Hydrology
Natural Subjects
Learn more about hydrology
Learn more about hydrology
Word concept
Overview
Measures
Characteristic indicators
Working process
Problems
Table of contents
1 Summary
2 Basic information
3 Word concepts
Basic information
Basic explanation< /p>
Citations and explanations
4 Overview
5 Measures
6 Characteristic indicators
Water level
< p>Water volumeSediment content
The length of the flood season
The freezing period
Supply methods
7 Work History
8 Problems
9 Main Measures
10 Hydrological Terms
11 Reference Materials
Hydrological Guidelines It refers to various phenomena such as changes and movements of water in nature. Hydrology now generally refers to a discipline that studies the spatial and temporal distribution and change patterns of water in nature. "Wen" refers to natural phenomena, such as "astronomy".
Basic information
Chinese name
Hydrology
Foreign name
Hydrology
Now refers to
a discipline that studies the distribution and changes of water in nature
Number of hydrological stations
148
Annual funding
850 million yuan
Expand all
Word concept
Basic information
Word: hydrology
< p>Pinyin: shuǐ wénPhonetic: ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄨㄣˊ
Word meaning: refers to a marginal discipline that studies the spatial and temporal distribution and change laws of water in nature.
Basic explanation
[hydrology] refers to various phenomena such as changes and movements of water in nature.
Jiangjiagou frequently experiences large-scale debris flows. The long-term disaster caused by debris flows is inseparable from the geological structure, hydrology, climate, vegetation and other natural conditions in this area. ——"A Large Debris Flow" [1]
Citations and Explanations
1. Ripples of water. Also refers to a pattern like ripples.
Tang Du Fu's poem "Jiang Pavilion is pregnant with the rain and travels to camp Pei Erduangong": "The pavilions are supported by Lei Yin, and the long sky faces the water." The third poem of Cao Yin of the Qing Dynasty "Nanxuan Bamboo Planting": "The water curtain On a sunny day, there are thirty poles of curling pavilions. "Guo Moruo's poem "Climbing Stone Bell Mountain": "The water is yellow and red, and the shadows of the peaks are endless."
2. The various changes and movements of water in nature. Phenomenon. [1]
Overview
Work Achievements
In the 60 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, hydrology has continued to develop with the development of the national economy and society, and has made great achievements. In 1949, there were 203 water level stations and 2 rainfall stations. Up to now, our country has built more than 30,000 hydrological stations of various types, forming a hydrological station network with complete and reasonable layout including water level, flow, rainfall, water quality, groundwater, evaporation, sediment and other items.
Straightening out the hydrological system
Through unremitting efforts, major breakthroughs have been made in the reform of the hydrological system. Except for the four provinces and cities of Hainan, Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, provincial hydrological agencies have established hydrological and water resources (surveying) bureaus. The hydrological agencies of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hunan Province are clearly at the deputy department level. The hydrological agencies of Sichuan, Shandong and Gansu provinces have established hydrology and water resources (surveying) bureaus. Full-time leaders have clearly assigned deputy department-level cadres. There are 15 provinces (autonomous regions), prefecture-level and municipal-level hydrological institutions in the country designated as division level or deputy division level. In 1997, the Water Conservancy Bureau of the Tibet Autonomous Region issued the "Opinions on the Implementation of Dual Leadership for Hydrological Work", which clearly implemented a dual leadership system for hydrological institutions with the leadership of the Hydrological and Water Resources Survey Bureau of the Autonomous Region as the main leader and a combination of departments. Combination of stations and teams is an effective reform of grassroots testing methods. Since the construction and patrol inspection of station and team combination bases were carried out in 1978, 315 combination bases of stations and teams have been initially built, accounting for 65% of the total number that should be built.
Construction of hydrological infrastructure
The hydrological system continues to undergo technical reforms, and hydrological forecasting methods and technologies have made great progress. Hydrological units such as the Yangtze River Commission and Jiangsu Province are equipped with technologically advanced hydrological instruments and equipment such as Doppler profile current meters and global satellite positioning systems, and have built automatic hydrological forecasting and reporting systems in river basins such as Taihu Lake. Introducing Australian solid-state memory technology, more than 6,600 sets of water level and rainfall self-recording instruments have been assembled domestically, 1/3 of which have been put into use. Through the national public data exchange network and water conservancy-specific communication network, communication networks at all levels have been built, and hydrological communication conditions have been significantly improved. Water regime information processing technology has developed rapidly. Before the 1980s, water regime information was mainly processed manually. A real-time water regime information receiving and processing system has been developed and promoted and used across the country, basically realizing the automation of water regime telegram translation, chart drawing, and water regime information processing. The application of advanced technologies such as satellite cloud images and radar rain measurement has also developed rapidly.
