Han Yu
This article was written by Han Yu when he was a doctor between Yuan and 1978. Under the guise of giving lectures to students and encouraging them to make progress in their studies and morality, students ask questions, and then they explain them, so they named it "academic explanation" to express their complaints about their lack of talent and career. Through the students' mouth, they vividly highlight their efforts and achievements in learning, defending Confucianism and Taoism, writing articles, etc., and effectively set off the injustice they encountered; The tit-for-tat explanation is calm on the surface, but between the lines, it is full of lingering feelings and reflects the criticism of society. According to this article, "industry is good at diligence, but pleasure is poor;" Words such as "what you do in thinking is destroyed in following" condense the crystallization of the author's knowledge and Xiu De's experience; From Immersion? This passage from Yu to Yizuo vividly shows his eclectic attitude towards the literary characteristics of his predecessors. As an essayist, Han Yu also attached great importance to Yang Xiong's Ci and Fu. The writing of this article draws lessons from Yang Xiong's Borrowing from the DPRK and Solving Problems, which are rich in words and sonorous in syllables, and are allowed to belong to Fu style. However, the momentum is bold and unrestrained, and the language is fluent, which has got rid of the shortcomings of Han Fu and Parallel Prose, which are difficult and inflexible, and piled up words. Lin Shu's so-called "light and dense alternation, patchwork and good prose" should be said to be Han Yu's prose fu, which is the predecessor of Du Mu's Afanggong Fu and Su Shi's Chibi Fu. There are many creative sentences in this article, which are used as idioms by later generations.
Mr Guo Zi entered Imperial College London in the morning and invited all the students to set up a library. He said [1]: "industry is good at diligence, but poor at interest;" What I did was thought, but it was destroyed. The sages meet today, and the fixture is completed [2]. Pull out evil spirits and worship good [3]. The ratio of small good people is recorded, and those who are famous for their technology are useless [4]. Climb, scrape and polish [5]. Guy was lucky enough to be elected. Which cloud is more popular? Not all students are proficient, and there is no ignorance of the department; If you can't succeed in doing things, you won't suffer injustice [6]. "
Before speaking, someone laughed at the column and said, "Sir, you are lying to me! Disciple, I have been here for many years. Mr. Wang never stops talking about the six arts, and his hand is constantly covered with the compilation of "A hundred schools of thought contend" [7]. The chronicler must mention his essentials, and the editor must hook his mystery [8]. There are too many things and too few donations. Burn ointment, keep poor [9]. A gentleman's business can be described as diligence. Reject heresy and repel the Buddha [10]. Make up for mistakes and make a fool of yourself [1 1]. Looking for infinite threads [12], I looked everywhere. The obstacle ran all the way to the east, and the tide turned back. Mr. Wang is a great help to Confucianism. Immersion? As an article, there are many books [13], including chickpea. Yao, Si, muddy boundless; Zhou Chen, Yin "Pan", twisted; Spring and Autumn Annals is rigorous, while Left is grandiose. " Yi "is strange and law, and" poetry "is rigid and beautiful; Catch "Zhuang" and "Sao", recorded by Taishi; Ziyun, Xiangru, Gonggong [14]. Mr. Yu Wen can be said to be in it and in it. Learn less and be brave; Long-term communication in the square is suitable for both sides. As a man, Mr Wang Can can be said to be successful. But the public does not take people, and the private does not help friends [15]. It is easy to blame the postscript [16]. Temporarily fled to Nanyi [17]. Doctor for three years, too many can't be cured [18]. Life and death, when to lose [19]. Warm in winter and cool in summer, young and strong, and my wife is hungry. It's no good to die if your head is bad and your teeth are bad. I don't know about this. Is the teacher [20]? "
The master said, "Hey, before Zi came [2 1]! Big wood is a shovel, fine wood is a shovel, and shovel, short, shovel, shovel and wedge are all suitable, and craftsmen's work is also [22]. Jade Zagreb, Cinnabar, Red Arrow, Qingzhi, Uncle Niu, Mabo, and the skin of defeated drums are all collected, and those who don't use them are good doctors [23]. Choose the public and be clear, be skillful and refined, be outstanding, be short and long, but the instrument is positive, and the prime minister is also [24]. In the past, Monk was argumentative and had a clear passage. He was old enough to walk [25]. Xun Qing is upright, and the great theory is great. He fled to the state of Chu and abandoned Lanling [26]. Are two Confucian scholars, spitting words as classics, raising enough for the law, never obeying ethics, and entering the sanctuary, and their encounter with the world is also [27]? Although Mr. Jin is diligent in learning, he is beyond control. Although he has many words, he doesn't want to use them. Although his writing is strange and useless, his practice is not seen by the public [28]. Still spend a lot of money every month, very anxious; Children don't know how to plow, and women don't know how to weave; Riding with the disciples, sitting on the mountain [29]. Take the usual way to promote and spy on Chen Shui-bian [30]. However, if the Lord does not punish, I will not see it. Isn't this his luck? If you move, you will slander, and the name will follow. It is appropriate to throw idle powder. If a man's husband commits the crime of accepting bribes in business and money, that means he respects the capital of his own class and forgets his own quantity, which refers to the defects of his predecessors. The so-called craftsman's fault, don't treat it as embarrassment, but the doctor should learn from Yang and try to enter his life [3438+0].
