I am a madman in Chu,
He sang a crazy song to refute Confucius.
-Li Bai
A pair of dragon candles have been burned to the point where only two polished rods are left.
But borrowed residual fat from thick tears,
Catch the dying embers,
Breathing feebly at the end of the night.
The cups and plates were in a mess, and the jar fell asleep.
The drunken guests scattered like crows into the nest;
Only Li Qinglian was the most drunk, and as drunk as mud.
The skeleton of the whole body is like a tenon. )
Still lying in the chair at the bottom of the garden,
Muttering in my mouth, I don't know what to say.
I can't hear the sound, and my lips are still licking;
Bob's eyes were wrapped in thick red silk screen,
(He is like a little drunk himself)
Staring at the cowardly candle for a long time;
Like a hungry lion, he saw a little beast.
Silence, two helplessly looking at him;
Then gently and slowly lift your front foot,
Then, in lightning speed, I suddenly jumped forward-
Like this, the candlestick diagonally on the table,
Everyone was dragged down by this drunkard.
"Hum! It's you, you son of a bitch. "
He gritted his teeth and breathed,
"Prevent my moon from showing up!
Moon! You should come out now!
Ha ha! I've cleared the way for you,
Aoyue, why don't you come out?
Are you looking down on me? Ah, not bad!
You are a fairy in the Palace of Guanghan in the sky,
What about me? But nuwa, who teased the loess,
Scatter into Liuhe to get a dust!
Ah! Don't! Who doesn't know that I am the essence of Taibai?
There is no Chang Geng in my mother's dream?
Moon, we come from the same family.
I said we are familiar with each other! "
When talking, he didn't pay attention to the black treetops.
Gradually, a thin layer of light baked through the sky,
Several leaden clouds were baked yellow layer by layer,
Suddenly, an amber plate floated gently.
The higher he floats,
Shrinking smaller and smaller; The color faded until
Later, it became as white and bright as silver-
So the whole world was bathed in the crystal lamp of Iraq.
The flower shadow of the cluster is also obvious,
Sneaking under people's feet, I can't hide-
Like a little lion, the dog wakes up and shakes its ears.
He moved to his master and fell asleep lazily.
The poet's own shadow, horribly slender,
I dragged myself to the railing five paces away and sat up.
Silver light passes through the cracks in the leaves,
The face of an animal gnawing at a ring is as stupid as a shrinking fungus.
I also laughed my mouth out, but I couldn't make a sound.
All the utensils on the table are subject to complex reflections.
Shining light is like armor in the sun.
In the meantime, all his feelings disappeared,
Alcohol forced breathing almost stopped;
My eyes just looked at the jade plate hanging in the blue sky.
Look at him, look at him again and again, never tire of it.
"ah! Beautiful! " He sighed: "The beauty of Qing Dynasty! Yanmei!
Does the universe exist for you? Are you here for the universe?
Oh, dear! Why is it always within reach?
Moon, moon! Shouldn't I love you?
Do we always part like this?
Moon, you always follow me shamelessly;
When I'm crazy about you, I'll knock you down,
But I can't climb you. Alas! So cruel and so kind!
Moon! How can you be as cruel as the Emperor of Heaven!
I want white sunshine, my sincere heart,
Fierce and angry thunder came at me again;
I have been to the throne several times before the Wild Goose Peak.
My forehead is cracked and my voice is broken, but I still can't open it.
My love! My lover is holding a pheasant fan beside the emperor!
You may ask the emperor, which heavenly law did I violate?
Knocked me down and didn't return my calls?
Oh, my god Oh, my god My sins will never be redeemed?
Oh, my god Will I be imprisoned in this painful cave forever? "
Round and big tears rolled to the swollen chest,
It is as heavy and brilliant as mercury;
Like a bright moon just broken by a dark cloud.
Splash fragments, dazzling fragments.
"The emperor! Since you gave them to me, I don't want them! " He also said,
"They, like seductive foxes, are unpredictable jackals!
I have no intention of writing my poem. Who wants to curse?
They little people are always trying to find fault,
Said it was a mockery of Iraq. Ha ha! This is really a joke!
Who is he? Is he a general?
General, you don't have to take off my boots.
Alas! But why should I write such a good poem?
Isn't this self-inflicted? ……
There? Where am I worth talking about poetry? Not worthy, not worthy;
Xie Xuanhui is a great poet through the ages! ——
It sings,' Yu Xia is scattered into Qi, and Chengjiang is as clean as practice'.
