. There are many stories praising the excellent qualities of the working people, such as the story of the fisherman, Alibaba. However, in the long-term communication process, it is mixed with the decadent ideas of the ruling class and the backward consciousness of the people. It has been translated into various languages all over the world, widely circulated and appreciated by people all over the world, and has had a certain influence on literature, drama, music and painting in western languages.
Japanese writer Murasaki shikibu (about 978- about 10 15) has a long classic novel Tale of Genji.
1) Greece
I Zeus (called Jupiter in Roman mythology), the highest god in Greek mythology, is in charge of thunder and lightning, and is the Lord of man and god.
2. Apollo, the son of Zeus in Greek mythology, was in charge of light, youth, music and poetry. And often appear as a teenager with a bow and arrow.
3. Athena, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, the patron saint of Athens.
4. Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology. Beautiful and deceitful, she secretly opened a box given to her by Zeus, which contained diseases, madness, sin, jealousy and other evils, and flew out together, leaving only hope at the bottom of the box, so the world was full of disasters. "Pandora's Box" has become synonymous with "the source of disaster".
5. Prometheus, the god who benefits the world in Greek mythology. Stealing skyfire and bringing it to the world, and teaching people all kinds of skills, angered Zeus, was locked on a cliff in the Caucasus and pecked to death by condors. He was a hero who resisted rape and sacrificed everything for mankind.
6. The Sphinx, the gorgon in Greek mythology. Often let passers-by guess, guess that pedestrians are going to be killed; Later, because the answer was revealed by Oedipus, he committed suicide. Later, it is often used to refer to people like "mystery". The Egyptian Sphinx has the same name.
7. Homer, a blind poet in ancient Greece. The main work is Iliad, translated into Odysseus, Iraq, which tells the story of the Trojan War for ten years. After the Trojan War, Austria told the adventure story of the Greek hero Odyssey returning to China. Marx praised it as "showing eternal charm".
(2) Britain
8. Shakespeare was a great playwright and poet in the Renaissance, with 37 plays, including Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, All Are Happy, and historical plays such as Richard II and Henry IV. Marx called it "the greatest drama genius of mankind".
9. Robinson Crusoe, the main work of Defoe, a famous novelist, describes the protagonist in the rising period of the bourgeoisie.
The great poet Byron. As a representative poetic novel, Don Juan attacked the feudal reactionary forces in Europe through the experience of the young aristocrat Don Juan.
1 1. An active romantic poet Xue Cai. His major works include the poetic drama Prometheus Liberated, the lyric poem ode to the west wind, Ode to a Lark, Ode to Freedom and so on. Poetic drama expresses the belief that the struggle against autocratic rule is bound to win. One of the best representatives of romantic poets. One of the earliest poets who praised utopian socialism in the history of European literature.
12. Dickens, a writer, whose main works include the novels David and Copperfield, Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities, which exposed the greed and hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie and the corruption of judicial and administrative institutions. He is an important representative of English critical realism literature.
13. Conan Doyle, writer, whose main work is Sherlock Holmes, the most famous detective novel in the world.
14. Bernard Shaw, a dramatist, whose main works include Mrs. Warren's Occupation, A Widower's House, Major Barbara, Apple Car, etc. Expose the hypocrisy and evil of capitalist society and sympathize with the working class.
(3) France
15. Moliere is a great comedian and one of the most accomplished comedians in the world. His main works are ***37 comedies "Hypocrite" and "Miser". Whining feudal system and ugly forces is the best work in world comedy.
16. Hugo, a great writer, is the most outstanding representative of European romantic literature in the19th century. His main works are Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, Smiling Man, 93 and so on. Sorrow wrote about Jean Valjean, an unemployed day laborer, who was arrested and imprisoned for stealing a piece of bread. Later, he changed his name and surname and became a business owner and mayor, but he could not get rid of persecution.
17. Stendhal, a critical realist writer. The civilian youth company, representing the red and black people who were dissatisfied with the feudal system, tried every means to climb up and was finally sent to the platform. "Red" is a general color, which refers to the road of "entering the army"; "Black" refers to the way of being a priest or bishop.
18. Balzac, a master of world literature and realism. His main works are human comedies, including Old Man, Eugenie Grandet, Bei menstruation, Uncle Bunce, etc. It is one of the most brilliant creations in world literature and one of the most brilliant achievements of human thinking labor. Marx called it "an outstanding realistic history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris".
19. Buddy, a famous writer. His main works are the novel Little Things, and the short stories The Last Lesson and Around Berlin. Together with Flaubert, Zola, Goncourt and Turgenev, they formed a literary society "five-person dinner party".
20. Mo Bosang is known as the "master of short stories". The main works are the novel Life, Good Friends and the short story boule de suif, Necklace.
2 1. Eugene Porter, a worker poet. His main work is The Internationale, composed by the worker composer Bill Degate. Lenin said that he was "the greatest propagandist who used songs as tools".
22. romain rolland, writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. The main work is the novel "John Christophe", which describes a tragic figure of an artist who fought against society with personal struggle (adapted from Beethoven).
Germany and Russia (Soviet Union)
23. Goethe, the representative of the highest achievement in German literature. His main works are epistolary novels (Young Werther) and poetic dramas (Faust).
24. Poet and playwright Schiller. His main works are Conspiracy and Love (script) and Ode to Joy (poem).
25. Heine, poet, political commentator and friend of Marx. His main works are (Textile Workers in You Liya) and German-Winter Fairy Tales.
