Subject matter-pastoral poems, frontier poems, poems about things, poems about history, and poems about nostalgia
Expression-lyrics, narrative poems, philosophical poems
Every sentence-five-character poems, seven-character poems and miscellaneous poems
Style of writing-uninhibited school (Su Shi, Xin Qiji? ), graceful (Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong? )
? 7? 7 common appreciation terms
Expression-lyric, description (people, things, scenery), narration, discussion
Rhetorical devices-metaphor, exaggeration, metonymy, contrast, antithesis, personification, allusions, adaptation and explanation
Means of expression-metaphor, evocation, contrast, satire, positive contrast, negative contrast, symbol, imagination, association, direct expression of meaning, lyric by scenery, expression of meaning by things, reasoning by things, irony by ancient times, comparison between the present and the past, comparison between the present and the past, comparison between the dynamic and the static, and sadness by music, from far to near.
The perspective of landscape painting-heaven and earth, distance, sound, movement, cold and warm, scenery, leaning, inside and outside.
? 7? 8 often test the artistic conception (theme)
Qiu Si, homesickness, homesickness, family, friends, lovers, parting, the passing of life.
Without reuse, there is no way to serve the country, my career is frustrated, I can't meet you, my bosom friend is hard to find, and I feel meditation.
The rise and fall of history, the decline and fall of the national movement, satirize the present with the ancient, satirize state affairs, and expose official rule and people's sufferings.
Yearning for nobility, leaving the world, hating officialdom, seclusion, rural life, leisure and interest.
I admire the ancient sages, eager to make contributions, determined to serve the country, proud of life, profound friendship and sweet love.
Feel life, philosophy of life, natural beauty, praise the prosperous times, comment on history and be full of Zen.
Magnificent (majestic and vast, mountains and rivers battlefield, inspiring), beautiful (small bridge flowing water, spring flowers and autumn moon, one person and one scene for a while, exquisite and graceful, compassionate)
The size of artistic conception-the country is greater than the individual; Tragedy is greater than pain.
Appreciation of poetic expression
Direct lyric
Just don't borrow foreign things, hide, and tell your joys and sorrows.
Indirect lyric
In other words, by writing scenes, narrating and portraying the actions of characters, we can express our feelings and show our hearts.
Use a scene to express your feelings.
In ancient poetry, some scenes were endowed with certain humanistic symbolic significance by the poet, such as the willow tree symbolizing parting, the plum blossom symbolizing nobility, the moon symbolizing reunion, and the wild goose symbolizing tidings. Poets often express some feelings when describing these scenes.
Blend feelings into the landscape
That is to say, when the poet began to write, he had already established emotional activities in his heart, which implied emotions in the scenery he wrote for readers to feel and experience.
Creating Landscape Based on Emotion
Dreams and dreams in poetry are typical situations of emotional creation. If the scenery described by the poet is not at a time or place or when writing a poem, but the poet gathers them into a poem to describe it, can it be called? Make a scene by feeling? .
Virtual and reality coexist.
Hold something to express your wishes.
It is an important technique to compare people with things and reason with things.
Borrow the ancient to satirize the present and recall the injury.
metaphor
exaggerate
Exaggeration refers to exaggerating or reducing the original form, scale and degree of things in order to enhance the subjective emotional color of poetry. (Li Bai often exaggerates)
sign
Symbol refers to expressing similar thoughts and feelings through concrete images.
Use allusions
Use allusions to express your feelings and intentions and show your mind.
contrast
Contrast is to make the characteristics of the two sides more distinct, such as the contrast between black and white, the contrast between life and death, the contrast between right and wrong, the contrast between motion and static, and to emphasize and reveal a certain phenomenon and explain a certain truth through sharp contrast.
make a contrast (with sth)
? The quieter the cicada forest, the quieter Tonamiyama. ? With what? Cicada? Lizi? Lin Jing? , to? Bird song? Lizi? Mountain secluded? . It is not difficult to see that contrast is to write the other side with the opposite side. Sacrifice? The reverse side highlights the other side, such as writing static with motion, writing sad with joy, writing white with black, etc. Contrast has no such characteristics. There is no question of who serves whom, but both sides serve a certain goal.
