(1) content.
1, subject
Su Shi was the first writer to make a large-scale change in the content and theme of ci, and created a number of new ci chapters, paving the way for the rapid development of ci. Su Shi expanded the function of Ci to reflect social life. He not only wrote traditional themes such as love, parting and wandering, but also expressed his ambition to serve the country, rural life and exile life with words, which expanded the realm of words. Therefore, Liu Xizai said: "Dongpo's poems are like Lao Du's poems, which cannot be entered because of carelessness." ("Yi Jian Ci Jian") [2] Later generations often use "Poetry as Ci" to summarize the characteristics of Su Shi, focusing mainly on the similarity between the subject matter and poetry. He created heroes with strong brushstrokes to express his lofty desire to contribute to the country. For example, in Jiangchengzi, "Old people talk about teenagers", Su Shi is more committed to expressing his personality. Ding Feng's "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest" embodies his attitude towards life that he is not afraid of ups and downs. He writes poems with great momentum, vigorous brushwork and frustrated style. Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of the content of Ci, which finally broke through the traditional pattern of Ci as a colorful subject and improved the literary status of Ci. Su Shi's ci poetry shows the vehemence and broadmindedness.
Xin Qiji inherited Su Shi's ci style, and at the same time led his ci to a broader and more stirring reality than Su Shi. His poems are inspiring and impassioned, some express his ambition to restore the Central Plains, some pour out his grief and indignation, some praise the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland, and some write about the seclusion of rural life, but loving the motherland is the keynote of his life creation; Enrich the content of words. The unique artistic achievement of Xin Ci lies in the creation of a magnificent and broad artistic conception. Xin Qiji gave full play to the lyrical, figurative, narrative, argumentative and other functions of Ci, creatively integrated the expressive techniques and language skills of poetry, literature, classics, Ci, Fu and other styles, made a deeper exploration and vigorous development of bold Ci, and raised Ci to a new height. Xin Qiji was a bold and unconstrained leader in the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji's bold and unconstrained ci style reveals richer connotations and details. His creation has given us many things that other poets have not.
For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, the first word is realism. By writing about the scenery, on the one hand, the poet's lofty aspirations are entrusted, and at the same time, a heroic atmosphere is created for the protagonist's appearance. "A river's water never returns, the waves are exhausted, and it is a romantic figure through the ages." From the first three sentences, I wrote about the mighty Yangtze River. The waves rolled eastward, rolling up many heroes. It's like they rolled eastward and never came back. The author climbs high and looks far, pointing out that the river is mighty, singing high into the clouds and feeling endless ups and downs. At the beginning of the work, the great river and ancient heroes were written together, and the depressed mood and heroism were integrated, so that the whole word was shrouded in a layer of hero's agitation and depressed resentment. It's sad that the hero is gone; The Yangtze River is choppy, which is an exciting sight. The combination of Jiangshan characters is more vigorous and desolate in style. "Jiangshan is picturesque, and there are many heroes at one time." These two sentences connect the preceding with the following, echoing the beginning and evoking the next movie. The last film was rewritten; The next movie rewrites the characters closely with the word "hero". "When I think of Gong Jin, Xiao Qiao is married for the first time, and the heroic spirit is compelling." Use this sentence to highlight Zhou Yu's youth and handsomeness, so that the image of this heroic young general can be vividly displayed on the paper, showing Zhou Yu's heroism. "Life is like a dream, there is still one month." In the last sentence, the poet suddenly realized in heaven and earth. Since life is like a dream, why not be free and easy and return to calm and broad-minded; Show an open-minded attitude.
