Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "Street Tune" or "Village Square Minor". With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou).
Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on. Although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid. It is allowed to intersperse in the fixed frame, add sentences to some qupai, and allow flat strokes in rhyme, which is more flexible than quatrains in regular poems and Song Ci.
Different characteristics of the early and late Yuan Dynasty
First, the early stage was the heyday of Yuan Zaju, and the writers mainly lived in Dadu, Pingyang and Dongping. Representative writers include Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Wang Shifu. There are 80 kinds of Yuan Zaju, all of which are famous tragic masterpieces.
1. Early dramas have strong characteristics of the times, which truly reflect the social reality at that time and create a series of vivid characters who dare to resist.
2. The language is based on the northern dialect and the spoken language of the Central Plains, which absorbs the nutrition of folk singing art and has the characteristics of simplicity, naturalness, vividness and pungent.
3. The combination with the stage is very close, which fully shows the vitality of art, that is, the so-called true colors.
Secondly, the later zaju creation moved to Hangzhou, with Zheng Guangzu, Gong Tianting, Qiao Guang and Qin as writers who moved northward. The southward migration of important writers is one of the reasons for the demise of zaju creation.
1. Later works lack the reality of early creation, and love dramas, literati story dramas and immortal Taoist dramas have developed. At the same time, the pursuit of artistic beauty and the twists and turns of the plot lost the charm of the early stage.
2) After the writer moved to the south, the creation of zaju was divorced from the soil of production and development. With the coexistence and gradual changes of Southern Opera, the form of Zaju inevitably declined.
Extended data
The four masters of Yuan Qu refer to Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu and Ma Zhiyuan. They represent the achievements of different schools in different periods of Yuan Zaju, so they are called "four masters of Yuan Zaju".
The four tragedies of Yuan Zaju are Guan Hanqing's Yuan, Bai Pu's Rain, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty and Ji's Orphan of Zhao. Four major love dramas in Yuan Dynasty: Moon Pavilion by Guan Hanqing, Romance of the West Chamber by Wang Shifu, Climbing the Wall at once by Bai Pu and Ghost Story by Zheng Guangzu. The four southern operas are Jing Ke, Willow, The Story of Worship and Killing, The Story of the White Rabbit, Mingyue Pavilion (not written by Guan Hanqing) and Killing Dogs.
Guan Hanqing's zaju has a wide range of themes and rich contents, which exposes the ugliness and corruption of the dark forces in society, praises the fighting spirit of the people, especially young women, and permeates the brilliant thoughts of democracy and humanitarianism in his profound description of reality. His representative works, Dou E Yuan, Wangjiang Pavilion and Single Knife Club, have been performed for hundreds of years.
Bai Pu's Wu Tongyu is based on Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, which describes the story of Emperor Tang Ming and Yang Guifei. Its language is elegant, luxurious and gorgeous, which is the first of the zaju school.
Autumn in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan is one of the top ten classical tragedies in China, which tells the story of Zhao Jun's departure from the Great Wall. It boldly changed the historical facts, shaped the image of Wang Zhaojun as a patriot who put national interests first, and attacked the fatuity and incompetence of officials and military commanders around the emperor.
Zheng Guangzu's works are mainly plays describing the love life of men and women. He is good at literary talent and elegant language, and is deeply influenced by Wang Shifu.
The arrangement and evaluation of these writers of Yuan Opera vary from person to person and from time to time. In Ghost Record by Zhong Sicheng in Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing was listed as the first zaju writer, while Jia called Guan Hanqing "the head of the pear garden, the editor-in-chief and the head of the zaju troupe". However, in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Quan's Taihe Yin Zhengpu was the first to recommend Ma Zhiyun, considering him as "superior to others" and regarded Guan Hanqing as "a talent who can be promoted or lowered".
