The similarities and differences between regional dialects and social dialects can be investigated from the following aspects.
The similarities between the two are as follows: first, they are both the result of language differentiation and the embodiment of unbalanced language development; Second, there is no national characteristics. Social dialects are popular in a certain class and regional dialects are popular in a certain area. Of course, as far as the region is concerned, regional dialects have a certain nationality within a certain range. Third, they should be made of materials in the national language.
Among several dialects of modern Chinese in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region after thousands of years, and the rest dialects are gradually formed by the continuous southward migration of northern residents in history. The early Jiangnan area, mainly inhabited by the Guyue nationality, used Guyue language, which was far from ancient Chinese and could not speak. Later, the Han people in the north went south several times on a large scale, bringing ancient northern Chinese in different periods, which spread to various regions in the south of the Yangtze River and gradually formed six dialects that were obviously different from each other. There are three reasons for the differences in dialects: first, before the contact between northern Chinese and southern ancient Vietnamese, there were their own regional dialects; Second, the time for northern Chinese to go south is different, and the natural Chinese themselves are different; Third, the southern dialect developed in a certain unique environment.
In the development of Han society, there have been different degrees of differentiation and unification, which gradually led to the emergence of Chinese dialects.
There are various dialects in modern Chinese, which are widely distributed. The differences between modern Chinese dialects are manifested in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, especially in pronunciation. But these dialects and homophones are not independent languages, because they have certain corresponding rules in pronunciation and have many similarities in vocabulary and grammar. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of their formation and development, and the results of the current dialect survey, dialects of modern Chinese can be divided. At present, Chinese linguists have different opinions on the division of modern Chinese dialects. Most people think that there are seven dialects in modern Chinese:
Northern dialect
Northern dialect is the basic dialect of modern Han nationality, represented by Beijing dialect, with strong internal consistency. It is the most widely distributed dialect in Chinese, and its users account for about 73% of the total population of Han nationality.
Northern dialects can be divided into four sub-dialects: (1) North China dialect and Northeast dialect, which are distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia. (2) Northwest dialect, which is distributed in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and parts of Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The language used by the Han nationality in Xinjiang also belongs to the northwest dialect. (3) Southwest dialect, distributed in Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces and most of Hubei (except Xianning in the southeast corner), northwestern Guangxi and northwestern Hunan. (4) Jianghuai dialect, distributed in Anhui Province, Jiangsu Province, north of the Yangtze River (except Xuzhou and Bengbu dialects belonging to North China and Northeast China), and along the south bank of the Yangtze River to the west of Zhenjiang and east of Jiujiang.
People who use this dialect account for about 70% of the population in China.
The obvious features of northern dialects include: most vowels of medieval consonants have been lost. "-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ng" is the only word in ancient Chinese. At the same time, compared with other dialects, northern dialects have fewer tones. This is because the northern dialect only has a flat voice to distinguish yin and yang. Therefore, the northern dialect contains a large number of homophones and corresponding compound words. This is rare in other dialects.
For example, the northern dialect: Moling: dragonfly fool: comfortable Gaha: dry horse gourd: gutter road tooth: roadside embarrassment (four clicks): what to bet on: knee. Pedal: slippers are good. It's delicious, and I miss the children in Doby.
Thumb (ber) floor (softly floor): forehead.
For example, northwest dialect: very scattered, meat buns have stuffing! "Drive away" means: good, smooth and appropriate.
Yours is the exhibition leaf, mine is the hanging ash! "Show the leaves" means: new and clean.
You bring that plate, and I'll dig and dig! "Dig and dig" means to have a look and touch.
This is a fact, and we can't mess around. "Ha Shu" means: standards and laws.
I can't stand eating. I am flying. The meaning of "soaring": escape.
Southwest dialect, for example: this baby melon poke, which means: he is a fool.
Cut which collapse? It means: where to go?
The place I went last night means: the place I went last night.
You shrimp are harmless! It means: call me ungrateful.
A second choice is to smoke two cigarettes at a time.
Jianghuai dialect, such as Buxiongmen: What's not? ! so it does
Leisure bear: It's not good to take pictures (ok), but it's better (good) (all words can be added).
The Henan dialect
Henan dialect belongs to the northern dialect, that is, Mandarin, which is the largest dialect in China. Henan dialect is actually the ancient mandarin, that is, the ancient mandarin. Mainly refers to popular in Henan and its surrounding areas. Because of Henan's large population, historical war, sports, economic activities and other reasons, the mobility of the population makes other parts of the country have groups dominated by Henan dialect. Shang language was originally a kind of Dongyi language, which has a profound Chinese culture. After coming to the Central Plains, it merged with Xia dialect (a primitive Chinese dialect) and many primitive Chinese dialects, forming the embryonic form of today's Central Plains Mandarin-Huaxia dialect. Huaxia language, with Luo Yang as the standard pronunciation, later became the elegant language used in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and then developed into the "common language, common language" in Yang Xiong dialect. The basic stereotypes of Henan dialect in the Northern Song Dynasty are similar to those of Henan dialect today. After thousands of years of integration and development, modern Henan dialect has been formed. The reason why the northern Mandarin is similar to today's Henan dialect is that the northern Mandarin area has long standardized its vocabulary and grammar system based on Henan dialect. There are great similarities between Henan dialect and other northern dialects in China, so people all over the country can basically understand Henan dialect.