The first two sentences of Xin Qiji's "Shui Long Yin Deng Jian Kang Yue Ting" are broad and powerful, which sets the tone for the whole poem. As Mr. Tang Guizhang said, "The first sentence is mighty, covering the whole article, including the emptiness of mountains and rivers. The author of this poem expresses that no one understands his ambition to resist gold, that he can't bear a good life, and that he wastes his time in the turmoil of the national situation. At the same time, he criticized those who blindly "seek the land and ask the family" and are indifferent to state affairs. It not only wrote the homesickness of the family in trouble, but also expressed the hatred of foreign invasion and the anger of the Southern Song Dynasty's unwillingness to serve the country. Write sad and generous, and hate my chest. Chen commented: "After reading three sentences about it, I wrote that the situation at that time was particularly unbearable and full of hatred. When he was spit on paper, Zhong Xuanzhi was not so generous. "
These two poems are representative works of his bold and unconstrained ci style, with the theme of visiting the ancient times. The former's magnificent scenery and nostalgia for the past have created a broad-minded and detached artistic style. It transcends historical time and space, is broad-minded, cherishes the past and the present, is a great achievement in respecting the heroes of the previous generation, and has a clear and open tone; The latter expresses the poet's lonely and angry mood in the sunset scenery, and the sadness of the hero's useless place overflows in his chest. Homesickness is to express the lofty sentiments of depression and indignation in the chest.
2. Internal writing style
Both Su Shi and Xin Qiji have great political ambitions, and they have been persecuted and hit by reality. Su Shi opposed the new law and encountered Wutai poetry case. He wandered all his life, deserted in his later years and went through hardships. Xin Qiji used to be a soldier, but in the end he was thrown into an idle position and could not shoulder the heavy responsibility. This kind of grief and indignation, which is hard to meet with talent and ambition, is fully revealed in their words. However, Su Ci's description of inner pain and indignation is hidden. All kinds of melancholy emotions in Su Ci are always excluded and dissolved in the poet's detached and philosophical mentality, and finally show magnanimous, chic and optimistic feelings. "There should be no hate. The length of time is round, people have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of rain and shine. This matter is difficult to achieve. " (Shui Diao), from which we can see the poet's healthy and cheerful thoughts and feelings. Through imagination and questioning, the author shows the wonders of the Moon Palace in Mid-Autumn Festival, and then leads from the natural change of scenery to the change of personnel flow, which reflects the author's cheerful and broad ideological realm with the clarity and vastness of natural realm. The language is soft and unconventional, which is the most artistic conception and the most widely spread among Mid-Autumn Ci.
Sympathy is not the case, and its pain and indignation are beyond words; The outpouring of grief and sorrow is always so tragic, so deep, so strong, so desolate! Reading Xin poetry has its own passionate passion, tragic generosity, and even tears. The protagonist's ending is infinitely lonely and his anger at reality is beyond words. That kind of loneliness and resentment cannot be ruled out! "Eldest brother that comparable to say. Just like today, Long Yuan stinks, and Meng Gong has something to do with it. After all, China has been on and off several times. ("He Xinlang") full of resentment, tragic and generous. " I will leave Wanli soon, and when I see Zhaoyang, the palace is lonely, and I can't say whether I hate it or not ("He Xin Lang Fu Pipa"), and I am full of tears and emotions.
In the final analysis, the bitterness in Su Shi's ci is only the expression of Su Shi's personal talent, and coupled with Su Shi's innate cheerful and open-minded personality, Su Shi's ci will naturally have a broad-minded and elegant style. However, the sadness in Xin Ci is far from Xin Qiji's personal grief. Xin Qiji served the country all his life, but he was idle, and his patriotic passion was nowhere to be sent. His worries and indignation are based on personal gains and losses, and are consistent with the national disaster at that time, so he has a melancholy, heroic and tragic style. Xin Ci is immortal because he described it with keen eyes and profound brushstrokes. The complexity and diversity of society at that time made his ci have broad social reality. In this sense, the content carried by Xin Ci is far heavier and deeper than Su Ci!
(2) form.