Baidu Encyclopedia-Yuanqu
2. Literary common sense of poetry and songs
Poetry is one of the basic literary genres, which originated from religion. There is another form, which comes from labor. The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Ci is a new style word that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, also known as tune, long and short sentences and idle poems. It is a song and poem, the abbreviation of Qu Qu and Yuan Qu, and one of the famous literary genres in the history of China literature. Yuanqu is a combination of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, and people generally think it refers to Yuanqu. In fact, Qu is a generalized opera. The art of traditional Chinese opera occupies a very important position in China literature and even in the whole cultural history of China, and its achievements are no less than poetry, ci and fu. According to the different needs of content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, and each style has its own merits, which can be described as the same strain and self-perfection. Poetry is the earliest literary style produced by any nation. So is China. Since the Book of Songs, the history of poetry development has been thousands of years, and the form of poetry is difficult to describe. Generally speaking, poetry can be divided into classical poetry with little emphasis on meter and modern poetry with emphasis on meter. There are also classical poems, songs of Chu, Yuefu poems (ancient Yuefu, new Yuefu), folk songs, seven-character ancient poems and five-character ancient poems. Directly reflect the reality and express freely. Modern poetry includes five-character or seven-character poems and five-character or seven-character quatrains. Their general characteristics are conciseness, gracefulness, implication, indirect reflection of reality, rigorous meter, great leap from poem to poem, and quatrains emphasize ethereal charm. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ci, a new poetic style, began to appear and developed rapidly, keeping pace with poetry. The middle tune is similar to the seven-character modern poetry in scale, which is divided into two parts, but it pays attention to change, seeing implication in simplicity and seeing the whole in separation; Long tune is also called slow character, because the beat is slow and the length is long when singing. Because of its long length and large capacity (The Preface to Birds is the longest, with 256 words), poets can give full play to their talents, narrate and express their feelings, write scenes calmly, pay attention to the turning point and structural changes, and thus tend to be unified. The songs that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Qu is divided into drama, Sanqu and meat) have different flavors. Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Recognizing this, we have to admire the wisdom of the ancients in creating different styles of poetry. The ancients have long recognized the difference between the three and discussed it many times. However, some of them are too abstract. For example, Wang Guowei believes that "poetry is vast and long-lasting"; Some of them are too intuitive. For example, Wang Shizhen took Yan Shu's words "I can't help falling, I feel familiar with Yan Gui" and Tang Xianzu's lyrics "What a beautiful day, who is happy" as examples to illustrate the difference between words and songs; Some of them are too simple, for example, Li Yu thinks that the word "is not like poetry in the world, but not like music in the world, standing in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, technique and form.
3. Yuan Zaju literature common sense
At least 0.27 yuan/day, you can open Baidu Library members, in Library > Original Publisher: Wang Yixia Yuan Zaju is a drama of the Yuan Dynasty.
Zaju was originally a general term, meaning all kinds of dramas. Zaju began to be used in the late Tang Dynasty. Although Song and Jin Dynasties have the name of zaju, its contents include singing and dancing, funny performances, acrobatics, singing and other skills, but it is still not a pure drama.
In the Yuan Dynasty, it developed into a real Yuan Zaju on the basis of the previous Zaju. He flourished in the late13rd century, forming a spectacle in the history of China literature and art. ..
Zaju in Yuan Dynasty is an art form of comprehensive performance, rap, music and dance. Each book is generally 60% off, generally divided according to the beginning, development, * * and end of the plot.
Sometimes, in order to meet the needs of the plot, a "wedge" is added in addition to the 40% discount, some of which are interspersed in the middle of the script, which is equivalent to the deletion in the drama, and some are placed at the beginning of the drama, which is equivalent to the prelude of the drama. At the end of each drama, there are two, four or eight poems, which sum up the whole drama and are called "getting to the point".
The lyrics of Yuan Zaju account for a large proportion, and the requirements for music are strict, and each fold is composed of several songs with the same palace tune (musical tune). The tone of compromise remains unchanged.
The composition of a drama script includes three parts: singing (singing), dialogue (dialogue) and action (expression). Generally, the whole play is sung by one of the main actors, and the other characters have nothing to sing.
The main character is usually "Zheng Dan" or "Zheng Dan", so the script is divided into "burden book" or "classic book". The roles of Yuan Zaju are generally divided into four categories: the end, the Dan, the clean and the miscellaneous.
Play more middle-aged men at the end. The ending refers to the hero in the play.
Dan, play the role of a woman. Zheng Dan refers to the heroine in the play.
Play a scene with a strong or rough personality, commonly known as the painted face. Miscellaneous, play the role of handyman, etc.
Structure: Generally, Yuan Zaju is a complete story with 60% discount, and some are 50% discount, 60% discount or even more. Folding is the unit of music organization and story development.
4. "Yuan Qu Common Sense" and "Copying Masterpieces" each.