Front lining (contrast)
It is the green leaves that set off the peony, and the clouds that set off the bright moon. For example, the necklace of "Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden"? Frost birds want to get a sneak peek, and pink butterflies will lose their souls when they know it? Linbu is empty here? Frostbird? And then what? Pink butterfly? My love for plum blossoms sets off my love for plum blossoms. The properties of the front lining and the back lining are the same, but the foil of the front lining and the foil of the back lining are the same? Location? Is the foil of the foil the reverse of the lining? Location? .
Chemical utilization
The verse of the poem is changed from the previous verse. For example, Wang Shifu's Peony Pavilion? That sentence in "Farewell Pavilion"? Is crying red and tears wetter than Sima Qing's shirt? , that is, the use of Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing? But which of them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet? .
Metonymy and other rhetorical devices
More common technology.
Like what? Qian Fan is on the side of the sunken ship, and Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree? (Liu Yuxi's "Yangzhou First Club Rewards Lotte")? Zhumen stinks of wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones? Du Fu's "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words"? Jiujiang is so far away that I haven't heard music, neither strings nor bamboo sounds for a whole year. ? (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)? Sail? A generation? A boat? ; ? Zhumen? It is the door of scarlet, which means the home of the powerful; ? Sizhu? ,? Silk? This refers to stringed instruments, such as lyre and harp. Bamboo? These wind instruments look like Xiao Di. Are they here? Sizhu? Together, it means music.
synaesthesia
A special metaphor.
? Synaesthesia? Is to communicate hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch. Like what? The ice spring is cold and astringent, as if it can't pass; Those notes, they're fading away? (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip) Touch? Is the ice spring cold? Write an auditory piano in a low voice (? String condensation? ), conveyed the sadness of Qin. Another example? The shadows are horizontal, the water is shallow, and the evening is fragrant. (Lin Bu's Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden) Have a vision? Darkness? Write sense of smell? Is it sweet? , highlighting the brisk and intermittent nature of Xiangmei.
Intertextuality
A special way of saving words makes this poem more concise.
Like what? Bright moon in Qin dynasty, bright moon in Han dynasty? (Wang Changling's River Embankment), actually refers to? During the Qin and Han Dynasties, when did the bright moon close? , that is, the ancient moon, ancient customs; ? Qin? Leave it out after the word? Han? ,? Han? Did you miss this word before? Qin? , not only the language is concise, but also gives readers a sense of time and space. ? All the way, Altair, Hehan woman? ("Nineteen ancient poems? What does it actually mean? All the way Altair, all the way Hehan girl? . ? The male rabbit's feet are messy and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred? (Mulan), actually? The male rabbit's feet are confusing, while the female rabbit's eyes are confusing. So when two rabbits run on the ground, it is difficult to tell which is male and which is female.
Appreciation of poetic images
rain
Sadness is the main meaning of rain image in classical poetry. This is mainly because continuous rain can often arouse the poet's emotions, so this image is often used to write endless worries in his heart. With the help of concrete rain images, it establishes a special connection with abstract psychological activities, conveying the poet's feelings of parting, missing, boredom and regret, or the pain of national ruin and death.
? Jun asked that the return date was inappropriate, and it rained at night in the autumn pool? (Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night)
? An old friend, Qin Chengyuan, dreams, and it's cool in a lonely boat? (Li Duan's "Huai Su Puyi Sikong Civilization")
But sometimes, the image of rain also conveys a kind of warmth and tenderness.
? Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently? (Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night)
? The leaves in Chuyang have withered and rained all night, and the clear water is full of gardens. Sue curtains in Zhou Bangyan. But in general, the image of rain mainly expresses sadness.
water
The image of rain mainly conveys sadness, while the image of water mainly conveys helplessness.
? Distant Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl. ? What's the difference between a clear river and a shallow one? Between water and water, there are no words. ? The distance is not far away, but because of the insurmountable water barrier, it can only leave a great legacy like the end of time.
