Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (1021-1086), whose courtesy name was Jiefu, whose late name was Banshan, whose nickname was Badgerlang, was given the title of Duke of Jing, and was also known as Wang Jinggong. A native of Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Shangchiliyang Village, Dongxiang County, Fuzhou), he was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a family of small officials. Father Yi, also known as Shuizhi, was a military judge in Linjiang and served several prefecture and county magistrates in various places in the north and south throughout his life. Anshi was good at reading and had a strong memory. He received a good education since he was a child. In the second year of Qingli (1042), he ranked fourth in the Jinshi list of Yangzhen. He successively served as Huainan judge, Yinxian magistrate, Shuzhou Tongpan, Changzhou magistrate, Tidian Jiangdong prison and other local officials. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Emperor Shenzong ascended the throne and ordered Anshi to be informed of Jiangning Mansion, and he was summoned to become a Hanlin scholar. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in political affairs. From the third year of Xining, he was appointed Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi twice to implement new laws. After Xining resigned as prime minister in the ninth year, he lived in seclusion and died of illness in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province), with a posthumous title of Wen.
In the second year of Qingli (1042), Wang Anshi ranked fourth as a Jinshi, and successively served as the official official of Huainan (Yangzhou) Jiedu Magistrate's Office, the official of Zhiyin County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), and the official of Shuzhou (now Anhui). Qianshan) was a general judge. He was once transferred to Kaifeng and served as a judge of Qunmu Division. Later, he was transferred to the outside to inform about Changzhou affairs and to advise on the criminal and prison affairs of Jiangnan East Road. He was subsequently called to be a magistrate of Duzhi of the third division and knew the imperial edicts. Many years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root cause of social impoverishment in the Song Dynasty lay in annexation. The crisis faced by the feudal rule of the Song Dynasty was that "internally, one must worry about the country, and externally, one must not fear the barbarians and the Di." Therefore, in the third year of Jiayou (1058), Wang Anshi submitted a letter of ten thousand words to Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, requesting a comprehensive reform of the laws since the early Song Dynasty to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and others only wanted to "escape" without seeking reform, and were eventually destroyed as an example, Wang Anshi had a sense of urgency for reform that was rare among scholar-bureaucrats, and loudly shouted: "In ancient times, If we keep in mind today, we can still make progress in order to bring peace and order to the world, but when we can make progress, don’t rush to today." It requires immediate implementation of the reform of the law; otherwise, the Han Dynasty will be destroyed by the Yellow Turban, the Tang Dynasty will be destroyed by Huangchao, and the history of the Song Dynasty will be repeated. It will surely embark on the road of destruction. Feudal literati also placed their high hopes for peace in the country on Wang Anshi, expecting him to come to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining Dynasty, Wang Anshi, as an attendant of Hanlin scholars, discussed the governance of the country with the young Song Shenzong, Song Shenzong, and was deeply appreciated by Song Shenzong. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as the counselor of political affairs. The following year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously implement reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's reform was to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly stated that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and pointed out that "the reason for political affairs is financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before taking office, Wang Anshi believed that only on the basis of developing production can the country's financial problems be solved: "The world's wealth is generated by the world's strength, and the world's wealth is taken to provide for the world's expenses." Later, Wang Anshi continued to develop this idea, and once pointed out: "Those who have not done anything now are usually because of insufficient wealth, so I think managing finances is the most urgent thing now." , suppressing mergers, and turning to agriculture as an urgent matter.” In this reform, Wang Anshi regarded the development of production as a top priority and placed it in a top priority position. Wang Anshi believes that to develop production, we must first "remove (workers') suffering, suppress mergers, and facilitate farmers", mobilize the enthusiasm of workers, and bring those idlers back to the front line of production. The quality of the harvest will be determined It depends on people and not on heaven. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-to-bottom reforms across the country. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in reform, he did not agree with the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent searches, and proposed and insisted on the idea that "it is not appropriate to question laws too much." and practices. Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above-mentioned thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws such as farmland water conservancy, green crops, exemption from labor, equalization of transportation, market transactions, exemption of money, and mining tax collection system, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce. From rural to urban areas, extensive social reforms were launched. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system to improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen their control over the vast countryside; in order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education systems were also reformed. Wang Anshi He personally wrote "Zhou Li Yi", "Book Yi" and "Poetry Yi", the so-called "New Meanings of the Three Classics", which provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
The reform violated the interests of conservatives and was opposed by conservatives. Therefore, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the first time in the seventh year of Xining. In particular, because Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme presiding officer of the reform, had differences on how to reform the reform, Wang Anshi did not receive more support after he returned to the throne and could not continue to implement the reform. Coupled with the internal split within the reform faction and the death of his beloved son Wang Yu, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of Xining and lived in Jiangning Mansion ever since. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), the reign of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, the conservatives gained power and all previous new laws were abolished. The reversal of the political situation made Wang Anshi deeply uneasy. When he heard that the exemption law had also been abolished, he couldn't help but said sadly and angrily: "Is this the end of it!?" He died of illness soon after.
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (1021-1086), whose courtesy name was Jiefu, whose late name was Banshan, whose nickname was Badgerlang, was given the title of Duke of Jing, and was also known as Wang Jinggong. A native of Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Shangchiliyang Village, Dongxiang County, Fuzhou), he was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a family of small officials. Father Yi, also known as Shuizhi, was a military judge in Linjiang and served several prefecture and county magistrates in the north and south throughout his life. Anshi was good at reading and had a strong memory. He received a good education since he was a child. In the second year of Qingli (1042), he ranked fourth in the Jinshi list of Yangzhen. He successively served as Huainan judge, Yinxian magistrate, Shuzhou Tongpan, Changzhou magistrate, Tidian Jiangdong prison and other local officials. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Emperor Shenzong ascended the throne and ordered Anshi to be informed of Jiangning Mansion, and he was summoned to become a Hanlin scholar. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in political affairs. From the third year of Xining, he was appointed Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi twice to implement new laws. After Xining resigned as prime minister in the ninth year, he lived in seclusion and died of illness in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province), with a posthumous title of Wen.
