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Author: Ye Han Anchor: Liu Wei
One hundred issues of classic "Poetic China"
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In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, the capital of the Later Zhou Dynasty, launched a coup while on his way to send troops, forcing Emperor Zhou Gong to abdicate and establish the Song Dynasty. This was the "Chenqiao Mutiny" recorded in history.
Since then, the more than two hundred years of war and division since the Anshi Rebellion have finally ended, and we have entered a period of more than one hundred and seventy years of national unification and relative political stability - the Northern Song Dynasty.
During this period, Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, became the center of politics, economy, culture and art at that time.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty learned from the experience and lessons of the segregation of vassal towns and bureaucratic cliques in the late Tang Dynasty, and worked hard to strengthen the centralization of monarchy. Therefore, instead of restraining them, they encouraged their officials to live a luxurious life of feasting and fun.
“The new voice is smiling in the Liumo Flower Street, and the strings are tuned in the teahouse and wine shop.” Compared with previous dynasties, people in the Song Dynasty were the most particular about enjoying life. And this hedonistic atmosphere is the breeding ground for Song poetry.
Wang Yuchen
At the beginning of the creation of Ci, the short, concise and implicit Ci that first attracted people's attention and gained wide popularity were those "Xiao Ling".
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, around 1040 AD, Yan Shu had just entered the world of poetry. During this period, there were few circulating works, only dozens of poems by more than a dozen writers.
Wang Yucheng (chēng) is mainly famous for his poetry, but in terms of lyrics creation, he can be regarded as one of the earlier lyricists in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
The only work that has been handed down from generation to generation is "Dian Crimson Lips", but it occupies a position that cannot be ignored in the history of poetry.
The rain hates the clouds, but Jiangnan is still called a beauty.
Shui Village Fishing Market, a thin wisp of smoke.
The sky is full of glory, and the line is like a embroidery in the distance.
Looking at life's events at this time, who would care about it?
This poem was written when the poet was relegated, expressing the depression of "the world has no sound". However, the keynote is the reverie of the fluttering wings of wild geese, so the style of the poem does not appear sad and depressing, but has an uplifting feel. power.
Pan Lang
Pan Lang, whose nickname is Xiaoyao, and his temperament is just like his character, informal and carefree.
In his early years, he made a living by selling medicine in the capital. Later, he was recommended by eunuchs and entered an official career. But soon the eunuch committed a crime and was imprisoned. Pan Lang was also implicated and fled to the mountains.
In his later years, he traveled around the country, "relaxing about the lakes and mountains, chanting at will", and lived a free and comfortable hermit life.
His 10 "Jiuquanzi" poems recalling the beautiful scenery of Hangzhou are the most famous. For example, the tenth poem chants about the tide of the Qiantang River:
I long remember watching the tide, and the people of Guoguo competed to watch the river.
The vast sea of ??doubts has turned into empty space, amid the sound of thousands of drums.
The tide boy stands facing the waves, holding the red flag in his hand without getting wet.
Don’t come here and look into the dream, but the dream is still chilling.
This poem describes the majesty of the Qiantang River tide and the heroic and fearless spirit of the people who ride the tide. It stirs up a kind of heroic feeling that man can conquer nature, which makes people feel excited.
Lin Bu
Lin Bu is indifferent by nature and does not admire glory and wealth.
It is said that he never married and liked to plant plums and raise cranes. This is where the allusion of "Plum Wife and Crane Son" comes from.
His poems are light and lofty, among which "Little Plum Blossoms in the Mountain Garden" is the most famous, and he left behind a famous line that has been passed down through the ages, "The sparse shadows are slanting across the clear and shallow water, and the faint fragrance is floating in the moonlight at dusk."
He also has an equally popular song called "Sauvignon Blanc", which is also widely circulated:
Wu Shanqing, Yueshan Qing.
The green mountains on both sides of the Taiwan Strait greet each other, who knows the feeling of parting?
The king is filled with tears, and the concubine is filled with tears.
The Luo belt has not yet formed a unified knot, and the tide on the riverside has subsided.
This poem describes the love between a man and a woman who are in love, but they have no choice but to say goodbye and their deep lovesickness after they say goodbye. It is fresh and flowing, and has the charm of a folk song.
Bai Juyi also has a famous poem "Saurus Acacia". The words go as follows: Bian water flow, Si water flow, flowing to the ancient ferry of Guazhou, Wushan is a little sad. I miss you for a long time, I hate you for a long time, I hate it until I return home, and I lean on the building under the bright moon.