General Xie, this poem is really good, really good! ——
But where is it as rough as me? "
Then, he straightened his chest and let out a long sigh.
Only your own shadow nodded, no other sympathy?
This sigh sounds like the birdsong of Sha Ting on the plain.
The call should not be answered, but drowned alone,
Finally, I was helpless and swallowed up by the silence with an open mouth.
"Ah, who can explain this beauty?
I remember that spring, I visited the floating river bottom in the east.
Flags on both sides of the strait lead Long Feihu around Bishan,-
It was a waste of time. ...
Hmm? Talking about him again? No! No!
Yelang is full of wine and full moon. Did I complain?
But I don't remember that night, I was caught on the boat!
Looking forward to joking and learning from Zhonglian Anshi,
Settle some disputes for them and clean up Chen Hu.
Ha ha! Who knew he was ambitious?
Oh, I'm sold! But half of it is my own fault? "
In this way, he gradually stirred up his dusty heart,
After all, I need another drink to put out the fire of sadness.
Who knows Tian Chan's sadness is like a fire cow below:
Hot oil shower: crazy fans are burning, and the more they run, the more they burn.
After all, who burned flesh and blood and sacrificed his life,
The lightsaber silk turned into a five-color dragon script:
Like this, Li Bai's burning heart burns his lungs,
This also severely burned the bottom wheel of his illusion,
I dug out the "Li Zao Chun Pa" full of teeth.
So he said, "Moon! If it weren't for you and him, "
Pointing at the hip flask, "If it weren't for your love,
Don't I have to suffer a hundred times more in this life?
Ah! Lovely wine. Nature gave it to the darling of Iraq-
The poet's basic salary! Ah, the magic bow and arrow!
Open the key at the bottom of Gong Qiong Palace! Qiong Palace opened:
There is a history of Quanming, Lingling's strange words and Hua Xian.
There are also Qiong Yao's porch and golden pavilion;
The spirit wind blowing the flag pushes the cloud car,
Full of fairy moths in beautiful clothes and exquisite colors,
Give people a thrilling paradise.
Ah! This is a beautiful Penglai world.
Gently locked by a layer of silver dreams!
Ah! Moon! The moon is out of reach!
When I saw you lost in thought,
I just think you are very beautiful,
Has melted my whole body into a ball of water,
And then you take all the power of the tide,
Suck me up and float to those people with rhinestones.
Jasper's meadow; Then my shoulders suddenly opened.
A pair of wings, bigger Zhang Yue, wandering in the air,
Like a Dapeng octupole floating on the water.
Oh, moon, I dare not look at you now!
Your too strong light stung my heart. ……
Suddenly, a scent stirred my nostrils.
I ate a cold shiver and opened my eyes. ...
Oh, dear! What a beautiful face!
Ugly world! Have you ever had such a copy there?
Ah! This arrangement is so harmonious and correct,
In fact, the music is the same as that of Husband and Wife and Ming Di!
Oh, how can I trust my naked eyes?
I don't believe there is such beauty in the universe!
Ah, I'm bold, I'm not ashamed,
How dare you show up in front of Iraq! Ah! Stupid, stupid! ——
At this time, I only feel dizzy and my heart is bleeding;
I feel like a rotten stone,
Dumped at the bottom of the upper boundary by the sweeper,
Throw it into an infinitely dark space,
Fall, fall, never land, never end!
At the beginning of the month, she was still peeping at the bottom of the pool.
Like a bathed beauty hanging her hair on the glass window;
Today, I have moved out and came to Chixi.
Whispering late at night, I don't know what news is broken,
Chibo's face was wrinkled and provoked an easy and quiet smile.
The drunken poet suddenly stood up again,
Staggering towards the pool, watching the crystal water waves.
When he saw the moon, he was surprised to think:
Why is there another Iraq here? Strange! Strange!
Is it true that I have been in love twice in two months?
Did Yi slip when she sent me down just now?
Did you drop it in this pool? -So he wants to know. ...
Just under his feet, a lively stream poured into the pool.
Stuffed a little strong calamus in his throat,
I giggled and swallowed, like vomiting and I couldn't breathe.
He was taken aback, and I burst into tears:
"oh! Love! Drowned, I dare not make a sound! "
He turned over and jumped into the pool, so he gave Iraq a hug.
Yi disappeared, and he cried more panic.