Henan dialect includes Henan Province 17 provincial cities, Jiyuan City 1 provincial cities, 2 1 county-level cities, 89 counties, 48 municipal districts, 2 cities and counties in southern Hebei Province, 3 1 city and county in southwestern Shandong Province, 28 cities and counties in Fenhe River Basin in southwestern Shanxi Province, and Anhui Province. In addition to Henan dialect in the north of Xi 'an, immigrants from Henan often form their own dialects in foreign lands. For example, in the early days of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Henan people immigrated from Xichuan, Henan Province to Chaihu, Hubei Province. After more than 30 years, these immigrants still speak Henan dialect. If people are distinguished by language and cultural identity, they will undoubtedly become "Henan people" from Hubei.
Wu dialect
It is used in southern Jiangsu, most of Zhejiang, Shanghai and parts of southern Anhui, and the number of users accounts for about 8.4% of the total population. Wu dialect is divided into Taihu dialect (northern Wu dialect, including southern Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang Huzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing and Ningbo, represented by Shanghai dialect, Suzhou dialect or Shaoxing dialect), Taizhou dialect (Taizhou area of Zhejiang), Wuzhou dialect (Jinhua area of Zhejiang), Chuqu dialect (Quzhou and Lishui area of Zhejiang) and Oujiang dialect (Wenzhou area of Zhejiang). Among them, southwestern Anhui and western Zhejiang are influenced by Gan dialect, while southern Zhejiang retains many features of ancient Baiyue dialect, so that Taihu Wu dialect cannot be regarded as a typical Wu dialect. Its main features are:
There are three initial consonants: Guquanqing, Suqing and Quanzhuo, among which Quanzhuo initial consonants are generally pronounced as voiced, such as /t/, /th/ and /d/ in most places.
In most places, three nasal vowels are combined into one (usually -ng) and three entering vowels are also combined into one (-? )。
In diphthongs, many vowels are monosyllabic, and many nasal rhymes become nasalized vowels, even without nasalization.
There are two groups of tones, usually seven to eight, and only five in Shanghai.
Hakka dialect
It is widely used by Hakkas in southern China, mainly including eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, western Fujian, southwestern Jiangxi, southeastern Guangxi, Taiwan Province Province and Sichuan, with Meixian dialect as the representative. Although it is a southern dialect, Hakka dialect was formed under the influence of northern immigrants going south, so Hakka dialect retains some characteristics of medieval Zhongyuan dialect. Hakka dialect is not only used by Hakkas of Han nationality, but also widely used by She nationality. The population using Hakka dialect accounts for about 4% of the total population.
Fujian dialect
It is used in Fujian, Taiwan Province Province, Hainan, the Philippines and some countries in Southeast Asia. Due to great internal differences, Min dialect is usually divided into northern Fujian dialect, eastern Fujian dialect (represented by Fuzhou dialect), Puxian dialect, central Fujian dialect and southern Fujian dialect (represented by Xiamen dialect or Taiwan dialect). Min dialect is the only dialect in all dialects that does not completely correspond to the rhyme book of middle ancient Chinese. The most influential language family in Fujian is Minnan, with "-p, -t, -k,-"? , -n, -m and -ng "; It retains the characteristics of yin and yang in the tones of Middle Chinese. The population using Minnan dialect accounts for about 4.5% of the total population
Cantonese
Cantonese, represented by Cantonese, is mainly used in Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese. Cantonese tones are very complicated, and Guangzhou dialect has nine tones. At the same time, it is also one of the dialects that retains the characteristics of Middle Chinese, including the endings of six consonants: P, T, K, M, N and ng. There is little difference within Cantonese. The population using Cantonese accounts for about 5% of the total population of Han nationality.
Guangzhou dialect is divided into: Cantonese dialect (including Guangzhou dialect (Guangzhou area of Guangdong Province), Nanfanshun dialect (Nanhai, Panyu and Shunde areas of Guangdong Province), Luoguang dialect (Zhaoqing, Sihui, Luoding, Guangning, Huaiji, Fengkai, Deqing, Yunan, Yangshan, Lianxian and Lianshan areas, represented by Zhaoqing dialect) and Luoguang dialect. Represented by Taishan dialect), Levin dialect (Yangjiang, Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province), Guinan dialect (including Yongxun Cantonese (represented by Nanning dialect in Nanning, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, Pingnan and parts of Liuzhou), Wuzhou Cantonese (Wuzhou, Daan, Danzhu, Wulin, Guangxi).