In language, Su Shi changed the style of "Huajian Ci", absorbed more words of poetry and ci, and used both historical biography and spoken language, which was not limited by the case rate, and formed a coherent and smooth style. Unlike the vulgarity of Liu Ci, not as rich as Huajian Ci, but good at comeliness. Su Shi's ci is natural and fluent, and it is fresh and natural to read. Su Shi's thought is bold and unrestrained, and he is full of passion for life. These are well reflected in the fresh and fluent language, giving people a fresh and simple feeling. For example, the author of the five songs "Huanxisha" is in such a harvest environment that the sun is warm, mulberries are splashed and the wind is like smoke, and his heart is full of infinite joy. This set of words is lively in style, full of business and endless happiness. The author sketched a picture of rural farming and textile. He wrote the natural scenery such as birds, moss, insects, fish, vegetation, and the gestures of men, women and children in his writing, which was nuanced and expressive, making people feel that they had experienced that situation. Another example is "Water Melody" (when is the bright moon), which shows us a beautiful and romantic picture of drinking and enjoying the moon. The color is strong and the picture is dynamic and appropriate. There are also the life scenes of the authors Zhu Hu, Blue Sky, Orange Moon, Qionglou Yuyu and Yuegong. There is also a breeze blowing, and the moonlight "turns", "low" and "shines"; There are dynamic scenes of "drinking", "asking questions" and "dancing in the shadow", which have more vivid language expression and realistic portrayal of inner thoughts. The whole poem is sincere and harmonious in emotion, vigorous and heroic in rhythm, rigorous in structure, skillful in diction, fluent and natural in language and harmonious and changeable in melody, which shows the author's superb language skills and romantic and bold style of ci, and expresses the author's great ambition to serve the country, firm belief in the country and life, and selfless dedication of not being greedy for power and authority, facing up to reality, being down-to-earth and broad-minded.
One of the characteristics of Xin Ci in language skills is its loose form, coherent semantic flow, long sentences and extensive use of prose sentences. For example, in Hidden Dragon, "The sunset is on the roof, and in the sound of a broken rainbow, you are wandering in the south of the Yangtze River. After reading Wu Gou, no one will meet him, he will come to the scene. " This is a long sentence in the word, but it is striking and powerful, and it is by no means just putting an article in the form of words. Another outstanding feature of Xin Ci is the extensive use of allusions, which are widely quoted from words, sentences and historical allusions in classics, history books, sub-books and previous poems, and are integrated into or embedded in their own ci. For example, there are five allusions in the word "Yongyu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia", which is used to entrust the poet's summary of the painful experience of returning to the South for 43 years, which is the outstanding performance of his brilliant talent, both civil and military skills and resourcefulness. At the same time, it also greatly improves the function of language and the refinement and implication of words. Xin Qiji not only broke the boundaries of poetry, but also reached the realm of the confluence of poetry and prose. Moreover, rhyme is never limited, not carved, and expressed at will, forming a kind of prose poem.
(3) Style
The same bold style shows the obvious difference between Su Ci and Xin Ci. Su Shi's ups and downs in politics led to his repeated relegation. His fear, loneliness and depression at that time were predictable, but he could understand life thoroughly and treat life optimistically, which made his ci have a broad-minded detachment and showed his self-indulgence, unrestrained and elegant broad-minded feelings. Can feel the poet's broad mind. Xin Qiji's poems are unrestrained and impassioned because of long-term suppression of national hatred and national hatred, and sad because of the contradiction between political ideal and social reality and the rejection of capitulationists, which determines that his poems are not and cannot be as free and easy as Su Shi's.
Su Shi's poems are no longer limited to hurting spring, parting and lovesickness, but express personal political ideals, attitude towards life and inner anguish with a detached and broad-minded optimism. In his poems, the author shows a mixed, cheerful and optimistic, reclusive and broad-minded attitude towards life. For example, "Dingfengbo" "Don't listen to the sound of leaves beating in the Woods, why not sing and walk slowly?" Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the bleak land, rain or shine. "This word was written during the period of demoting Huangzhou. Three years in exile, the goodwill of officers and colleagues, and the respect and love of rural villagers can also soothe his lonely and injured heart. Dongpo's heart gradually woke up from the despair that had just been relegated, and his mentality became relaxed and quiet. The word "Dingfengbo" just embodies this point. The whole word is closely related to the theme of "Go home, no rain, no sunshine". The sound of rain "beating leaves through the forest" means that the wind is rushing and the rain is sudden, and "How can I be ashamed" means the poet's calmness, reflecting that the poet's posture is so calm and chic, complacent, singing and shouting, and strutting. " Bamboo pole shoes show the lightness and simplicity of his clothes, and more importantly, his mood of walking in the rain. He thinks bamboo shoes are lighter than riding a horse, which shows that he is not afraid of wind and rain. "Miserable Life" further describes his magnanimity and stubbornness, and links the storms in nature with those on the road of life. It has effectively strengthened the author's detached feelings of facing the ups and downs of life, not afraid of ups and downs, and going forward. The above sentences show a broad-minded and detached mind, and contain a unique feeling of life. Reading them makes people refreshed and relaxed. The next sentence, "The hills are oblique but meet each other", is about the scene after the rain clears. These words not only correspond to the wind and rain written in the last film, but also pave the way for the following life feelings. The last sentence, "There is no rain or shine", with the finishing touch of life philosophy, tells the epiphany and enlightenment that the poet gained in the subtle moment of nature: the rain or shine of nature is ordinary, and there is no difference. What is the political situation, honor and disgrace in social life? It shows his quiet mind and broad-minded mind.