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, with a total of 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (there are 6 other poems by Xiaoya, which are not counted), so it is also called "300 poems" with Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu.
"There are more than 300 ancient poems, which are related to Confucius, but not important ..." (Historical Records of Confucius Family) is said to have been compiled by Confucius. Formerly known as "Poetry", it was regarded as a classic by Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty, but it was called "The Book of Songs", also known as "Poetry 300".
He initiated the excellent tradition of realism in China's ancient poetry creation. The content in The Book of Songs, in terms of its original nature, is the lyrics of songs.
Mozi Meng Gong said, "There are 300 ode poems, 300 string poems, 300 song poems and 300 dance poems", which means that there are more than 300 poems, all of which can be recited, played with musical instruments and sung and danced. "Historical Records Confucius Family" also said: "Three hundred and fifty poems were written by Confucius, in order to combine Shao, Wu, elegance and praise."
Although these statements are still possible to be discussed, there is no doubt that the Book of Songs was closely related to music and dance in ancient times. The Book of Songs is not only the earliest collection of poems, but also an encyclopedia reflecting the society at that time.
It is the source and representative work of China's "realistic" poetry tradition. The six meanings in the Book of Songs refer to style, elegance, praise, content, fu, comparison and xing, and these three refer to techniques, that is, the six meanings in the Book of Songs.
The division of style, elegance and fu is based on the difference of music. The Wind includes 15 articles, most of which are folk songs in the Yellow River valley, and it is called *** 160 articles.
Elegance can be divided into Xiaoya (3 1) and Daya (74), which are court music songs, *** 105. Ode, including Zhou Song (3 1), Truffle (4) and Ode to Shang Dynasty (5), consists of 40 music songs and dance songs used in ancestral halls.
Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature. Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "Street Tune" or "Village Square Minor".
With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on.
Although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid. It is allowed to insert in the fixed frame, add sentences to some qupai, and allow flat brushwork in rhyme, which is more flexible than rhyming quatrains and Song Ci. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).
Yuanqu combines traditional poetry, folk songs and dialects, forming a humorous and free-and-easy artistic style, which has a very important impact on the innovative development of Ci. Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money".
The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever.
Yuanqu can be divided into zaju and Sanqu. Sanqu can be divided into several sets, a poem and a song tape.
In ancient music in China, the mode is called Gongdiao. The Gongdiao of the song originated from Yan Yue in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The four strings of pipa are defined as Gongdiao, Shangshang, Jiaoyu, and each string constitutes seven tones, seven of which are called "Gong" and others are called tones, and * * * has 28 Gongdiao.
However, there are only twelve kinds of Yuan songs commonly used, namely, Lv Xian Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Gong Zheng, Dashi Tune, Xiaoshi Tune, Jiangjunguan Tune, Upward Tune, Upper Corner Tune, Double Tune and Yue Tune. Each gong tune has its own musical style, so there is often a certain habit in choosing the tune.
For example, Wang Jide said in Qu Lv: "If you use Gongdiao, you must talk about the joys and sorrows of things. If you are traveling, use Lv Xian and Double Carving. " Mourning music includes Shang and Yue tunes. It's easy to be emotional. "
Every palace tune has a different tune. The number of sets consists of more than two different tunes in Monday Palace.
Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in modern times, juxtaposes Yuan Qu with "Chu Sao, Han Fu, Parallel Prose of Six Dynasties, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry" and calls it "a generation of literature". The Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) was the heyday of the development of classical poetry in China.
Tang poetry is one of China's outstanding literary heritages and a bright pearl in the world literature treasure house. Although it has been over 1000 years, many poems have been widely circulated by us.
There were many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are of course world-famous great poets. Besides them, there are countless other poets, like the stars all over the sky.
There are more than 2300 famous poets today. More than 48,900 of their works are preserved in the whole Tang poetry.
Tang poetry has a wide range of themes. Some of them reflected the class status and class contradictions of the society at that time and exposed the darkness of feudal society; Some praise the just war and express patriotic thoughts; Some depict the beauty of the motherland's rivers and mountains; In addition, some people express their personal ambitions and experiences, some express their children's love, some tell the friendship of friends, the joys and sorrows of life and so on.
In short, natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs and personal feelings can't escape the poet's keen eyes, making their writing the theme. In terms of creative methods, there are both realism and romanticism, and many great works are examples of the combination of these two creative methods, forming an excellent tradition of China's classical poetry.