(1) Nostalgic poems
Nostalgic poems generally commemorate ancient people and deeds. Poems about chanting history and remembering ancient times often combine historical facts and reality, either lamenting personal experiences or criticizing social reality. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" laments his personal experiences and the contradiction between ideals and reality. He is over fifty years old and has failed to achieve anything. Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le·Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou" expresses dissatisfaction with the imperial court's meager existence and criticizes social reality. There are also some poems that praise history and remember ancient times. They are just calm and rational thinking and evaluation of history, or they are just objective narratives. The poet's own experiences are not included in them, and the poet's emotions are just voice off-screen. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Woyi Lane" expresses the poet's sense of historical vicissitudes by contrasting the past and present.
Appreciation of poetry that chants history and remembers ancient times must first clarify the historical facts and allusions, secondly, understand the intention and emotion, and thirdly, taste the techniques.
1． Formal signs: There are the names of historical sites and ancient people in the title, or "Yong" is added before the historical sites and ancient people, or "Nostalgic", "Yong Huai", etc. are added after the historical sites and ancient people.
2. Content features: ① Express the ambition to build achievements like the ancients, and express the nostalgia for the ancients; ② Express the emotion of the past and present, implying dissatisfaction and even criticism of reality, and often use the past to satirize the present; ③ When worrying about the country, expose the The rulers are ignorant and corrupt, and sympathize with the sufferings of the lower class people, but they are determined by the future and destiny of the country and the nation. ④ Lament that the years are passing away and the ambition is hard to achieve.
(2) Poems about things
1. Characteristics of poems about objects:
The content takes a certain object as the object of description, and grasps some of its characteristics to describe it deliberately. In thought, it is often based on things to express one's ambitions. From things to people, from reality to virtuality, the spiritual character is written. Commonly used expression techniques such as metaphor, symbolism, personification, and contrast. ① Take the object image as the title; ② chant (title, gift, praise) + object image
2. Content features:
Ode to objects to express one's ambitions, and use the objects chanted to express one's ambitions Or quality; or express one's thinking about life and evaluation of personnel.
3. Analysis perspective:
The similarities between objects and people (the point of union between objects and me). When appreciating, we should focus on grasping the objects written in ① and what characteristics they have. ②What aspirations do you place on yourself?
(3) Landscape poems
Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasty pioneered landscape poetry, and Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty pioneered pastoral poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a landscape pastoral poetry school, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Landscape and pastoral poetry is famous for describing natural scenery, rural scenery and comfortable and tranquil seclusion life. The poetic environment is meaningful and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, and the language is clear and concise. This type of poetry often expresses emotions through scenery and expresses feelings in the scenery. The writing method is often white description and foil.
1. Content scope: general scenery poems and landscape pastoral poems;
2. Characteristics of writing style: borrowing scenery to express emotions and blending feelings into the scenery; 3. Analysis focus: scenery characteristics;
4. Landscape pastoral poems should have the following themes: ①Return to the countryside and love the mountains and rivers; ②Describe the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers and love the motherland; ③Reject the darkness of officialdom, express a leisurely mood, and express one's noble character that is never conformable.
(4) War Poems
Since the pre-Qin Dynasty, there have been poems with the theme of frontier fortresses and wars. They developed into the Tang Dynasty. Due to frequent wars, the rulers emphasized martial arts and neglected literature, and scholars It was much easier for people to gain fame by asking for meritorious service than to enter through the imperial examination. Coupled with the positive and enterprising atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the strange and magnificent frontier fortress poetry developed greatly, forming a new poetry genre. , whose representatives are Gao Shi, Cen Shen and Wang Changling.
1． Formal signs: the words "Sai", "Zheng", "Army", etc. appear in the title; there are also old Yuefu titles, such as "Liangzhou Ci", "Youth Journey", "Guanshan Moon", "Junxing" etc.;
2. Basic themes: the desire to establish achievements; the determination to defend the country; the pain of losing mountains and rivers; the nostalgia of living in the border for a long time; the hardship of life outside the Great Wall and the brutality of successive battles; the resentment of being unable to serve the country and the sadness of having no hope of returning home.
3． Key points of analysis: Appreciating frontier fortress poetry must combine the author's life thoughts and the specific time when the poem was created, appreciate what the poet wrote in the poem, what type of emotions he expressed, and pay attention to the scenery with the characteristics of the frontier fortress and the events with the characteristics of war. ,psychology.
(5) Travel poems and poems about friendship
The ancients may have been away from home for a long time, or wandered for a long time, or guarded the border for a long time, which will always arouse a strong feeling of homesickness and nostalgia. , so there are many poems of this type. They may write about thoughts about traveling, or about missing relatives and friends, or about being in exile and homesickness, or about cherishing someone in the boudoir. In writing, I may be moved by the scenery, or be moved by the time (looking at the moon during the Mid-Autumn Festival, climbing the mountain on the Double Ninth Festival, feeling sad for the spring and autumn, thinking about returning home at dusk), or conveying feelings through objects (moon, wild geese, flutes, willows), or expressing feelings through dreams, or A wonderful metaphor to express feelings. Appreciating this kind of poetry requires determining the emotional category on the basis of overall perception; grasping the image and constructing the picture; grasping the key words and appreciating the artistic characteristics.
Travel poems: mainly express the hardships, loneliness and longing for hometown and relatives of travelers. Poems about boudoir: First, they express women's longing for their husbands who are away at war, expressing their disgust for war or encouraging their husbands to make contributions; second, they express their longing for their husbands who are away from home, expressing women's tenderness, sadness, and sorrow; It expresses the resentment of the women in the palace against the situation where their freedom is restricted and being ignored by others, and expresses their yearning for freedom and a happy life.
(6) Farewell Poems
In ancient times, due to the inconvenience of transportation and extremely underdeveloped communication, relatives and friends often could not see each other for several years, so the ancients paid special attention to farewell. On the occasion of parting, people often bid farewell with wine, break willows to see each other off, and sometimes recite poems to say goodbye. Therefore, the emotion of parting has become an eternal theme for ancient literati. Because everyone's circumstances are different, the specific content and ideological tendencies of farewell poems often vary. Some directly express the feelings of parting, some use it to express the resentment in the chest or express one's aspirations, some focus on writing about separation and sorrow, some focus on exhortation, encouragement, comfort, and some are both.