You can also see the continuity between the two.
Fan Zhongyan
Fan Zhongyan was one of the most outstanding politicians in the Northern Song Dynasty and a rare versatile scholar among the scholar-bureaucrats.
He paid great attention to honor and integrity. The sentence "Be worried about the world's worries first, and be happy after the world's happiness" written in "Yueyang Tower" became a new spiritual style of the scholar-bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty. Portrait.
Fan Zhongyan once resisted the Western Xia invasion in the northwest for four years. He was very effective in running the army. There is a local folk saying: "There is an example in the army, and the Western thieves will be frightened when they hear it."
This period of military life entered into his creation, and he wrote the famous poem "The Proud Fisherman":
The scenery is strange when autumn comes in the fortress, but the geese in Hengyang leave without paying attention.
There are sounds from all sides, thousands of miles away, long smoke and sunset, and the lonely city is closed.
A cup of dirty wine can lead to a home thousands of miles away, but Yan Ran has no plan to return home.
The Qiang pipes are covered with frost, people are sleepless, and the generals have white hair and their husbands are in tears.
The lyrics are full of desolate and desolate border scenes, the sound of desolate horns, the mournful moans of herds, the geese returning but no one can return, the generals and soldiers' hair turning white, dripping. After all the tears of lovesickness, the day of returning home is still far away.
Although Fan Zhongyan had a desire to save the world, the long-term "poverty" and "weakness" of the Northern Song Dynasty could not be reversed by an individual.
Yan Shu
Yan Shu is known as the "first ancestor of the Northern Song Dynasty Ci" and "the Prime Minister of Taiping". At the age of 14, he was titled as a child prodigy and was given the same background as a Jinshi. After serving as an official for decades, although he was occasionally demoted, he was really lucky compared to Qin Guan, Su Shi and others.
Yan Shu's "Zhu Yu Ci" was published in three volumes, and there are more than 130 poems in existence, almost all of which are short poems.
Yan Shu has been to many places in his life and has constantly tasted the sorrow of separation. Therefore, there are many words about separation and lovesickness in "Zhuyu Ci", such as "Spring in the Jade House":
Changting Road with green poplars and fragrant grass is easy to get to when you are young.
The lingering dream at the top of the building is five o'clock, and the March rain is leaving love at the bottom of the flower.
Ruthlessness is not as painful as sentimentality, an inch is like thousands of strands.
The ends of the earth are sometimes poor, but there is only endless love.
Hateful farewell comes from love for life. Only those who love life will be sad to say goodbye.
Yan Shu is a rational poet. He has sorrow, but never indulges in it. Therefore, reading his lyrics always makes people feel a sense of warmth and relief, such as this famous song "Huanxisha":< /p>
Time has always been limited, and it is easy to say goodbye easily.
Wine feasts and songs are more frequent than words.
The mountains and rivers in our eyes are far away, and the falling flowers and wind and rain hurt the spring even more.
It is better to take pity on the person in front of you.
Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu was a famous politician in the Northern Song Dynasty and an advocate of poetry innovation. He once edited "New Book of Tang Dynasty" and independently wrote "New History of the Five Dynasties". He is a literary giant of his generation.
Among the mediocre scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu was a very individual publicist. He had no scruples in his official career or in expressing his personal emotions, and he went his own way regardless of what others said.
How deep is the courtyard? The willows are piled with smoke, and the curtains are countless.
The jade-carved saddle is in the place where you can see the Zhangtai Road.
The rain is blowing and the wind is blowing at the end of March. The door is closed at dusk, and there is no way to stay in the spring.
With tears in her eyes, she asked the flowers without saying a word, and the red flowers flew across the swing.
This song "Butterflies in Love with Flowers" is written by Ouyang Xiu and details the resentment of an upper-class woman.
The first sentence, "How deep is the courtyard," uses three overlapping words in a row, which is unique and ingenious. Li Qingzhao once praised it.
Zhang Xian
Zhang Xian can be said to be the longest-lived poet in the Song Dynasty. He died at the age of 89.
Although he never held a high-ranking official position in his life, he traveled freely between Hangzhou and Huzhou, fishing in boats, chanting and enjoying himself, and hanging out with singers and dancers. At the age of 85, he took a concubine, and Su Shi presented her with poems. Said: "The poet is old and the orioles are still there, and the prince is busy when he returns."