? The Millennium is frost. The so-called Iraqis are on the water side. Tracing back to the source, Tao is yin and long; Swim back from it, in the middle of the water ? No matter how hard you try, the beauty in front of you will become unattainable because of the barrier of water.
Contrary to the helplessness of blocking, water image is sometimes a medium to convey feelings such as parting and missing.
? Last year, I went to Yangzhou to see the Yellow Crane Tower off. Watching the sails go away, my heart flows by the river. ? (Li Bai's Jiang)? Heart flows by the river? The boundless river is a vivid portrayal of infinite parting.
? Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward. ? (Li Wei, "Yu Meiren? When is the spring flower and autumn moon? ) Spring water flowing eastward is a vivid portrayal of endless sorrow and hatred.
Green hills
Qingshan image is an important image in classical poetry, and countless poets have devoted their feelings to it. Generally speaking, the image of Castle Peak has the following meanings.
Symbolizing hometown, inhabiting body and mind.
? Unlimited grass color, where mountains and waters are green. ? (Miracle's "seeing off the teacher, Changsha Ningjin")? It has brought out all the white hair on its head, and only the green hills can be seen in its post-war home. ? (Sikong Shu's "Thief Ping, Tong Ren Bei")? On the road, endless homesickness rises, and green mountains and green waters seem to be their hometown. ? (Dai Shulun's "Governing Sichuan Landscape")
Suggest nothingness and show desolation.
? Whether it is right and wrong or failure, it is empty now and has disappeared with the passage of time. Jiangshan is still there, and the sunset is a few degrees red. ? (romance of the three kingdoms? Linjiangxian ")? The emperors of past dynasties are gone forever, and the luxurious imperial life has disappeared without a trace. Only the surrounding green hills are the same as they were then. ? (Xu Hun's "Jinling Nostalgia")? The music is quiet, but there is no drums of the water god. The river disappears, revealing several peaks, which are green and charming. ? (Qian Qi's "Hunan Linggu Provincial Trial")
Lead as a bosom friend and strengthen the soul.
? You look at me, I look at you, and there are only my eyes and Jingting Mountain's eyes. ? (Li Bai's Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain)? I see how charming Castle Peak is, and I expect it to be. Emotions and looks are slightly similar. ? (Xin Qiji's "He Xinlang")
The flowers have fallen
Flowers are beautiful, but this beauty is often short-lived, so in the hearts of passionate poets, falling flowers will always cause infinite melancholy.
? A flower flew away, but it was spring, and the wind was so sad. ? (Du Fu's Two Poems of Qujiang) Flying flowers all over the sky is the poet's boundless sorrow.
? Never thought, in this Jiangnan scenic area; It is the season of falling flowers, and I can meet you, an old acquaintance. ? (Du Fu's "On Meeting Li Guinian Downstream") means that prosperity is gone, and prosperity is gone forever.
? The birds groaned, and night came with the sound of the east wind; Falling flowers are as beautiful as green beads falling from upstairs. ? (Du Mu's "Golden Valley Garden") The fallen flower has become a fallen flower, conveying sorrow.
Of course, not all the fallen flowers described by poets are images of sadness, melancholy, aging and death.
Wang Wei's "From the King of Qi to Yang Bieye" has a poem: Only to find that the birds' songs have changed, they have been sitting for too long, and even there are more flowers on the ground. ? This is to write a clear mood with fallen flowers.
There is a poem in Li Bai's A Boy's Journey:? Where the fallen flowers swim, laughing into the Huji wine shop. ? This is Li Bai's life? Don't be sad, just indulge, and falling flowers can also increase your fun.
Gong Zizhen has a poem:? Falling in love is not heartless. Turn into spring mud and protect flowers. ? This is a more aggressive and energetic portrayal.
Byrd
Flying freely like a bird has been a human desire since ancient times. In poetry, the image of birds has become an important reference for people's hearts to fly freely.
