Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on singing landscape pastoral in natural scenery. Landscape pastoral poetry formed a poetic monument in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. As for the counterexamples of more landscape poems than pastoral poems, it is not very prominent. Ancient excellent pastoral poetry is an artistic representation of the natural beauty of mountains and waters, so it has strong artistic appeal and gives people beautiful enjoyment. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that "all scenery words are sentimental words", that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated with the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express feelings, or the scene is blended. The main representatives of landscape pastoral poetry are Xie Lingyun, Tao Yuanming, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli. Li Bai, Du Fu, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi also have a large number of excellent works describing landscapes.
Appreciating pastoral poetry should pay attention to mastering it from the following angles.
① Grasp the characteristics and implications of the image.
This is what we often say to grasp the poetic image. For example, in Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, I see guests off on the Xunyang River. At night, maple leaves and mature rushes rustle in autumn. The three images of "maple leaf", "flower" and "autumn" do not highlight the scenery and seasons, but render the environmental atmosphere and the sad mood of the poet when he leaves through the unique attributes of these three images. The images of ancient poetry often combine complexity and simplicity, and combine everything into one, which induces imagination with highly concentrated artistic images and produces peculiar aesthetic effects.
② Appreciate the artistic conception of poetic blending.
Scenery and lyricism is a major feature of China's classical poems, especially his pastoral poems. Once the natural scenery is absorbed by the poet, it will inevitably bring the poet's emotional color and play a role in expressing the specific feelings of poetry. "An old friend resigned from the Yellow Crane Tower, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. Lonely sails overlook the blue sky, but I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. " It is a good poem to melt feelings into the scenery and contain feelings in the scenery. Fireworks contain sorrow, lonely sails carry regrets, and clear water takes away the poet's endless thoughts. The poet's feeling of parting permeates every painting.
(3) Understand the feelings expressed by poets in landscape writing.
Generally speaking, it is easy to grasp the feelings between the lines when writing landscape poems, but some landscape poems that are purely landscape poems on the surface are not so easy to understand. This requires us to have a certain understanding of the author's life experience and background at that time, that is, to know people and discuss the world, so as to accurately understand the feelings expressed by the poet's scenery writing. This involves a question of emotional sustenance. When analyzing poetry, we should carefully judge the depth of emotional sustenance and avoid arbitrarily exaggerating the ideological connotation of the work.
④ Analyze the writing skills and language features of poetry.
There are many ways to write landscapes in pastoral poems. When appreciating pastoral poems, we should mainly pay attention to the common methods and skills of writing landscapes.
A, pay attention to the author's position of observing the scene and the angle of describing the scene, such as the change of height, leaning and warping.
B, master and analyze the author's methods of describing scenery, such as drawing, sound, color, etc. "Rocks are flying in the air, and the waves hit the shore, rolling up thousands of piles of snow."
C, understand and explain the skills of describing scenery, such as the combination of reality and reality ("Xiao sees the red and wet place, and spends a lot of money to close the city"), dynamic and static contrast ("A hundred birds are surprised when the moon rises, and the spring flows", contrast between light and dark ("The wild trails are all black, and the rivers and boats are bright"), and see the big from the small ("The window of Xiling contains snow, and the boat is moored at the gate of Wan Li). In the use of language, we should not only learn to appreciate the magnificent scenes described by poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Wei's "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river setting the yen", but also be good at understanding the poet's meticulous observation, capture and description, such as Du Fu's "Fish in the drizzle, Swallows slanting in the breeze" and Lu You's "Small building listening to spring rain all night, apricot flowers selling in the open alley".
Frontier poems
In the Tang Dynasty, a group of poets were very good at describing frontier life, and formed the so-called "frontier poetry school", which was later called "frontier poets". Later, the poems reflecting the life of the frontier fortress campaign gradually became a grand view, and frontier fortress poems became a wonderful flower in the poetry country of Tang Dynasty. Of course, the frontier poems we refer to here have a wider scope, and all poems expressing military life belong to this category.
Appreciating frontier poems, we should pay attention to mastering them from the following angles.