The most widely circulated poem by Zhang Xian is this "Heavenly Fairy":
Water Tune a few sounds and listen to them with wine. When you wake up after being drunk in the afternoon, you will be worried about not waking up.
When will I send Chunchun back?
Looking in the evening mirror hurts the scenery, and the past events will be forgotten later.
It is dark on the sand and on the poultry pond, and the clouds break through the moon and the flowers make their shadows.
Heavy curtains cover the lights.
The wind is uncertain, people are still at first, and the path will be filled with red sunset tomorrow.
This poem also won him the title of "Zhang Sanying". The sentence "The clouds break through the moon and the flowers make shadows" is consistent with the other two poems such as "The curtains curl up with the shadows of flowers" and "Falling wind catkins". "Wuying" is also called "Three Shadows".
During the Song Dynasty, the emperors and ministers were all proud of being able to write lyrics. There are many good stories about people in the Song Dynasty receiving official titles and rewards through writing lyrics.
Some poets have even become famous among poets because of their famous poems and sentences.
In addition to Zhang Xian's "Zhang Sanying Langzhong", there are also:
Song Qi's "Spring Blossoms on the Red Apricot Branches" Shangshu;
Qin Guan's "Shamo Weiyun Qin Bachelor";
He Zhu's "He Meizi" and so on.
Yan Jidao
Yan Jidao was the seventh son of Yan Shu. Due to his family background, he was appreciated by Emperor Renzong when he was in his teens, and he was able to win at the starting line.
However, the bureaucratic system of the Song Dynasty not only gave considerable care to some children of aristocratic families, but also guarded them against threatening the power of the king.
Therefore, compared with the life of a wealthy young man in his early years, Yan Jidao's status, life, and environment plummeted after he became an official.
In addition, Yan Jidao is aloof and arrogant, has little experience in the world, and is a declining child of a noble family with a strong scholarly spirit, and the situation becomes even more difficult.
Such a character and misfortunes have greatly affected Yan Jidao's creative path, and his lyrics also reveal deep worries.
In "The Collection of Small Mountains", he mostly writes about his personal depression and frustration, his memories of the prosperous life in the past, and his depression and depression.
One of Yan Jidao's famous poems is "Partridge Sky":
The colorful sleeves held the jade bell diligently, but in those days, the beauty was drunk.
Dancing low to the moon in the heart of the willow tower, singing to the wind under the peach blossom fan.
After seeing each other again, we met again and again, and shared our dreams with you several times.
There are only a few silver photos left tonight, as if the encounter was a dream.
Liu Yong
Liu Yong is the first professional poet in the history of Chinese poetry.
Liu Yong was a key figure in the development and transformation of Song Ci. On the one hand, he had a profound influence on the development of the slow Ci system. On the other hand, he also developed the slang characteristics of Ci, making it more popular. In line with the aesthetic taste of the urban class, he created the "slang school".
The cicadas are miserable. Facing Changting at night, the showers have begun to subside.
There is no trace of drinking in the Dumen tent, and the place of nostalgia and the orchid boat urge the hair.
Looking at each other with tears in their hands, they were speechless and choked.
Thousands of miles away, the mist spreads across the sky.
Sentiment has hurt parting since ancient times, and it is even more embarrassing and neglected in the Qingqiu Festival.
Where will you wake up tonight? Willow bank, dawn wind and waning moon.
After so many years, it should be a time of good times and good times.
Even if there are thousands of styles, who can tell them?
——"Rain Lin Bell"
Liu Yong had a will to be useful in the world, but a "Crane Soaring to the Sky" interrupted his career, so he could only pretend to be generous. He named himself "Liu Sanbian, who wrote lyrics according to orders".
The frustration in officialdom deepened his pain, and this inescapable pain also shaped his lyrics.
Qin Guan
As a master of slow poetry after Liu Yong, Qin Guan is one of the four bachelors of the Su family. He has a close relationship with Su Shi as his teacher and friend. Political setbacks implicated them together, and Qin Guan was unhappy throughout his life.
However, Qin Guan and Su Shi have completely different personalities, and the styles of their writing are also very different.
Su Shi was transcendent and broad-minded. No matter how many times he was relegated or suffered hardships, he could always be content with himself and "live his whole life in the rain".
As for Qin Guan, he lacks such a broad mind and firm belief. His heart is too sensitive and too thin. Therefore, the deep sorrow is like a cloud, forever shrouding him, and he cannot be relieved.