Dingfengbo uses the artistic structural methods of dominance and invisibility, truth and virtuality, light and darkness, which is ostensibly the writer's attitude towards the storm, but actually reflects the writer's calmness and broadmindedness in the political storm. This word fully embodies the author's broad-mindedness and super-broad-mindedness. He can remain optimistic in adversity, get rid of depression and show his broad-mindedness and detachment.
Xin Qiji lived in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Jin Bing invaded, and the court bowed. When the country breaks down, great rivers and mountains cease to exist. Poets bear more hatred of national subjugation. They want to shed their blood on the battlefield to resist the enemy, eager to restore the lofty aspirations of the motherland, but they are demoted to seclusion. Therefore, the unique style of magnificent desolation, magnificent depression has been formed in Xin Ci. Such as "Broken Array", "When you are drunk, you will see the sword, and when you dream, you will blow the horn. Give the roast beef to the men and the band will play northern songs. This is a military parade on the battlefield in autumn. Luffy, who was made of a horse, ran very fast. His bow was like a thunderbolt, but he forgot what happened in the king's world and won a reputation before and after his death. Poor white hair! " The first sentence is a portrayal of the poet's real life. The poet believed in the revival plan all his life, but he did nothing. Thinking of the dire straits of the people in my hometown, how can this not worry the author, so I have to drown my sorrows in wine and not get drunk? Even though I was drunk, I still remembered the great cause of recovering the Central Plains, so I took out my sword and studied it carefully. "Drunk" points out that in drunkenness, "watching the sword" on the one hand shows that the identity of the character is night, and outlines the way the author looks at the sword carefully, thus writing a strong desire to kill the enemy. You can imagine watching the sword drunk, remembering it at night, and how to rush to restore the great cause during the day. This sentence is extremely concise, with every word "drunk" and "picky", which describes drunkenness vividly and, more importantly, conveys the poet's unrequited love well. "Lu of the horse flies like a bolt from the blue." It shows the spectacular scene of rebel soldiers fighting high spirits and bravely killing the enemy, and completes the high-spirited expression of "ending the king's world". "What's going on in the world" refers to the great cause of recovering the Central Plains and unifying the whole country. "fame before one's death" refers to the honor of making contributions to the country and the nation and going down in history forever. This place is full of patriotism. The images depicted in the ci are brave and fearless, and the ideas expressed are passionate. The last sentence changed the feelings of the whole word dramatically. It is a kind of helplessness and emotion, which shows the great contradiction between ideal and reality. This turning point turned the dreams and ideals written above into fantasies and all failed. At this point, the whole word has changed from "majestic" to "grief and indignation", which echoes the beginning of "watching the sword while drunk", both of which describe real life and feelings.
The tone of the whole poem is majestic and high, and the ending sentence is sad and low, which is in sharp contrast, effectively showing the poet's pain of being complacent and unable to stretch. This word embodies his grief and indignation in serving his country and dying in battle, just like a solemn and stirring and generous song. The poet's dream is grand, his talent is displayed, and he tries his best to render the majestic military camp and fierce battle scenes, which is fast and thrilling. However, the emotions expressed are a cavity of grief and indignation that is difficult to be repaid.
Because Su Shi is a literati, living in peacetime, Xin Qiji is a hero, born in troubled times, so Xin Duo is tragic and Su Duo is fresh and broad-minded.