① Understand the background of poetry creation, that is, grasp the characteristics of the times.
Frontier poems are the product of the times, which can best reflect the rise and fall of national luck. Therefore, if we can understand the author's era, it will certainly be of great help to understand the content of the work and the author's feelings. Poetry critics often praise "the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty", and frontier poems are a basic aspect of the content of "the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty". "Who knows that if you don't suffer in the side court, you will smell the fragrance of Xia when you die" (Wang Wei), "If you are drunk and don't laugh in the battlefield, you will fight many battles since ancient times" (William Wang), "Yellow sand wears golden armor and never returns it if you don't break Loulan" (Wang Changling) ... Brave and indomitable, even if it is a hard war, it is magnificent; Even if it is far away, it is lively and lively; Even if it is a heroic sacrifice, it will die without regret. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the national situation began to decline. Although the poets still maintain a high-spirited tone, they are inevitably mixed with some tragicomedy and sadness: "300,000 people are recruited in Zhai, when I look back at the bright moon later" (Li Yi), "I am poor on the river, but I am still a girl who dreams of spring" (Chen Tao).
By the Song Dynasty, the country was already at a disadvantage in the national struggle, with constant foreign aggression and national disaster. The feelings revealed in frontier fortress poems are more reflected in the resentment of serving the country (Lu You's "Self-denial in the Frontier, Failure in the Mirror"); It is more reflected in the hopeless grief of going home (Fan Zhongyan's "Ran Yan is not at home, and the tube is full of frost"). Although there is still a patriotic enthusiasm, compared with the frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it is inevitably more desolate and melancholy. In different times, the themes and themes of frontier fortress poems are basically similar, with little difference in style, but they all clearly show their different characteristics of the times.
② Deliberating the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works.
The rise of frontier poems is closely related to the expansion of the poet's life scope. From frontier fortress poems, we can see that the poet's vision is broadened, the realm of poetry is expanded, and the content of poetry is more colorful. Have the desire to make contributions: "Better be a centurion than a scholar" (Yang Jiong); There is a passion for serving the country: "I swear to be famous for serving the country, and I am ashamed to say it" (Zhang said).
Many poets have lived in military camps outside the Great Wall for many years, such as Gao Shi, Cen Can and Li Yi. The content of their frontier poems involves almost every aspect of frontier life: it is about the homesickness of soldiers going to war and the hatred of their wives at home; It shows the hardships of life beyond the Great Wall and the cruelty of years of fighting. There is a reflection of the emperor's arrogance and dissatisfaction, and there is also a resentment against the general's greed; There is a saying that people who have lived in the frontier for a long time miss their relatives in their hometown; I am surprised at the different scenery from the Central Plains. ...
When reading these poems, we should be able to distinguish the subtle differences in the ideological content of each poem. Taking Cen Can's frontier poems as an example, it is characterized by the heroic spirit of being generous to serve the country and the optimistic spirit of not being afraid of hardship, which describes the richness and variety of frontier life more. He also wrote some frontier homesick poems, such as "On Meeting the Messenger of the Capital", which was read by later generations: "My hometown has a long way to go east, but I don't want to cry. I will meet you immediately, without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. " Although things are small, they are affectionate. At the same time, we should also recognize the contradictions in frontier fortress poems: the contradiction between generous obedience and long-term homesickness; The contradiction between patriotic passion and hard life; Hate the contradiction between mediocrity and professionalism and so on.
③ Experience different artistic styles.
The artistic styles embodied in a large number of frontier poems are also quite different, and some are bold and broad-minded, such as the aforementioned "drunken lying on the sand, you don't laugh, and you have fought several times since ancient times"; Some are magnificent, such as Wang Wei's "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen"; Some are heroic and sad, such as Du Fu's "The Flag of Sunset, A?vagho?a's Rustling Wind"; Some are euphemistic, such as Li Bai's "Oh, when the Tatar army was conquered, and my husband returned from a long battle!" " Only by carefully understanding the words and sentences of poetry can we accurately understand the different artistic styles of different poets in frontier fortress poems because of different times, different contents, different artistic attainments and different life experiences.