Confucian literary view is represented by Confucius, so it is necessary for us to express Confucius' literary view. What is the core of Confucius' thought? Ren? All other theories and doctrines are ultimately for this purpose. Some people describe this process as a reason? A gift? Become? Righteousness comes later? Ren? . This is manifested in literature that it is still useful, that is, it is practical to serve its orthodoxy. In this regard, Confucius once said when talking about the Book of Songs? Poetry can be appreciated, observed, grouped and resented. ? (The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo) This emphasizes the practical function of poetry. ? The concept of pragmatism is used by Liu Ruoyu to express the characteristics of Confucian literary theory in China's literary theory. New Yuefu? Bai Juyi, the advocate of the movement, actually belongs to this school. Is it based on the concept that literature is a means to achieve political, social, moral or educational goals? . We will look at the Confucian pragmatic literary theory from the representative of Bai Juyi's poetic theory, Nine Books with the Same Yuan.
First, poverty is immune to it and asks it to help the world? The ideological basis of Bai Juyi's poetics
? If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are rich, you will help the world? This sentence comes from Mencius? Wholeheartedly, through the promotion of personal morality, it can finally be achieved? Help the world? The highest goal. This is the ideal of every Confucian intellectual and the ideological basis of Bai Juyi's action.
The ancients said:? If you are poor, you will be immune, and if you are rich, you will help the world. ? Although the servant is greedy, he often learns this language. ? Therefore, with the goal of paying equal attention to economic benefits and social benefits, servants do their best to serve the Tao from beginning to end and invent poetry with words. Calling it a satirical poem is also aimed at helping others; It's called leisure poetry, which is not bad. Therefore, you can know the way of servants by reading their poems. ("Nine Books of Imperial Garden")
Bai Juyi was born in poverty, but? Study hard? ,? So that your mouth hurts and your elbows ache? As a lower-class intellectual, he has a deep understanding of the sufferings of the people, and because he has? Dushan? And then what? Concurrent? His ideal personality prompted him to think from the standpoint of the lower class, and he was eager to improve the poverty of the people. Therefore, in his poetry creation, this personality ideal is undoubtedly throughout.
Second, make up for the current political situation and vent human feelings? The function of poetry
The prose is still good, and the three talents have their own texts: the text of heaven is the first of the three lights; The text of the earth is the first of the five materials; Congwen is the first of the six classics. As far as the Six Classics are concerned, this poem is the first one. who is it? Sages touch people's hearts and the world is at peace. Touching people, don't care about feelings first, then don't care about words, then don't care about sounds, and then don't care about righteousness. Poet: root feeling, Miao language, Hua Sheng, true meaning. From sages to fools, from dolphins and fish to ghosts and gods, people are divided into groups and have the same spirit, but they feel the same in different shapes, but they feel the same without saying anything.
The sage knows what it is, and because of its words, it has six meanings; Because of its sound and latitude. Sound has rhyme and meaning has classes. The rhyming association is smooth, and the words are smooth and easy to enter; For example, you will see it. When you see it, you will find it easy to make friends. As a result, the pregnancy is big and deep, the penetration is small and dense, and the ups and downs are harmonious. Huang San, the Five Emperors, went straight ahead, so he bowed to the ground and made sense, revealing that it was a big handle and must have thought it was a big treasure.
So what? The Fuhrer knows his thighs, okay? Song, you know Yu Daochang. When you hear Woods Rowling's song, you know that Xia Zheng is in short supply. If the speaker is innocent, he will be warned and he will do his best.
The Zhou Dynasty mourned Qin Xing and abolished poets. In this world, poetry is not used to make up for current events, nor is it used to guide people's feelings in the world. Even the wind of flattery, save the lost. I began to cut it when I was in Liuyi.
These paragraphs show the essence of poetry: root sense, Miao language, Hua Sheng and true meaning. Poetry is a whole that integrates emotion, language, phonology and meaning, and its source is inner emotion. With the help of language and phonology, express this emotion? This is righteousness. Therefore, poetry is the external expression of inner feelings. Bai Juyi's point of view is actually reflected in the Confucianism of the previous generation, right? Poetry expresses ambition? And then what? Beautiful thorns? Inheritance and continuation of tradition.