His lyrics often reveal a kind of desperate sadness, which makes people feel heartbroken when reading them.
The tower is lost in the fog, the moon is lost in the river, and the Taoyuan is nowhere to be found.
It is worth noting that the lonely pavilion is closed in the cold spring, and the setting sun is setting in the sound of cuckoos.
The plum blossoms are sent by post, and the rulers are passed down from fish to fish. There are countless hates built into it.
Binjiang fortunately circled Binshan, but for whom did it flow down to Xiaoxiang?
——"Traveling on the Shasha"
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi was not only a great politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also a famous litterateur in the Song Dynasty, writing both prose and poetry. Considerable achievements, he is one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" respected by later generations.
His most famous poem is "Guizhixiang·Jinling Nostalgia":
When I came to see him off, it was the late autumn of my motherland, and the weather was beginning to be calm.
Thousands of miles of clear river seems to be flowing, and the green peaks are like clusters.
The expedition sails to the setting sun, with the west wind at our back and the wine flag leaning diagonally.
The clouds are light on the colorful boat, the herons are rising on the stars and rivers, and it is difficult to draw a picture.
Reminiscing about the past, competing for prosperity. Sighing at the top of the building outside the door, sadness and hatred continue.
Through the ages, I have been proud of my high position, and I am full of honor and disgrace.
The old events of the Six Dynasties flow with the flowing water, but the cold smoke and the fragrant grass are green.
To this day, Shang Nu still sings the remaining song "Back Court".
This is a nostalgic piece. The poet used the technique of referring to the past to describe the present, implicitly pointing out the many holes behind the peaceful and prosperous days of the Northern Song Dynasty.
As a progressive and sober politician, Wang Anshi was full of worries about the future and destiny of the country. However, the rulers were still intoxicated in their dreams, enjoying the illusion of singing and dancing amid the sound of orchestras.
As the waves fell, the building was about to collapse. The road ahead for the Northern Song Dynasty was not smooth.
Su Shi
The arrival of Su Shi once again set off a great change in the poetry world of the Northern Song Dynasty.
As the leader of innovation, Su Shi broke many creative rules and regulations and freely expressed his free personality and bold feelings in his lyrics, which was summarized by people at the time as the revolution of "using poetry as lyrics". .
When will the bright moon appear? Ask the sky for wine.
I wonder what year it is today in the palace in the sky?
I want to ride the wind back home, but I am afraid that it will be too cold in the high places.
Dancing to clear the shadow, how does it seem to be in the human world!
Turn to the Zhu Pavilion, where you will find a low-rise house, and the light will make you sleepless.
There should be no hatred, why should we be reunited when we say goodbye?
People have joys and sorrows, separations and reunions, and the moon waxes and wanes. This is a difficult thing in ancient times.
I wish you a long life and a long life.
This song "Shui Tiao Ge Tou" was composed by Su Shi in memory of his younger brother Ziyou (Su Che) on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival. "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon waxes and wanes. This is difficult to do in ancient times. But "May I live long and live thousands of miles away from you", because of its positive and optimistic spirit, has given comfort to countless people in later generations who have suffered from separation.
Su Shi once composed a poem "Ding Feng Bo" as a gift to a friend and his concubine. In the poem, he said, "My hometown is where I feel at ease." In fact, this is also the life principle that Su Shi has always followed.
“After returning from thousands of miles, my face becomes less and less beautiful, and when I smile, I still carry the fragrance of plum blossoms.” What Su Shi left to future generations is not only those poems with lofty realms and grand feelings, he also taught us:< /p>
In the cold wind and rain, how to be open-minded and optimistic, how to "howl and walk slowly", "to live a lifetime under the mist and rain"!
He Zhu
After Su Shi, the poet who more fully inherited Su Shi's style and pushed the "poetic" innovation to a deeper level was He Zhu.
He Zhusheng was quite rugged, "seven feet long, with lofty eyebrows and an iron-colored face", and was known as "He Guitou". However, his lyrics are as tender as water.
Lingbo could not reach Hengtang Road, but he watched Fangchen go.
Who will spend the golden years?
The flower pavilion on the platform, the small windows and red doors, only spring knows where.
The blue clouds slowly rise into the twilight sky, and the colorful pen inscribes new heart-breaking sentences.
How much leisure and sorrow do you have?
Yichuan tobacco, the city is full of wind and rain, and plums are yellow and rainy.