—— Selected from "Collected Works of Mr. Changli" published by Dongyatang School.
Mr. Guo Zi walked into imperial academy in the morning, told the students to stand under the dormitory and taught them: "Diligence in reading is wasted because of diligence, and play because of leisure;" Virtue is achieved by thinking and destroyed by conformity. At present, when saints meet saints, the legal system is sound. Get rid of all evils and be promoted to be handsome and good. Those with small advantages have been accepted, and those with skills have been appointed. Collect talents, screen, educate, cultivate, scrape off dirt, polish and shine. Probably only those lucky enough to be selected, who said that they are versatile and not honorable? You students are afraid that you can't learn, and don't be afraid that the officials in charge of the department can't see clearly; I am afraid that virtue can't be achieved, and don't be afraid of being unfair. "
Before the words were finished, someone in the queue laughed: "Sir, are you lying to us? We students have been serving your husband for several years. Mr. Wang kept reading the Six Classics in his mouth, and kept turning over the books of a hundred schools of thought in his hand. We must extract its main points from the chronicle and explore its profound intentions from the compilation of speeches. I am not satisfied with my studies in many aspects, and I have gained something from my efforts. I will never give up on major issues. I light candles day and night, often work so hard and have no rest all year round. Mr. Wang studies hard. Resist and refute heresy, reject Buddhism and Taoism, make up for the blank of Confucianism, and carry forward profound and subtle truth. Looking for the lost tradition of the ancient sage's way, looking for a long way to go. Prevent and block flowing rivers and guide them into the sea; Save the raging waves, although they have been dumped and submerged. Sir, you have made a contribution to Confucianism. Immersed in rich and mellow books, I savored and chewed the brilliance of the elite and wrote articles. The book is full of homes. The upward scale takes the laws and regulations of the Xia Dynasty, which is far-reaching; How difficult it is to read the letters patent of Zhou Dynasty and Pan Geng of Yin Dynasty; The language of Spring and Autumn Annals is concise and accurate, while that of Zuo Zhuan is extravagant and flashy. The Book of Changes is wonderful and regular, and the Book of Songs is correct in thought and colorful in rhetoric. Down to Zhuangzi, Li Sao and A Record of Taishigong; Yang Xiong's and Sima Xiangru's creations are equally ingenious and have different tunes. Mr. Wang's article can be said to be grand and magnificent. Mr. Wang began to learn when he was a teenager, and he was aggressive. When I grow up, I understand the truth and deal with all kinds of things. Mr. Wang's life can be said to be remarkable. However, people can't be trusted in public and can't get help from their friends in private. Both forward and backward will encounter difficulties. If you move, you will be in trouble and will be convicted. As soon as he became an empire, he was exiled to a remote area in the south. I have been a doctor for three years, but my post is idle and I can't show my achievements. Your destiny is to deal with the enemy and the enemy, and suffer failure from time to time. In the warm days of winter, your child cried and cried cold because of lack of clothes; Your wife is still crying about hunger for lack of food. Your own head is bald and your teeth are gone. What good is it to die like this? I don't know what to think about this, but teach others how to do it? "
Mr. Guo Zi said, "Oh, come to the front! You should know that the roof beams, Joinery Work rafters, bucket rafters, short rafters, door mortars, door bolts, pins and doorposts are all built according to their own conditions, which is the skill of craftsmen. Precious Sanguisorba, Cinnabar, Gastrodia elata, Ganoderma lucidum, cow urine, Morchella, and rotten drum skins are all put away and stored, and there is nothing left when needed. This is the wisdom of doctors. Promote talents, be fair and wise, and select talents with a fair attitude. Smart people and simple people have to be introduced. Some people are humble and beautiful, while others are bold and outstanding. Contrast each other's shortcomings, measure each other's strengths, and assign suitable positions according to each other's talents and personality. This is the method of prime minister! In the past, Monk was argumentative, and Confucius' method was clear. He traveled all over the world and finally grew old while running. Xun Kuang stuck to the right path and carried forward his grand theory. He fled slanderers, fled to Chu, lost his official position, and died in Lanling. These two great scholars became classics