"History? Yao Dian Yun:? The emperor said, "Kui, ask the girls to play music and teach the children. Straight and warm, wide and chestnut, just but not abusive, simple but not proud. Poetry expresses ambition, song always speaks, voice always follows, law and harmony. Eight-tone harmony, no phase, harmony between man and nature. ? This passage contains two meanings. One is Zhu Ziqing's poetics of past dynasties in China? The platform of the mountain? what's up Poetry expresses ambition? . That is, poetry expresses the author's inner thoughts and feelings. Related to this is the educational function of poetry. Because poetry is an expression of ambition, then? Poetry expressing ambition is bound to have the power to influence people emotionally and regulate people morally. ? Or only emotion can affect emotion, so poetry creation will have political and social effects.
There are also many expressions in The Book of Songs to express the function of poetry:? There are jujube branches in front of your passage, and a group of night owls live on the branches. You traitor's bad conscience, listen to our folk songs to warn you! Singing and singing, you don't listen to this, until you think of our advice! ? ("Martin? Tomb door ")? My father recited it to investigate the death of the king, which was his heart and raised all the people. ? ("Xiaoya? Festival Nanshan ")? Stop tyranny and plunder, not subvert our country. Your majesty loves jade, so he discourages it loudly. ? ("elegance? People's labor ")? People are not violent, thieves are bandits. You can't be cool, but you can cover your back well Although they were given by bandits, they were all songs. ? ("elegance? Sang Rou "No matter what the purpose of these poems is, right? Recite? Okay, right? News? Okay, or? Song? Ok, but they all have one thing in common: they are all related to life, either groundless or closely related to real social life. Its basic assumption is that poetry should care about the political situation. ?
But the more direct source of Bai Juyi's poetry is the Preface to Mao Poetry, in which the viewpoints and theories in the Preface to Mao Poetry are quoted many times.
A poet, where there is ambition, has ambition in his heart and speaks like a poem. Emotion moves in the middle and is shaped by words. Sigh if you don't talk enough. If they are not enough, they will sing forever. If they are not enough, they will dance with their hands and feet.
Love comes from sound, and sound is written into sound. The vocal music that governs the world, its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry. The former king learned from the husband and wife, became filial, virtuous, beautiful and civilized, and changed customs.
It is an interactive process to make up for the current situation and vent human feelings. Through poetry collectors, these poems expressing inner feelings are conveyed to the upper level. Then the monarch and his subjects personally looked at it and considered how to repair it if the government was abolished, and make up for it if it was insufficient. ,? The vocal music that governs the world, its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation mourns and thinks about it, but its people are sleepy? This is to make up for the current politics; Finally realized? Worried people enjoy it, and working people avoid it? Up and down, inside and outside Xu Yue? (The sixty-ninth chapter of Celine) The harmonious situation is a kind of catharsis. Is that what Bai Juyi said? Harmony from top to bottom, sadness and joy. ?
Based on poetry? Make up for the situation and vent your feelings? The role advocated by Bai Juyi? Articles combine the times, and poems combine things. ? In the actual poetry creation, he did the same. ? Servant? Besides playing, there are some difficult words that can relieve people's pain and make up for the lack of time. You need to sing and want to smell them bit by bit. ?
Three or six meanings? The foundation of poetry and Tao
Bai Juyi inherited the Book of Songs? Six meanings are wind, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and glory, and whether there are six meanings is the standard to judge the quality of poetry. Talk about what? The words of He Liang? ,? Song of Zepan? When I think about it, although there is. Xing? 、? Than? , but already? The lack of six meanings? ; What are the ci poems in Jin and Song Dynasties? Six meanings immersed in micro? ; As for Liang and Chen? Yu Xia scattered into yee, Chengjiang quiet as practice? Such a poem is considered to be? Beautiful is beautiful, I don't know what it means. Because? Six meanings are gone? . When distinguishing the advantages and disadvantages of Li Bai and Du Fu's poems, he thinks that Du Fu's poems are better than Li Bai's, because Li Bai's poems are different. It's amazing, but people can't catch it? , but? It is elegant and there is nothing in it. ? So-called? Liu Yi? It doesn't mean the writing style or genre in The Book of Songs. What kind is it mainly? Beautiful thorns? Spirit. He said in Celine Sixty-eight? Those who were literate in ancient times were all taught by the new king, which was the national style; There is a ring next to it, which is ironic. Therefore, the treatment of punishing evil and persuading good depends on the praise and criticism of the scribes; What is the relationship between the beauty of poets and thorns? Through this? Beautiful thorns? , is that okay? New king religion? 、? Rescue ring? . He especially appreciates Du Fu? Zhumen stinks of wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones? Such a poem, because such a poem is? Too late? 、? For what? And there is profound irony in it.