Use the free flight of birds to express the desire to realize the ideal of life. ? Every move has a leisurely pace. I am very happy that the secrets of nature can be understood! ? (Ji Kang's "Giving Scholars to Join the Army") This is the spiritual take-off of Ji Kang who lived in Sima's dictatorship.
Use the soaring of birds in space to express the poet's pursuit of transcendental and lofty life realm. ? Open the porch to face Angelababy and lie down to watch the birds. ? (Wang Wei's "Stay in the mountains, stay in the ancient times, show brotherhood")
Write the homesickness and sadness of wanderers with homing birds. Like what? It has been seven days in spring, and I have been away from home for two years. The day of returning home is behind the bird's return to the earth, but the idea of returning home has existed before the spring flowers bloom. ? (Xue Daoheng's "Homecoming")
Write about people's vagrancy with a lonely bird flying alone. ? Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. What will you see when you are wandering, and you will be sad when you are worried. ? (Ruan Ji "Yong Huai")
ring
The significance of bell image in ancient poetry can be divided into two stages.
The first stage was before Buddhism was introduced into China. At that time, bells were mostly used as the experience of celebration music, which brought people a kind of cheerful and enthusiastic enjoyment, such as the sentence in Guanju, the opening of the Book of Songs? My Fair Lady, Bell and Drum Music? .
The second stage is after Buddhism was introduced into China, which is more complicated than the first stage.
Most of the bells in Wang Wei's poems reverberate in valleys, clouds and towering ancient trees far away from the hubbub, conveying an ethereal tranquility of seclusion in the mountains and conversion to Buddhism. Like what? I don't know where Ji Xiang Temple is, so I climbed several miles into the clouds and peaks. Ancient trees are towering, but there are no pedestrian paths, and there are bells in the mountains in the temple. ? (Ji Xiang Temple)
Many other poets have used this Buddhist clock. Just like Li Bai's "I heard him in Qingxi, I heard him in the cold bell? ("Listening to Shu Monks Playing the Piano")
In the poet's pen, the bell is still a warning to the passage of time. Like what? You said the meeting was empty talk, after we didn't see its trace; Wake up in the oblique moonlight upstairs and listen to Xiao Zhong Chuming. ? (Li Shangyin's Untitled)
Some poets also think with the help of bells? where am I going? A major proposition. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Yuan and Sui, the imperial decree wants to levy Jiang Xiang to drive away guests, I will go to Beijing from Wuling, stay in the capital pavilion, and continue to come to the gentleman": Thunderstorms rise from Wolong in the rivers and lakes, and Wuling soldiers enter. Ten years under the forest of Chushui Maple, I will listen to Changle Bell at the beginning of tonight. ? Failure of innovation, demotion for ten years. I have mixed feelings about the imperial edict returning to Beijing. Liu Yuxi lived in a post near Chang 'an. When he heard the faint bell in the palace, he wrote this poem.
Bells sometimes convey sadness. Like what? Is it raining all the way to Chu? The evening bell came to us from Nanjing? (Wei's "Send the Evening Rain")
Boat boat
Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Du Fu and China all died alone in a drifting boat. This may be a coincidence. But the relationship between classical poetry and ships is inevitable. In ancient times, water was more convenient than land, so it was more important for more poets. Almost all their long-distance trips are by water. Thus, a boat used to settle the journey naturally entered the poet's pen and became one of the most common images in their poems.
First, the poet's sense of wandering.
? Monkeys whimper in the dark mountains, and the river rushes in the dark. The wind on both sides of the strait rustled the branches and leaves, and the moonlight reflected on the river, a boat on a river. ? (Meng Haoran's From a berth on Tonglu to a friend in Yangzhou)
? The color changes for a long time, so does the autumn sound. Lonely boat, still crossing the night alone. ? (Liu Xu's "Sending Meng Haoran to the Yangtze River in Late Autumn")
The images and themes used in the two poems are very similar. Is it? The moon crosses my lonely sail? , or? Lonely boat and little moon? , are they all? Month? With what? A boat? The combination of the two images, and then through the contrast of timbre (ape voice, autumn voice, dark color), well conveyed the feeling of loneliness of wandering abroad.