as soon as they spoke, and became laws as soon as they acted. They were far superior to others and excellent enough to enter the realm of saints, but what happened to them in the world? Now, although your husband studies hard, he can't easily follow the rules. Although his remarks are numerous, they are not in line with the main idea. Although his article is surprisingly written, it is not conducive to practical use. Although his behavior is cultured, it is not outstanding from the performance of ordinary people. He still wastes the national salary every month and consumes the grain in the warehouse every year. The son doesn't know how to farm, and the wife doesn't know how to weave; Go out by car and horse, the servant follows, and sit quietly for dinner. The bureau rushed to play cards according to the routine, squinting and stealing old books and words, copying the east and attacking the west. However, isn't it lucky that the wise monarch has not been punished or expelled by the prime minister? If you do something, you will be slandered and your reputation will be affected. It really fits in the idle position. As for discussing the existence of property, I am concerned about the level of hierarchy, forgetting how talented I am, how much weight is commensurate with what, and criticizing the shortcomings of the governor's boss. This is equivalent to asking craftsmen why they don't use small wooden stakes as pillars, criticizing doctors for prolonging life with calamus, but introducing his polyporus! (Gu Yisheng)
To annotate ...
[1] Mr Guo Zi: Han Yu claimed to be a doctor in Guo Zi at that time. During the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy was the highest institution of learning in Kyoto. There are seven schools, including Guo Zi School and Imperial College London, and each school has a doctor as a professor. Guo Zi School is for the children of senior officials. C: This refers to imperial academy. Imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty was equivalent to imperial academy in the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, the title of official position often followed the old title of the previous generation. [2] Fixtures: tools of governance, mainly referring to laws and regulations. Historical Records Biography of Corrupt Officials: "People who make laws have tools for governance." Bi: All of them. Zhang: It is to establish. [3]: Tong Jun. [4] ratio: all. Yong: Go ahead. [5] Crawl: crawl, comb and tidy. Jué decision: choose. [6] There are departments: departments with special responsibilities and their officials. [7] Six Arts: refers to the Six Classics, namely, The Book of Songs, Li, Yue, Yijing and Chunqiu. Hundred schools of thought compilation: refers to school works other than Confucian classics. History of Arts and Literature in Han Dynasty lists Confucian classics as six arts, and records the works of various schools in Zhuzi from pre-Qin to early Han Dynasty: "hundred schools of thought, there are 4,324 articles." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundred schools of thought rose and wrote books, so it was called "a hundred schools of thought contend". [8] Compile: Compile. The term "fabricator" refers to a collection of speeches and theoretical works. [9] Ointment: Grease refers to lamps and candles. √ (gu ǐ track): Sun shadow. H: often. Wu (W CuO) Wu: Thanks for your hard work. Poverty: the end and the end. [10] heresy: Confucianism calls doctrines and schools other than Confucianism heresy. "The Analects of Confucius for Politics": "If you attack heresy, you will be harmed." Zhu Note: "Heresy is not a sage's way, let alone an end, such as Yang and Mo." Jiao Xun added: "The pagans are different from each other, each at one end." Busy (r m 4 ng soil): exclude. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, refers to Taoism here. ‐ 1 1÷jūju: The grass on the sole is used as a verb here to indicate filling. Xia: Cracks. Huang: Big. Deep: deep. Smelly: tiny. [12] Xu: The cause left by predecessors here refers to orthodoxy. Han Yu's "The Original Way" holds that the Confucian way spread from Yao and Shun to Confucius and Mencius, and was later lost. He claimed to have inherited this tradition. [13] English and Chinese: both mean flowers, and here refers to the essence of the article. [14] Yao: Heir: According to legend, Yu Shun's surname is Yao and Heir. Zhou patents: Shangshu includes patent of Da, patent of Kang, patent of wine, patent of Zhao and patent of Luo. Patent is an ancient declaration of warning and encouragement. Pan Geng in Panshang Patent and Shangshu is divided into three parts. Buckling: Buckling. Bite your teeth: hard to describe. Spring and Autumn Annals: A historical book of Lu, which records the historical events from the year of Lu Yinnian (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). According to legend, it