This song "The Sapphire Case" is a melancholy love song that recalls the ideal beauty and the elusiveness of it. It expresses the poet's pain of having a bumpy career and unfulfilled achievements.
He Zhu longed to make achievements throughout his life. However, he was upright by nature and often angered the powerful. Therefore, he always had a humble official position and was transferred from east to west, unable to settle down.
He was deeply disappointed, so he retired early at the age of 58. However, seclusion was not his wish, so there was always a gloomy mood in his lyrics.
Zhou Bangyan
Zhou Bangyan and other Dasheng poets were the terminators of the Ci world in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the fourth year of Chongning (1105 AD), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, new music was completed, and the imperial court specially set up Dasheng Mansion to distinguish it from Taichang, who was in charge of the old music.
This was a milestone in the history of music development in the Song Dynasty. A large number of artists who knew music and were good at writing lyrics were recruited into the government, and a creative trend was formed for a while. Later generations called them "Da Sheng Ci Writers".
The Dasheng poets are typical representatives of imperial literati. Their creations depended to a large extent on Huizong's likes and dislikes. The narrow life circle made it difficult for them to seek breakthroughs in lyric content, and the court's demands for production also made their works vague.
Except for Zhou Bangyan, few have achieved higher achievements.
Zhou Bangyan was the best poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the most outstanding among the Dasheng poets.
Following Liu Yong and Su Shi, he transformed the lyrics of the Northern Song Dynasty from the aspects of the rhythm, phonology, structure, and artistic techniques of the lyrics, thus establishing a set of lyrics for the creation of Southern Song poets. The creative program - halal style of writing.
Zhou Bangyan was romantic and carefree by nature, and he was lucky enough to meet Shenzong, who valued his personal talents. He stood out early and entered his official career.
The agarwood burns to relieve the heat, the birds call out for the clear sky, and peek into the eaves at dawn.
The first sun shines on the leaves and the rain lasts. The water surface is clear and round, and the wind lifts them one by one.
My hometown is far away, when will I go? I live in Wumen and have been traveling in Chang'an for a long time.
Do you remember each other in May? In a small boat, I dreamed of entering Furongpu.
——"Su Muzhe"
This poem is famous for describing the wind god of lotus, so Wang Guowei said in "Human Words": "This poem can really capture the lotus." "The Divine Principle"
Song Huizong Zhao Ji
Huizong was the eleventh son of Shenzong.
During his 26 years in office, he was politically incompetent, listened to traitors, and launched unprovoked foreign wars; in life, he was dissolute and extravagant, which led to the emptiness of the treasury and the weakness of the country's strength, and ultimately led to the country's demise.
However, on the other hand, Huizong was a very talented poet and artist. He is good at poetry and lyrics, proficient in calligraphy, and created his own "thin gold style"; he is good at painting, flowers and birds, is familiar with music, and is good at playing.
To a certain extent, he is like Li Yu. He is obviously talented, but he has been placed in an inappropriate position.
In the second year of Jingkang (1127), he went north as a prisoner of the Jin people and spent nearly ten years in the desolate frontier as a prisoner of the subjugated king. In the fifth year of Shaoxing, he died in Five Kingdoms City (today's Ningyuan area, Heilongjiang Province), aged 54.
His most representative work is "Yanshan Pavilion: Traveling North to See the Apricot Blossoms", which describes the sorrow of the country's subjugation and the resentment of the prisoners:
Cut the ice silk and lightly stack it several times. Lightly apply rouge and apply evenly.
New makeup, gorgeous and fragrant, shameful to kill Ruizhu palace maid.
It is easy to wither, but how many endless wind and rain?
Sorrow! How many spring evenings have there been in the desolate courtyard?
With so much resentment and separation, these two swallows have never spoken to anyone.
The sky is far away, the earth is far away, thousands of rivers and mountains, where is the Forbidden City?
Why don't you think about it, except in dreams, I sometimes go there.
There is no evidence, and the dream is new to me.
In 1127 AD, the Northern Song Dynasty, which had lasted for 167 years in history, officially came to an end. The iron hooves of the Jin soldiers marched on every inch of the Central Plains, leaving the Southern Song Dynasty with endless miserable winds. Cold rain!
What was left to the poets of the Southern Song Dynasty was the pinnacle of Song poetry, and the overflowing sadness and indignation in the lyrics, which "makes passers-by filled with anger and tears when they come here"!
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