The second is the poet's desire for freedom.
? Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair and get on a fishing boat tomorrow? (Li Bai's "Xuanzhou Xielou Farewell School Shu Shuyun")? Don't tie the boat when you come back from fishing. Is the moon setting in Jiangcun just a deep sleep? (Sikong Shu's "Jiangcun is a thing")? The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and no one crossed the boat in the wild. After reading these poems, we seem to feel the poet's eagerness to get rid of the shackles.
? 7? 1 Appreciation of poetic artistic conception
Artistic conception is an important concept in China's classical poetry creation. It can be said that the excellent works of China's classical poems have created artistic conception with broad artistic space. Because creating artistic conception is the basic means for poets to express their feelings, interpreting and discriminating artistic conception in poetry is an important means to appreciate ancient poetry.
Parting artistic conception
Parting is one of the most common themes in ancient poetry. Probably because people like to get together but don't like to leave, but they have to leave, so nostalgia for getting together, sadness and even regret for leaving often become the object of poetry singing. Therefore, poets seldom write farewell with pens easily, Rainbow Bo? However, when China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor? Is it comfortable? Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and everyone in the world doesn't know you. This kind of high style is rare, but most of them are very heavy, which often leads to a helpless sigh that life is short and the road ahead is boundless in injury.
The main images to create the artistic conception of parting are: banquet, tearful eyes, pavilion, cicada, autumn rain, shower, blue boat, farewell road, dusk rain, sail coming, birds leaving, scattered silk, willow, waning moon and so on.
The emotional tone of parting mood is lingering, sad and sad.
Get rid of the artistic conception of chaos
Parting is mostly an affair, and the chaos of parting may better reflect the characteristics of the times. Thousands of years of ancient society in China experienced numerous wars and divisions. Every war has brought untold sufferings to the people. But? Are the unfortunate poets in this country lucky? A poet with conscience will express the sufferings of the people, the pain of his home country and the hardships of the poet's individual survival with a poetic heart full of love and sadness. Because the artistic conception of these poems is mostly the reappearance of the poet's personal experience, they often show the characteristics of deep emotion and profound thought, that is, what people say? Give it to vicissitudes? .
The main images of the artistic conception of "Leaving Chaos" are clear autumn, sunset, great river, hate Taiwan, drum horn, Tianya, galaxy, flying geese, yellow flowers and phoenix rain.
The emotional tone of the artistic conception of Leaving Chaos is tragic and deep, lonely and lonely, cold and sad, sad and melancholy.
Hermit artistic conception
Seclusion is an important plot of ancient literati in China. Especially those who have excellent moral articles could have been officials, but for various reasons, they finally chose to retire. However, this kind of life also created a special artistic conception in China's ancient poems? The mood of a hermit. They project their superb cultural accomplishment into the landscape and pastoral areas, which not only shows their attitude and ideal of life, but also makes the landscape and pastoral areas have a spirit. Is it human or pastoral? Seclusion? Landscape pastoral is born of people? Sexual spirit? .
The images of seclusion artistic conception include grass house, empty mountain, hill, bright moon, morning cloud, dusk rain, countryside, dust net, dead trees, still water, birds and so on.
The emotional tone of seclusion is calm, elegant and quiet, melancholy and lonely, miserable and miserable.
There were many hermit poets in ancient times, and Tao Qian was called? Hermit? , the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Ji Zi number? Donggaozi? Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in the early Tang Dynasty further enriched the hermit poems. Wang Wei's poems are full of praise? There is a picture in the poem, and there is a poem in the picture? .
Homesickness artistic conception
I'm afraid no nation loves home and misses home as much as China people do. Open a history of China literature, and there are countless homesick works; All foreign scenery and exoticism can be the fuse of homesickness. Homesickness is an eternal theme in China's ancient works.
Nostalgia images mainly include willows, geese, birds, bright moon, evening breeze, fallen leaves, cold mountains, green hills and running water.