The construction of the hydrological database began in 1990. 70% of the country's hydrological units have entered more than 80% of the hydrological data into the hydrological database, and corresponding query service systems have been developed, and some have been initially put into use.
Industry management is gradually strengthened
Hydrological work has received great attention from governments at all levels, and industry management has been gradually strengthened. The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to hydrological work. Party and state leaders have inspected hydrological stations many times, commended hydrological work and hydrological workers, and required strengthening the construction of hydrological facilities and doing a good job in hydrological forecasting and reporting. The "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized: "Further improve the meteorological, hydrological, and flood control service systems." In recent years, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hebei, Hunan, Shanxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hubei, Gansu, Shaanxi, etc. The provincial (autonomous region) government has successively issued the "Notice on Strengthening Hydrological Work", which has effectively promoted the development of hydrological work.
Due to the attention paid by governments at all levels and the gradual improvement of relevant policies. Investment in hydrology has increased significantly. Among them, 600 million yuan was invested in local hydrology in 1998, an increase of 54% from 390 million yuan in 1995. The Jiangsu Provincial Department of Water Resources issued the "Projects with Hydrology" policy in 1991, which clearly stipulates that new construction, reconstruction, expansion and reinforcement of water conservancy projects should include investment in hydrological observation infrastructure. From 1996 to 1998, a total of more than 15 million yuan was invested in hydrology. Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hebei and other provinces also seized the opportunity and issued corresponding policies to implement hydrological infrastructure construction funds of about 10 million yuan in the form of "projects with hydrology" to promote the construction of hydrological infrastructure. The Hunan Provincial Planning Commission, the Department of Finance, and the Department of Water and Electricity jointly issued a document in 1996, requiring all localities (cities), counties, and townships to include infrastructure investment and funds for the development of local hydrology and water resources into plans and fiscal budgets at the same level. Implement a "dual planning system". In 1998, the total overall business expenses of the Henan Provincial Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Bureau were 24.526 million yuan, which was twice the total business expenses in 1995 before the reform of the budget management system and the implementation of zero-based budgeting.
Our Ministry has formulated and issued the "Interim Measures for Hydrological Management", "Interim Measures for the Management of Qualification Certification for Hydrological and Water Resources Investigation and Evaluation" and other regulations, and formulated the "Technical Guidelines for Hydrological Station Network Planning", "River Flow There are more than 80 technical specifications and standards such as "Testing Standards" and "Implementation Opinions on Hydrological Infrastructure Construction". The government of the Tibet Autonomous Region issued the "Regulations on Hydrological Work of the Tibet Autonomous Region", and Hubei, Tibet and other provinces and regions formulated the "Hydrological Data Results Approval System." Hydrological work is gradually moving towards legalization and standardization.
Hydrology has made a huge contribution to the flood prevention and disaster reduction work over the years, and has truly served as the eyes, ears and advisers. effect. Especially during the major floods or catastrophic floods in major rivers such as the Yangtze River, Songhua River, Pearl River, and Min River in 1998, hydrology workers risked their lives and overcame various difficulties to predict and report floods in a timely manner, providing a large amount of accurate hydrology information for It provides an important basis for flood control command decisions and safe dispatch and operation of water conservancy projects. For example, the accurate forecast of 8 flood peaks in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, especially the sixth flood peak, not only accurately predicted the peak water level, but also accurately predicted the excess flood volume, avoiding the use of the Jingjiang flood diversion zone. The Songhua River flood was predicted to exceed the highest flood level in history at Harbin Station 12 days in advance. A maximum water level forecast of 26.50 meters was made for Xijiang Wuzhou, with an error of only 1 centimeter. According to statistics, the benefits of hydrological flood control and disaster reduction in 1998 exceeded 80 billion yuan. The party and government have spoken highly of hydrological work. At the National Flood Fighting and Rescue Summary and Commendation Conference, General Secretary Jiang Zemin highly praised “scientific and technological workers in water conservancy, meteorology, hydrology and other fields who work day and night and play an important technical guidance role.” “There is no technology obtained in water conservancy, meteorology, hydrology and other fields. Progress, it is unimaginable to win such a victory. "There were major floods in the Yangtze River and the highest flood in history in Taihu Lake. Hydrology also played an important role, and the benefits of hydrological flood prevention and disaster reduction reached more than 20 billion yuan.