Since? Liu Yi? (quality? Content is the basis of poetry, so what about the text in poetry creation? What is the position of (form)? There is Yuan in all nine books, isn't there? Words? The point is not obvious, or not at all. Even hold a negative attitude towards formalism. For Xie Mao? Yu Xia scattered into yee, Chengjiang quiet as practice? And Bao Zhao? Leave flowers first, not leaves first? What does he think? Beautiful is beautiful, I don't know what it means. . In "Celine Sixty-eight", he? Or quality? The proposition is more obvious:? Weeds are born in the valley, and those who harm the valley are also; Beautiful words are born in literature, but those who hurt it are also born in literature. So farmers grow weeds, weeds, so they raise food; Wang deleted obscene words and cut beautiful algae, so he cited the article. Your Majesty Fu Wei wrote a letter to the minister of literature, aiming at raising literary talent and combining words with sarcasm. Although the quality is wild, it will still be adopted and rewarded; If there is false beauty in the tablet, it is forbidden. If this is the case, then the writer must be honest and restrained, sincere and hypocritical, and there are small defects, so it is clear? . He said in the preface to new Yuefu:? Its rhetoric has quality and path, and it is easy for people who want to see it to distinguish; His words are straightforward, and those who want to hear them are deeply warned; Its business is nuclear and true, so people who use it can send messages; Its body is smooth and can be played in music and songs. In short, do it for the monarch, minister, people, things and things, not for the text. ? These views are complete? Words with words? The typical Confucian view is that form should serve the content and literature should be avoided.
Since Bai Juyi advocates quality over writing, does that mean that the form of poetry can be ignored? Obviously not. Because Confucius' view of literature is generally both literary and qualitative, he once said? Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality. , to do? Gentle? Is the perfect standard. Literature should naturally be consistent with Confucianism and Taoism, but at the same time, it should also be paid attention to in an appropriate form? Tao? Service. Therefore, the literary view of Confucianism (mainly Confucius) is a combination of practical application and advocating literature, and it is the forerunner of the integration of literature and Taoism in later generations.
I think in Bai Juyi's poetic concept, Liu Yi? There is no doubt that it is in the center, and everything else must be subordinate to this center. There are allegories in the poem, reaching directly to the monarch and ministers, in order to make up for the current politics and vent human feelings. But Bai Juyi finally realized it? Touching people, don't care about feelings first, then don't care about words, then don't care about sounds, and then don't care about righteousness. Poet: root feeling, Miao language, Hua Sheng, true meaning. ? Righteousness is the main thing, but it is not the only thing. There are more? Words? , is it? Sound? . Because of its words, based on six meanings; Because of its sound and latitude. ? The rhyming association is smooth, and the words are smooth and easy to enter; For example, you will see it. When you see it, you will find it easy to make friends. ? Only the combination of pronunciation and sound (rhyme) can play a positive role in the expression of emotion. Form is a tool, but it must be suitable for the purpose (meaning). You can't use joys and sorrows to express happy things, nor can you use obscene words to express solemn occasions.
Jiu Shu Tong Yuan fully demonstrates Bai Juyi's traditional Confucian literary theory. It is under the guidance and influence of this theory that Bai Juyi created a large number of allegorical poems as his own works, no matter from the perspective of literary teleology, the relationship between content and form, or from Bai Juyi's own thoughts. If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are rich, you will help the world? The concrete practice of thought.