26. Pushkin's great poet. His main works are lyric poetry (Ode to Freedom), narrative poetry (Bronze Knight), long poetic novel yevgeni onegin, fairy tale poem The Story of Fisherman and Golden Fish, etc. It developed Russian literature in the19th century.
The role of creation and foundation laying is a model of Russian literary language and enjoys worldwide attention. "Comrades, believe it: charming and happy stars will rise and shine!" Zhi Dai Cha Daieff Men
27. Nicola Nikolai Gogol. /kloc-the best satirist in Russia in the 0/9th century and the founder of critical realism literature. The main works are satirical comedy (imperial envoy) and novel Dead Soul.
28. Goncharov, writer. His main work is Oblomov.
29. The main works are novels Luo Ting, Father and Son and The House of the Noble, as well as novella Jiang Mumu and prose collection The Hunter's Notes. Short stories (hunting) describe the miserable life of serfs and attack serfdom. They are known as "books that light the fire".
30. lev tolstoy is an outstanding realist writer, whose main works are novels (War and Peace), anna karenine and Resurrection. Lenin called it "a mirror of Russian revolution", which is one of the pinnacles of world realistic literature.
3 1. Chekhov, writer. His major works include the short story Death of a Little Civil Servant, The Chameleon, the novella The Sixth Ward, and the plays Seagull, Uncle Vanya and Three Sisters. He is the only Russian writer who reached the peak of the world literary world with his short stories.
32. Gorky Great proletarian writer. His main works are autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth, My University, the novel Mother, and prose poems (Haiyan). Lenin called it. The most outstanding representative of proletarian art ",said (mother) is a" very timely book ".
33. Ni ostrovsky. His main job is how steel is tempered.
(5) Other countries
34. Dante of Italy was a great poet and a pioneer of the Renaissance. Engels called him "the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era". The main work is the narrative poem of Divine Comedy, which is composed of hell and Qing Dynasty.
Heaven is composed of three parts. In the form of fantasy, let Dante get lost and guide him to wander in the three realms. In hell, I saw corrupt officials punished. In the online world, I saw people who were greedy for money and lust. In heaven, I saw noble souls such as martyrs.
35. Boccaccio in Italy was an important writer in the Renaissance and an important representative of humanism. The main work is decameron, a collection of short stories. In order to avoid the plague, 10 young people lived in a manor in the suburbs and told a story every day. 10 told 100 stories in one day. Oppose hierarchy and asceticism and demand freedom and liberation.
Cervantes, Spain His main work is Don Jihad, which describes the adventures of Don Jihad and his entourage Sancho Panza. Expose the ugliness of feudal forces and satirize chivalry and chivalry literature. It is the earliest outstanding realistic novel in Europe. "
37. Andersen, Danish fairy tale writer. His main works include The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes, The Little Match Girl and so on. One of the best fairy tales in the world.
38. Mitzi Kevic. An outstanding Polish poet. Known as the "King of Birds-Eagle". The main work is (Ode to Youth), which is known as the youth of Poland (Marseillaise). 39. petofi, a Hungarian, was the best positive romantic poet in the19th century. His main works are Song of the Nation and Rebellion against the King.
40. Ibsen, Norway, playwright. The "problem drama" represents the writer. His main works include "A Doll's House" and "enemy of the state" and more than 20 works. The sharp exposure of various contradictions in capitalist society is a treasure of world drama works.
4 1. Whitman, a great American poet, whose main work is poetry.
42. Mark Twain, American writer. His major works include the satire The Gilded Age, Children's Literature, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Collection of Short Stories (Running for Governor) and Million Pounds. The realistic understanding of capitalism has deepened, from light humor to bitter irony.
43. O. Henry, American short story writer. His main works include The Gift of the Maggie, The Police and Hymns, The Last Rattan Leaves, with about 300 articles. Known as "the humorous encyclopedia of American life".
4. Hemingway, American writer and Nobel Prize in Literature Prize winner. His masterpiece is the novella The Old Man and the Sea. Describing the story of an old fisherman fighting with a shark shows "how far one can go and describes the dignity of the soul".
45. Kobayashi Takiji, a Japanese writer, is the founder of Japanese proletarian literature. Representative works include novellas (crab boat) and so on. Describe the miserable life, awakening and struggle of fishermen.
46. Indian poet Chingol; Writer. Nobel Prize in Literature winner. His poetry collections include Birds, Crescent Moon and the novel Shipwreck. His poem "The Will of the People" has been designated as the national anthem of India.
Ancient Greece and Rome:
Homer, Aesop, Ali Sotofen, etc.
Medieval Europe:
Roland Dante, etc
Renaissance:
Boccaccio rabelais Cervantes Chaucer
Thomas? Moore Shakespeare
17th century
Moliere Milton
An Enlightenment Writer in the 18th Century
Voltaire Diderot Rousseau Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais Defoe Swift Fielding Schiller Goethe
Nineteenth century:
Byron Shelley Hugo George? Singing Dumas Dumas Stendhal Balzac Flaubert Zola Mo Bosang Dude
Roman Roland Dickens Thackeray Hardy Shaw Bernard Voynich
Pushkin lermontov Nikolai Nikolai Gogol Turgenev Chernyshevski Ostrovschi Sal Dykov Chekhov Patefi Anderson Ipsen
Early European proletarian writers
elf-struck
Soviet writers:
Gorky Mayakovski Tolstoy fadeev
American writers:
Mrs Whitman stowe? Mark? Twain Europe? Henry Jack? Dreiser Hemingway of London
etc