But I don't know. I can't make any noise!
He struggled to jump up and looked up again.
I saw the round moon still safely in the sky.
His strength is exhausted and his breath is exhausted, and he wants to laugh.
I can't laugh, I just want to say, "I saved Iraq from heaven!" " "
The Death of Li Bai was written by Wen Yiduo when he was studying in Tsinghua University. It is one of the long poems written by the poet in his early days. Based on the folklore of "Li Bai catching the moon and riding a whale", the poem is refined and germinated, and it is impassioned and sad.
China's poetic tradition of "expressing one's will by supporting things" certainly includes the form of "borrowing others' cups and pouring the foundation of one's own heart". In a place beyond this era, this society and my living environment, the poet's feelings seem to be easier to express freely. In this ancient and modern proof, his personal feelings seem to have been supported and expanded historically, thus strengthening his sense of self-confidence and accomplishment. Until the May 4th Movement, the images and discourses of ancient China poets appeared in the modern poetry circles in China from time to time in this "imported" vernacular form. Among them, Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu and others frequently appeared. Those who care about the country and the people need to borrow Qu Yuan's "words", and those who are independent naturally regard Tao Yuanming as a "person". Du Fu's enthusiasm for serving his country, sympathy for the people and his gloomy face have repeatedly aroused the interest of China poets. Then, what kind of content does the historical image of Li Bai contain? I think it is his heroic and unrestrained but sincere pursuit of freedom, which is his ideal personality. His poetic heart, his writing style and his way of life all show their "bright colors" in the depressed traditional society, which is undoubtedly the best spiritual comfort for China literati who are noble in heart and lack the ability to control reality. Li Bai's madness and drunkenness all contain banter and resistance to a powerful class, which naturally become a safe channel for people to vent their anger and boredom.
However, Wen Yiduo put "madness" and "drunkenness" in a secondary position, and what interests the poet is another thing in Li Bai: loneliness. "The Death of Li Bai" tells us that it is this loneliness that cannot be banished that drives Li Bai to fly, but he is fascinated by fantasy, never returns, and finally dies in fantasy. Compared with loneliness, "madness" and "drunkenness" are just derived emotional expressions and the poet's efforts to dispel loneliness. Of course, such thoughts have different ideological depths. I also want to remind readers that from the "madness" and "drunkenness" in personal behavior to the lonely experience in the inner world, this is not just a "depth" problem, but essentially belongs to two aspects. The "madness" and "drunkenness" in the way of behavior are of course the expression of some psychological feelings, and also contain some dissatisfaction with the existing times and culture. However, looking at the history of feudal society in China, we can see that just as seclusion and official can be a natural transition, madness and taming can also complement each other and change each other. For an intellectual who lacks a sense of self-worth, "madness" is often a rather melodramatic means to consolidate his slave status and enhance his personal value before "taming"! Therefore, in the final analysis, the simple behavior of "madness" and "drunkenness" is still the product of feudal times and the expression of traditional cultural spirit. Wen Yiduo defines his own Li Bai as "loneliness", which is an effort to find his image of escaping from feudal ethical order and values and pursuing personal ideals from the poet's personal emotional world, and is the presentation of modern cultural spirit.
Of course, perhaps readers will ask: Does Li Bai, who deviates from feudal cultural concepts and seeks self-worth, conform to the historical truth? Can it be said that Li Bai's "drunkenness" and "madness" in feudal times have nothing to do with his feudal intellectual mentality? I think this question is difficult to answer, and I'm afraid it will be left to us classical literature researchers. But as far as Wen Yiduo's poetry creation and our interpretation today are concerned, there is absolutely no need to fall into such academic problems. Li Bai in Wen Yiduo's poems only belongs to Wen Yiduo, and only Li Bai who understands Wen Yiduo's modern mentality is a valuable and unique Li Bai. For modern poet Wen Yiduo and modern readers, what kind of ancient image Li Bai is has no great significance. What matters is what kind of self-mapping we may find from Li Bai!