Reference materials of Guangdong dialect pronunciation:
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Hunan dialect
Used in Hunan. Usually divided into two categories: old and new. The new Xiang dialect is closer to the northern dialect. Hunan dialect is represented by Changsha dialect (new) and Loushao dialect (old), and its users account for about 5% of the total population. The new Xiang dialect spreads around with Changsha dialect as the center, which is characterized by dialect tongue sound and the disappearance of nasal sound, and there is no distinction between ch/q, h/f, sh/x and ong/eng. Including Changsha dialect, Yueyang dialect, Yiyang dialect, Zhuzhou dialect and Xiangtan dialect. Old Xiang dialect includes Hengyang dialect, Xiangxiang dialect and Shaoyang dialect. For example, Xiangxiang dialect is distributed in Xiangxiang, Shuangfeng, Loudi and Lianyuan, and the overall pronunciation is basically the same.
Gan dialect
Gan dialect, also known as Gan dialect, was called Lisu in ancient times. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family and is mainly used in most areas of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan and southwestern Anhui. The number of users is about 5 1.48 million (see the figure, the previous data of 30 million is not accurate enough), and it is one of the seven major dialect areas in Chinese.
More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect.
Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think Hakka is popular), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Shangrao and Jiujiang: Boyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county County, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning and Xiushui; There are also towns and villages using Gan dialect in Guangchang, Shicheng, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Ruijin and Huichang counties in Ganzhou.
In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing and Anren. Some people think that Yueyang and Yongxing also belong to the Gan dialect area. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning and Taining; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi in southeastern Hubei: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; According to the preliminary understanding, the dialects of Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing, southwest Anhui Province are similar to Gan dialect, but their attribution is uncertain at present, and they may also be classified as Gan dialect.
Other dialects
Whether the following dialects constitute an independent large dialect area is still controversial.
Jin dialect: It is used in most parts of Shanxi, as well as in northwestern Shaanxi, western Hebei, northwestern Henan and Hetao, Inner Mongolia, with Taiyuan dialect as the representative. It is usually considered as a northern dialect.
Pinghua: It is used in some areas of Guangxi. It is said to be the Shandong dialect spoken by the Southern Army stationed in Guiping in the Song Dynasty. It is a branch of northern dialect.
Hui language: also known as Huizhou dialect, or considered to belong to Wu language.
Dialect works
The first book to record dialects in China is Dialect (written by Yang Xiong for short), with a volume of *** 13.
Before the Qin Dynasty, every August, the government sent "Qi Xuan messengers" (messengers who took light buses) to collect dialects and record them. These materials were lost because of the war. Yang Xiong's teacher Yan Junping collected more than 1000 words, and Yang Xiong's relatives also knew about it. Yang Xiong is very interested in this, and he has collected and arranged it for a long time. After a lapse of 27 years, he wrote this 9000-word book (this book 12000 words is a supplement for later generations).
Luo Changpei commented on Yang Xiong's work: "This is simply the effort of modern language workers to record cards and immediately sort them out on the spot." At that time, people praised dialect as "a book that hangs in the sun and moon and is not published".
Why does the northern dialect cover a large area and is very different from the ancient sound?
Because the north is often ruled by foreign countries, wars are frequent, and it is common for people to flee, so the dialect in the north covers a wide range and is the product of the mixture of dialects and foreign languages in various regions.
However, due to the lack of wars and population mobility, the use of Guangzhou dialect and Fujian dialect has left many ancient sounds and many sub-dialects. Since many northerners fled to Guangdong in the late Tang Dynasty and after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, there were few wars in Guangdong after the Northern Song Dynasty (Guangdong was actually far from the main battlefield of China War), so many Tangyin were preserved.
But the north is different. It was the main battlefield of regime change wars such as Jin State (which once ruled northern China 100 years), Mongolia and Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the northern dialect (based on Putonghua) has a wide coverage, and 70% of Chinese is spoken in the northern dialect. There is little difference between the four sub-dialects, and the pronunciation is very different from that of ancient times.
Dialect quarterly
Organizer: Institute of Linguistics
Publishing House: Commercial Press
Release date: 1979
Question: quarterly
Publication introduction:
Dialect is an academic quarterly with 96 pages in each issue and 384 pages in four issues. It is published in Beijing on 24th of February, May, August and 1 1 month every year.
Editor in Chief and Editorial Department:
Editor-in-Chief: Li Rong, Xiong, (editor-in-chief).
Professor Zhang Zhenxing, the executive editor, is 62 years old and graduated from the Chinese Department of Xiamen University. He is currently the director of the Dialect Research Office of the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the executive editor of Dialect Quarterly. The main research direction is min dialect.
The dialect editorial department has 1 1 full-time editors. In addition to the three editors-in-chief, other editorial boards include: Researcher Huang, Dr. Zhou Lei, Dr. Qin Yuanxiong, Dr. Li Lan, Dr. Nie Jianmin, assistant researcher, assistant researcher and Dr. Xie.
Address of editorial department: Institute of Linguistics, No.5 Jianguomen Inner Street, Beijing
Unified domestic serial number: ISSN 0257-0203cn11-1052/h.
Unit price: 6.50.
Issued by: Beijing Newspaper Distribution Bureau