Decline and glory are uncertain, and each other is more * * *.
Shaosheng's Gua Tian is better than Dongling's!
Both hot and cold have metabolism, and that's human nature.
If a person understands his meeting, he will no longer doubt his death.
Suddenly, with wine, I am very happy every day.
Twenty Drinking Poems is an important masterpiece of Tao Yuanming. The old theory was written in the 12th year (4 16) and 3rd year of Jin 'an Emperor Yi, and Wang Yaoding was the 13th year of Yi (see Collection of Tao Yuanming). According to the 19th poem of the original poem, "It's time to celebrate the New Year's Day. It's shameful to aim too high. So I tried my best to divide it and finally died in the field. Ran Ran's star airflow is elegant and luxurious. " "Returning to the field after death" refers to Peng Yu's resignation in the first year of Yuanming (405), and another year (12 years), which happens to be thirteen years. The author is fifty-three years old. In other words, according to the sixteenth song, "Walk without being confused (forty years old is called the year without being confused), and the nineteenth song," Return to the field after death ",it is interpreted that Yuan Ming resigned as a national wine sacrifice at the age of twenty-nine, and will soon be established (thirty years old), adding one year as the year of writing poetry, so he thought that this poem was written by the author Yi Xiyuan in the second year, when he was forty-one or two years old. In fact, the sentence "Zou" refers to recalling the past, not the year when this poem was written. However, after Yuan Ming resigned as a national wine official, he became an official several times, which was also inconsistent with "returning to the field to die". In other words, "it's time to celebrate the New Year" is not the same as "returning to the field to wait for death". When this poem was written, it coincided with the Jin and Song Dynasties, so the predecessors called this group of poems "sentimental poems" (see Tan's "Ancient Poems in Chinese Language" edited by Zhong Xing and Tan in Ming Dynasty), which was full of feelings about the current situation and the author's life experience.
The preface explains the origin of poetry and reveals sadness in broad-minded and excellent writing. "Bi", recently. The Night Than is an Autumn Night. "Gu Ying", look at your back. "Gu Ying alone" in the author's essays means "waving a cup at the lonely shadow". "Words without explanation" refers to words without choice and order, that is, words written casually. According to the sequence of "It's a Long Night" and "You need to ask a few questions to entertain yourself when you are drunk", this group of poems should be written in succession on the same autumn night. When composing, although each song is only based on the feelings at that time, there is no pre-planning, but in the final arrangement, the connection between the front and the back is still taken care of, and the structure of the whole group is still quite cautious. Although there are only nine poems written directly on wine, they are all feelings after drunkenness, so they always take "drinking" as the topic. Drinking is to relieve the depression in the chest, and writing poetry after drinking is to write poetry. Prince Xiao Gang of Liang Zhaoming said: "There are poems that doubt Tao Yuanming, and there is wine in every chapter. I don't think it is wine, but also wine. " (Preface to the Collection of Tao Yuanming) Fang, a poet in A Qing, also said that it was "also a miscellaneous poem, ... taking drinking as the topic, and not reciting drinking. Yong Huai written by Ruan Gong (Ruan Ji), Qinchuan Miscellaneous Poems written by Du Gong (Du Fu) and Autumn Huai written by Han Yu are all the same as this example, that is, the so-called "Jixing" (Zhao Mei Zhan Yan), which is extremely accurate.
"Undetermined decline and glory" is the first poem in the original poem. It's about decline and glory uncertainty, and things don't happen often. You should be philosophical and drink to amuse yourself. This is the general outline of the whole group of poems.
The first two sentences raise a philosophical question. "Decline and Glory" still says that if it rises, it will rise, and if it falls, it will fall. "Rong" originally meant the flower of vegetation, and extended to the meaning of prosperity. "Mutual" refers to the decline and glory of the previous sentence. Everything in the universe, social personnel, all have decline and glory, and decline and glory are closely linked: glory must have decline, and decline must have glory; There is no eternal decline and no eternal glory. In poetry, decline and glory are mentioned together, and the key point is to change from glory to decline. Next is the discussion.
According to Xiao Jiashi's Historical Records, Hou Zhaoping of Qin Dongling died and became a poor civilian. He planted melons in the east of Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and the melons were very beautiful. At that time, people called it "Dongling melon". Shao Sheng in the poem refers to Zhao Ping (Zhao and Shao were originally a surname in ancient times). When Shao Ping worked hard to grow melons in Gua Tian, it was a far cry from his wealth and splendor in the Qin Dynasty, such as Zhu Men Jia Di, Gao Ma, Gao Ma and handmaiden! "Ning", yes or no, can make the tone stronger and strengthen the meaning of exclamation by using backchat to express negation. Shao shengzhi's wealth will not last long, and every grass and tree will not live forever. Shao sheng and Shao sheng's princes will be so similar, and I don't know how many; In other words, the rise and fall of the dynasty, I do not know how many times. When the author wrote this poem, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was already teetering after Sima Daozi's political chaos, Sun En's rebellion and Huan Xuan's usurpation. Soon after the poem was written, Emperor Wu of Song became independent on behalf of Jin. As far as the author is concerned, his great-grandfather Tao Kan once worked as a fu in Jin, and his grandfather and father also worked as a satrap and county magistrate, but by his generation, his family background had declined. Therefore, although these two sentences are written about historical events, they actually contain sighs about the current situation and their own life experiences. However, the author neither regrets the decline of Jinshi nor cherishes the wealth of the previous generation, because not long ago, he voluntarily resigned from Peng, and when the court recruited him as Zuo Lang in the last year, he also resigned. If there is resentment, it is that when the politics was extremely dark and the gate system was extremely strict, it was impossible to realize the desire of "benefiting from life" (The Scholars) and to hope to establish a beautiful society of "collecting silkworms in spring and paying taxes in autumn" (Poems of Peach Blossom Garden).
However, "cold and summer have metabolism, so does human nature", and the ups and downs of social personnel, like the alternation of cold and summer, are unchangeable objective laws. A rational person knows this truth, so he can not be intimidated by this change, nor worry about his own gains and losses, and enjoy drinking every day and feel very comfortable. This is similar to the author's meaning of "going home", "Talking about riding to the end, the fate of love is ridiculous". "Cold and summer heat" is not only a summary of the above, but also a conclusion drawn from the above four sentences, and this conclusion itself is a philosophical metaphor. This metaphor is similar in meaning and function to the previous two sentences (both referring to social and personnel changes), but the former is a direct statement and the latter is a metaphor, with different expressions. Before and after the example of Shao Sheng, a historical figure. Through repeated chanting, the theme is aggravated and deepened, and the appeal of the poem is enhanced. The original meaning of "hui" is gathering, which refers to the above-mentioned truth. "Death" and "oath" are words expressing determination. The meaning of "suddenly" is similar to that of "suddenly" in the preface, that is, casually carrying a pot of wine and having as many drinks as you want. Holding each other's hands is about the joy of drinking, but judging from the above feelings and other contents of this topic, it seems that it is actually for hangover, and it is not really necessary to be on cloud nine all day.
Using accurate metaphors and typical historical figures to reveal and show profound philosophy not only enhances the touching power of the works, but also avoids the dullness of the content. So although this poem is almost all about discussion, it is thought-provoking to read.