Next, it is worth thinking about, what is the level of "loneliness" experience of modern poet Wen Yiduo? What's the point? I think this experience mainly comes from two aspects: one is the experience from personal life. Wen Yiduo is rigorous, honest and frank, and comes from a scholarly family. After entering Tsinghua University, what he heard and saw was an atmosphere of despotism and corruption. The autocracy and rigidity of school management are distressing. "The school has been actively cultivating good people, and if you don't pay attention, you will be expelled. If you don't teach the people to fight, you give up.' "(Wen Yiduo's" Sad Words ")" Every day, the school only scrutinizes the scientific scoring method and the test of actual effect, and cares for our intelligence and body, but ignores our spiritual training. " (Speech on Restoring Ethics) And corruption among students in Tsinghua is decadent. Do not strive for progress. Those "bookworms like tourists" also made Wen Yiduo feel lonely without a confidant, and these personal life experiences undoubtedly became the source of the poet's sense of loneliness. In addition, I think Wen Yiduo's "loneliness" also has a cultural significance, that is, as a sincere admirer of China's traditional culture, Wen Yiduo has created a deep gap and even resistance to the western cultural atmosphere within Tsinghua University. In the article "Americanized Tsinghua" published by 1922, he said: "Tsinghua is too Americanized! Tsinghua should not be Americanized, because the so-called American culturalists are not worthy of our acceptance! What exactly is American culture? According to my personal observation, the result of a little Americanization represented by Tsinghua is materialism, piecemeal, economy, experiment, mediocrity, superficiality, vanity, impetuousness, luxury ... "And" after returning from overseas, I just put on several titles, such as master, doctor, manager and engineer; At that time, these characteristics were only enhanced Americanization! Enough! Enough! Material civilization! I'm afraid of you and tired of you. Please leave me! Oriental civilization! Zhina and the Soul of China! I will come back! " In the surging wave of western culture, the young man who was enlightened by China culture was deeply confused and at a loss, thus experiencing a layer of "loneliness" in his cultural pursuit. This "lonely" personal and cultural feeling always haunts the poet's heart, making him depressed, depressed and anxious. Finally, after a long period of brewing, it was sublimated. Wen Yiduo's Loneliness was reformed and released by Li Bai, a great poet in China.
In Death of Li Bai, the poet described and rendered such a "lonely" experience from six aspects.
First of all, there is a bleak feeling of "people walking away from tea". At the beginning of the long poem, it depicts a picture that China's banquet is over, the cups and plates are in a mess, and the clouds are scattered: the dragon candle is broken, the embers are about to go out, and Li Bai is drunk as mud, with hazy eyes open, and rushes to the candlestick in lightning speed. What a boring move! Compared with the previous house full of splendor and weddings, the current coldness is really chilling to the spinal cord. The sharp contrast proves a truth to the letter: all the laughter, harmony and harmony can't cover up the deepest loneliness of the individual! We can even say that the loneliness in individual spiritual pursuit is more and more unhappy because of some formal images of joy and joy. There is no banquet that never ends, only loneliness that never ends. Li Bai used wine to drown his sorrows, and he felt calling friends, but it didn't help in the end: the birds and animals dispersed in the middle of the night, leaving only deeper pain and loneliness. At the beginning of the long poem, it depicts the failed landscape that the poet wants to get rid of loneliness, thus laying a basic emotional tone for the whole poem-sadness, sadness and confusion.
The second is the anxiety of looking at the moon. In his loneliness, the poet remembered the moon that was always pure, always gentle and never betrayed himself. How he wishes to see this elegant and silent friend as soon as possible! But the sky in the distance is still dark and there is no shadow of the moon. The poet was extremely anxious: "Ao Yue, why don't you come out?" /Do you look down on me? Ah, not bad! /You are the fairy of Guanghan Palace in the sky. /What about me? But teasing the loess/scattering into Liuhe to get a dusty Nuwa! /ah! Don't! Who doesn't know that I am the essence of Taibai? /There is no Chang Geng in my mother's dream? "Obviously, the pure moon has become the only comfort and emotional sustenance in the poet's loneliness, so he is so persistent and so uneasy, so he will associate the appearance of the moon with the clarity of the world and his position. He will be distressed because he can't look forward to the moon, and he doesn't know how to evaluate it from me!
The third is the resentment close to the moon. The poet finally looked forward to the moon, which was set off by "several shadows of lead ash", such as "an amber plate floating gently", "so the whole world was bathed in the crystal lamp of Iraq." At the first moment, the poet was intoxicated, but then he felt a stronger sense of loss: "Oh, dear! Why is it always within reach? /Moon, moon! Shouldn't I love you? /Do we always part like this? " The poet's love for the moon has reached the point of madness. He not only wants to appreciate the moon, but longs for his life to be integrated with the moon, which is the result of the continuous running and oppression of pure individuals by the dirty living environment. Alas, since people came to this world, it seems that they are destined to stick together with such an environment, and detachment is impossible. Therefore, the poet transferred this detached resentment to the moon.
