The development of poetry has gone through the development process of The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu Poetry → Jian 'an Poetry → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Tang Poetry → Song Poetry → Song Yuan Poetry → Ming and Qing Poetry → Modern Poetry.
In ancient times, information technology was underdeveloped, and it was very inconvenient for people to transmit information from one area to another, so they compiled written poems into songs, and poems came from people's mouths. Poetry originated from ancient social life, which is a rhythmic and emotional language form due to labor production, sex and primitive religion. "Shangshu Yu Shu" records: "Poetry expresses ambition, song expresses Tao, sound is eternal, law and harmony." "Book of Rites and Music" records: "Poetry expresses ambition; Song, chanting its voice; Dance, move its capacity; The three are based on the heart, and then the instrument follows it. " In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poetry is the lyrics, which are always sung with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music and dance developed independently and became independent adults. Poems and songs are collectively called poems.
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style, which comes from ancient labor songs (later developed into folk songs) and sacrificial eulogy. Poetry used to be a general term for poetry and songs, and poetry combined with music and dance was called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. European poetry originated from Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece, Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.
From the metrical point of view, the poetic style after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, has certain meter. Classical poetry, also called archaic style, is written according to the practice of ancient poetry, and its form is relatively free, and it is not bound by metrical rules.
Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters. Five-character rhythmic poems are referred to as five laws for short, and are limited to eight sentences and forty words; Seven-character metrical poems are abbreviated as seven laws, and are limited to eight sentences and fifty-six words. More than eight sentences are called long method, which is also called exclusive method. The long method is generally a five-character poem. Only four sentences are called quatrains; Five lines * * 20 words, seven lines * * 28 words. There are two kinds of quatrains: absolute and ancient. The law should be restricted by Pingqimi, and the ancient law should not be restricted by Pingqimi. The ancient absolutely is generally limited to the five absolutely.
Ancient poetry:
1. According to the rhythm, poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm.
(1) Classical poetry: including ancient poetry (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Poems with the theme of ancient poems, such as songs, lines, quotations, songs and songs, are also ancient poems. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
① Chuci: a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period, characterized by the use of dialect and phonology of Chuci, with strong Chu color. There are seventeen volumes of Chu Ci edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works take Li Sao as his masterpiece, so later generations also call it "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style".
(2) Yuefu: Yuefu is a music management institution established by the imperial court since the Qin Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was expanded on a large scale, and a large number of poems were collected from the people. Later generations collectively called Han Yuefu. Later, Yuefu became a poetic genre. (1976, a button clock with the words "Yuefu" written in gold was unearthed in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. In 2000, a seal of "Yuefu Seal" was unearthed in Anqin site, which further affirmed this historical fact that did not begin in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. )
(2) Modern poetry: Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called modern poetry, which is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are two kinds, and there are strict rules on the number of words, sentences, level tones and rhymes.
(1) a "quatrains", each sentence four sentences, referred to as five words, referred to as seven words.
(2) One kind is called "metrical poem", each poem has eight sentences, five characters are abbreviated as five laws, seven characters are abbreviated as seven laws, and more than eight sentences are called excluded laws (or long laws).
The rhythm is very strict. There are definite sentences (except arrangement), definite characters in sentences, definite rhymes (definite rhymes), definite tones (definite tones of each word in the poem) and definite couplets (the two rhymes in the middle must be aligned). For example, verse poems originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each poem has four quadruples and eight sentences, and each sentence must have the same number of words, which can be four rhymes or five rhymes. The two couplets in the middle must face each other. Two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be put or not. If the arrangement is extended to more than ten sentences on the basis of fixed rhythm, it is called arrangement. In addition to the antithesis of the first and last couplets, there are also antitheses, which are called "model pairs". For another example, quatrains are just antithetical sentences of two or four sentences, also known as quatrains, broken sentences and broken sentences, which have certain requirements for parallelism, rhyme and duality. From top to bottom, it is divided into first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet.
(3) Ci: also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi Ci, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. The number of words can be divided into long tune (above 9 1 word), middle tune (59-90 words) and minor tune (below 58 words). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A word is called a paragraph, the first paragraph is called money, business and fashion, and the second paragraph is called Hou, Xia and Xia.
(4) Qu: also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
1953 used the name "Modern Poetry Society" for the first time-it was established when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The significance of modern poetry;
1. The form is free.
2. The connotation is open.
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
Comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": poets are all formed by feeling things and are the reflection of their hearts. "Classical Poetry" expresses tenderness, tenderness, sadness and no resentment with the poetic view of "thinking innocently", emphasizing "between solvable and unsolvable". "Modern poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, and communicates "between the sensible and the intangible" with straightforward situational statements.
I hope it helps you.