was abridged by Confucius, and the narrative was concise and accurate, often with a word of praise or criticism. Zuozhuan: refers to Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as Zuozhuan for short. According to legend, Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu, is a book that explains the Spring and Autumn Annals in detail. Yijing: Yijing is an ancient divination book, which is said to have been written by Zhou people. Calculate the laws of nature and personnel through the changes of gossip. Poetry: The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which preserves 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Spring and Autumn Period. Catch: and, to. Zhuang: Zhuangzi is the work of Zhuang Zhou, a thinker in the Warring States Period. Sao: Li Sao. Long poems by Qu Yuan, a great poet in the Warring States Period. Taishigong: It refers to Sima Qian in Han Dynasty, who once served as Taishiling, also known as Taishigong, and wrote history books. Ziyun: Yang Xiong, a writer in Han Dynasty, was named Ziyun. Xiang Ru: Sima Xiangru, a poet in the Han Dynasty. [15] Helping others by believing: being trusted and being helped. "See" means passive before the verb. [16] Postscript (Baba): Step on. Rudder (Zhi Zhi): Travel. Language "Book of Songs, Wind, Postscript of the Wolf": "The Postscript of the Wolf is its Hu and its tail." The wolf stepped on the meat (Hu) hanging under his chin when he walked forward, and tripped over his tail when he retreated. Advance and retreat are hard to describe. Mo: Often. [17] Run away: Run away and be demoted. Nanyi: Four doctors in the 19th year of Hanyu Zhenyuan (803). The following year, he was transferred to the censor. In winter, he wrote a letter about the disadvantages of the palace market, which angered Dezong and was demoted to Lianzhou Yangshan Order. Yangshan is in Guangdong today, so it is called Nanyi. [18] Three-year doctor: Han Yu was a doctor from June to April in Xian Zongyuan and the first year (806). Say "three years" as "three acts" Han Yu wrote this article for his third doctorate (Yuanhe February 7-March 8). Redundancy (rǒng Rong): Idle. See: preach "now" Show, show [19]: From time to time, not necessarily when, but at any time. [20] Yes: auxiliary words, expressing doubts and rhetorical questions. [2 1] Xu: interjection. [22] Dike (máng is busy): roof beam: rafters (jué jue): rafters. Bó lú Bolu: Dougong, the square timber supporting the pillar at the top of the pillar. Jurassic Confucianism: short columns on beams. Xie (Wei): The door is rotating. Niè nie: Short wood standing in the center of the door, at the intersection of two doors. Yi (diàn shop): Bolt and the like. Xiè chips: long wooden columns on both sides of the door. [23] Jade residue: Sanguisorba officinalis. Cinnabar: Cinnabar. Red arrow: Gastrodia elata. Orchid: Orchid. The above four kinds are precious medicinal materials. Oxtail: cow urine, once said to be plantain. Mabo: Flattery fungus. The above two kinds and "Defeated Drum Skin" are cheap medicinal materials. [24] Yu Yu Yan: beauty. Zhuolu: Outstanding, outstanding. School (jiao comparison): comparison. [25] argumentative: "Mencius under Teng Wengong" contains: Mencius is famous for his argumentative, he said: argumentative is difficult to argue! I have to do this. It means: I must argue because I defend the sacred road. Zhe: Wheel prints. [26]: Xun Kuang, a master of Confucianism at the end of the Warring States Period, respected as Qing. He once made a drink offering in Qi State, and was later slandered and fled to Chu State. Chun Shen Jun of Chu appointed him as the satrap of Lanling (now Zaozhuang, Shandong). After the death of Chun Shen Jun, he was also abolished, died in Lanling and wrote Xunzi. [27] Separation and transcendence: both mean transcendence. Karen and Lei: Both of them mean "Lei", which means ordinary people. [28] Yao: Pass on "You". [29] luxury: waste, consumption. Lin: The granary. [30] Heel (swollen zhǒng): Heel, which means following here. Push: a stiff and cramped look. Peep: to look through a small hole, gap, or hidden place. Chen Shui-bian: Old books. [3 1] Financial bribery: property, here refers to wages. Class capital: rank, qualification. Death: preach "nothing". à (bēi humble): Pass "humble", humble. Senior: refers to people who are at the forefront of their posts. Xixia: spots on jade. Defect (cρ female): disease. Defects are metaphors of human shortcomings. As mentioned above, "unfair" and "unknown". Spoon: a small stake. Ying Ying: Pillars. Zi (zǐ purple): Defamation and criticism. Changyang: Changpu. In the name of medicinal materials, it is said that people can live long after taking them for a long time. Φ (xρ xi) Ling: also known as Polyporus, diuretic. Don't be overqualified, don't care about the amount and level of treatment, and don't blame the officials in charge for any problems.