The fourth is the reflection on the life-long pain caused by detachment. The poet reviewed all kinds of setbacks and frustrations in his life. He explained this way: "Which heaven did I violate?" "Knock me down and don't call me back?" "The emperor! Oh, my god My sins will never be redeemed? /oh my god! I will be imprisoned in this painful cave indefinitely! " The poet blames his misfortune on the sins of past lives and the punishment of Heaven Emperor, which is a typical "original sin" in the sense of China people. Chinese-style "original sin" has derived two kinds of psychology: ① This kind of physical experience has nothing to do with people's conduct in any practical sense, that is to say, personal struggle is almost useless, and unfortunate fate will always accompany you. (2) "Original sin" was cast by a "past life" that was divorced from one's will, and it had nothing to do with self, and the God who finished this punishment was so cruel and heartless. In this way, personal punishment is always full of humiliation. These psychology further strengthened the poet's "lonely" experience in this life.
The fifth is the sense of shame in Fly Up Month by Month. Meditate on the moon for a long time, and the poet's illusion appears. He seems to be absorbed into space by the powerful force of the moon, "like a Dapeng floating on an octupole table." In China's traditional philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi, he followed the trend and swam leisurely, which is the realm of life. In this state, the poet should be satisfied, right? But after that moment of relaxation, the poet's heart became heavier than before: "Oh, I am bold, I am not ashamed,/how dare I show my face in front of Iraq!" " Ah! Stupid, stupid! -/At this moment, I only feel dizzy and my heart is bleeding; /I feel like a rotten stone. /I was thrown to the bottom of the upper bound by the sweeper. "If the poet wants to protest and struggle in the pain of' original sin' consciousness, then the self-mockery and remorse of' shame' completely loses the courage to fight. Does this mean that the poet is compromising and giving up to the dirty reality? Of course not, the poet's shame is because his ideal state is too perfect and spotless, but he was born in a dirty society, and there must be no dirty air. He really loves his only pure land! From longing for the moon, complaining about the moon to self-reproach, the poet tried his best to maintain such a gentle hometown completely different from the world, so that he did not hesitate to sacrifice himself-when the moon was too pure for people to get their hands on, and the world was too dirty for people to stay, the poet's situation became particularly lonely and miserable.
Sixth, the psychedelic of diving to save the moon. The poet loved and protected his moon so much that he had the illusion that it fell into the water. So, in an irrational psychedelic state, he went all out to save the moon, and finally died of exhaustion. Here, Wen Yiduo consciously transformed the original folklore ("the secular legend is that Taibai catches the moon and rides whales"), giving this handsome poet a handsome ending. Wen Yiduo's "lonely" experience is obviously incompatible with such chic. The Death of Li Bai, written by him, is a summary of Li Bai's loneliness all his life: he devoted himself to his ideal, which is just an illusory illusion. The moon will never fall into the water, but it is high on the horizon. Isn't this the saddest result for a sincere soul seeker?
Lonely Li Bai finally died alone. His efforts to get rid of loneliness and self-struggle are all from drunkenness to full moon, to anger in the concept of original sin, to the shame of floating eight poles, and finally to the persistence of spiritual obsession. In the end, all efforts failed, and all he got was the deepest loneliness. The final death is an objective liberation, and Li Bai is "laughing". So, what about Wen Yiduo himself?
The most striking feature of this long poem in art is its success in creating a historical atmosphere. We talked about it. Originally, the original intention of this poem was to "borrow someone else's glass and pour a brick into your heart", that is, to express real experiences in the name of history. In the preface, Wen Yiduo also warned readers not to regard it as history. However, this does not mean that poetry can be filled with realistic elements at will. Since it is an epic, it means that its connection with reality is spiritual experience, while the superficial elements of poetry (image, temperament, language, etc.). ) should have the necessary historical characteristics. The Death of Li Bai tries to avoid the appearance of modern terms, and takes Li Bai's Drinking the Moon Alone as the basic skeleton of the whole poem, in which numerous historical facts are interspersed with Li Bai's own poems from time to time, successfully creating a complete atmosphere of "Li Taibai era" on the whole, thus placing the mutual interpretation of history and reality on an impeccable background.