Water resources management and role
Plays an important role in water resources management and protection.
The national hydrological system is actively involved in water resources management and protection. In the 1980s, we organized and carried out the first national water resources assessment and published the "China Water Resources Assessment", which provided a clear picture of my country's water resources and provided extremely valuable information for my country's national economic and social development. Since 1995, we have organized the preparation of the "Water Resources Bulletin" and carried out water resources research in some cities. The metrological certification work of water environment institutions has been strengthened. All 250 water environment monitoring centers across the country have passed national metrological certification. In conjunction with the implementation of the water abstraction permit system, we actively carry out monitoring of water abstraction, water withdrawal, and water quality monitoring. Organize and carry out water resource quality assessment, compile and publish the "China Water Resources Quality Assessment" report. In addition, hydrological work also plays an important role in water resources development and utilization, engineering construction management, agricultural irrigation, urban water use, shipping, etc.
Remarkable achievements in team building
Hydrology
For a long time, hydrology employees have carried forward the valuable spirit of seeking truth from facts, hard work, dedication and love for their jobs, and selfless dedication, serving the motherland and the people silently made great contributions, and some even gave their precious lives. According to statistics, more than 210 comrades in the hydrological system have died in the line of duty since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
The outstanding performance of hydrology workers has been fully recognized by governments at all levels. In 1998, 42 units and 121 people across the country received commendations at the provincial or ministerial level or above. In 1997, our ministry organized the "Reporting Group on Advanced Deeds of Water Conservancy Workers". The deeds of advanced figures in the hydrological system, Zhang Xianmei, Yan Shousong, Liu Yiqing and the Huang Committee hydrology group, aroused strong repercussions both inside and outside the water conservancy industry. In 1997, three hydrological stations including Jiujiang of the Yangtze River Commission were rated as "Demonstration Window Units for Civilized Service of the Water Conservancy System". He Jiangbo, a hydrology employee of Hunan Province, won the "China Skills Award", the highest honor for national skilled talents, and four other hydrological stations including Huang Commission Li Jianwen Hydrology workers won the honorable title of “National Technical Experts”.
While striving to do their job well, the national hydrological system actively provides scientific and technological consulting services, broadens the scope of hydrological services, establishes economic entities according to local conditions to generate income, and arranges some surplus personnel.
Looking back on the history of hydrological work, especially work practice, we have reached the basic understanding that: the needs of economic and social development are the prerequisite for hydrological development; reforming and rationalizing the hydrological management system is the foundation of hydrological development ; The attention of governments at all levels is the key to hydrological development; financial investment is the guarantee of hydrological development; talent training and technological progress are the fundamental way out for hydrological development.
Existing problems
Although hydrological work has made great achievements, there are still some problems that cannot be ignored, mainly:
1. Some provinces Departments (bureaus) do not pay enough attention to hydrology work, which affects the progress of hydrology and water resources reform and rationalization of management systems. Issues at the prefectural and municipal level hydrological institutions in Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Qinghai and other provinces (autonomous regions) have not yet been resolved.
2. Some provinces, departments and bureaus do not pay enough attention to hydrological work and have seriously insufficient investment in hydrology.
3. The accuracy and timeliness of hydrological information processing and flood forecasting need to be improved.
Measures
Social and Environmental Situation
Hydrology [Natural Subject]
In the 21st century, the national economy and social development have great impact on flood control and water resources. , The requirements of the ecological environment will become increasingly higher. The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to water conservancy work. The Central Economic Work Conference proposed to start implementing the western development strategy, and water shortage is the main problem in the development of western my country. In order to adapt to the development of the situation, Minister Wang Shucheng emphasized that water conservancy work must realize the transformation from engineering water conservancy to resource water conservancy. It is necessary to consider flood control, unified management and protection of water resources from the perspective of economic and social sustainable development, and do a good job in water resources development, Utilize, manage, deploy, conserve and protect work. Hydrology is the vanguard of water conservancy construction, the eyes and ears of flood control and drought relief, the sentinel of water resources management and protection, and the cornerstone of resources and water conservancy. At present, the leaders of the Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to hydrological work, and hydrological development is facing an unprecedented good situation.
The hydrological system should seize the opportunity and closely focus on the construction of the national economy