In the second year of Qingli (1042), Wang Anshi ranked fourth as a Jinshi, and successively served as the official official of Huainan (Yangzhou) Jiedu Magistrate's Office, the official of Zhiyin County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), and the official of Shuzhou (now Anhui). Qianshan) was a general judge. He was once transferred to Kaifeng and served as a judge of Qunmu Division. Later, he was transferred to the outside to inform about Changzhou affairs and to advise on the criminal and prison affairs of Jiangnan East Road. He was subsequently called to be a magistrate of Duzhi of the third division and knew the imperial edicts. Many years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root cause of social impoverishment in the Song Dynasty lay in annexation. The crisis faced by the feudal rule of the Song Dynasty was that "internally, one must worry about the country, and externally, one must not fear the barbarians and the Di." Therefore, in the third year of Jiayou (1058), Wang Anshi submitted a letter of ten thousand words to Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, requesting a comprehensive reform of the laws since the early Song Dynasty to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Taking the fact that Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and others only wanted to "escape" without seeking reform, and were eventually destroyed as an example, Wang Anshi had a sense of urgency for reform that was rare among scholar-bureaucrats, and loudly shouted: "In ancient times, If we keep in mind today, we can still make progress in order to bring peace and order to the world, but when we can make progress, don’t rush to today." It requires immediate implementation of the reform of the law; otherwise, the Han Dynasty will be destroyed by the Yellow Turban, the Tang Dynasty will be destroyed by Huangchao, and the history of the Song Dynasty will be repeated. It will surely embark on the road of destruction. Feudal literati also placed their high hopes for peace in the country on Wang Anshi, expecting him to come to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining Dynasty, Wang Anshi, as an attendant of Hanlin scholars, discussed the governance of the country with the young Song Shenzong, Song Shenzong, and was deeply appreciated by Song Shenzong. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as the counselor of political affairs. The following year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously implement reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's reform was to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly stated that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and pointed out that "the reason for political affairs is financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before taking office, Wang Anshi believed that only on the basis of developing production can the country's financial problems be solved: "The world's wealth is generated by the world's strength, and the world's wealth is taken to provide for the world's expenses." Later, Wang Anshi continued to develop this idea, and once pointed out: "Those who have not done anything now are usually because of insufficient wealth, so I think managing finances is the most urgent thing now." , suppressing mergers, and turning to agriculture as an urgent matter.” In this reform, Wang Anshi regarded the development of production as a top priority and placed it in a top priority position. Wang Anshi believes that to develop production, we must first "remove (workers') suffering, suppress mergers, and facilitate farmers", mobilize the enthusiasm of workers, and bring those idlers back to the front line of production. The quality of the harvest will be determined It depends on people and not on heaven. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-to-bottom reforms across the country. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in reform, he did not agree with the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent searches, and proposed and insisted on the idea that "it is not appropriate to question laws too much." and practices. Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above-mentioned thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws such as farmland water conservancy, green crops, exemption from labor, equalization of transportation, market transactions, exemption of money, and mining tax collection system, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce. From rural to urban areas, extensive social reforms were launched. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system to improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen their control over the vast countryside; in order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education systems were also reformed. Wang Anshi He personally wrote "Zhou Li Yi", "Book Yi" and "Poetry Yi", the so-called "New Meanings of the Three Classics", which provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
The reform violated the interests of conservatives and was opposed by conservatives. Therefore, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the first time in the seventh year of Xining. In particular, because Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme presiding officer of the reform, had differences on how to reform the reform, Wang Anshi did not receive more support after he returned to the throne and could not continue to implement the reform. Coupled with the internal split within the reform faction and the death of his beloved son Wang Yu, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of Xining and lived in Jiangning Mansion ever since. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), the reign of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, the conservatives gained power and all previous new laws were abolished. The reversal of the political situation made Wang Anshi deeply uneasy. When he heard that the exemption law had also been abolished, he couldn't help but said sadly and angrily: "Is this the end of it!?" He died of illness soon after.
Wang Anshi is not only a famous politician and thinker, but also an outstanding litterateur.
In order to realize his political ideals, he closely linked literary creation and political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies first in serving society. He opposed the empty and weak writing style of Yang Yi, Liu Jun and others of the Xikun School, believing that "the so-called writers should only be useful to the world. The so-called poets are just like engraving and painting. Sincerely make Qiao County Exquisiteness does not have to be practical; if it is to be applied sincerely, it does not need to be clever and elegant. It must be practical and engraving and painting are the content. The "applicable" view of "the world" is regarded as the foundation of literary creation. Most of his works expose current ills and reflect social contradictions, which have a strong political color. Today there are "Wang Linchuan Collection", "Linchuan Collection Supplements", "Songs of Mr. Linchuan", etc.
Wang Anshi is one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". His prose is vigorous, concise, and unique. Most of it is expository essays in the form of books, tables, notes, prefaces, etc., expounding political opinions and propositions. Reform and innovation services. These articles address current affairs or social issues, with clear views and profound analyses. The long articles are comprehensive but not exhaustive, and the short articles are concise but not boring. "Emperor Shanren's Statement" is a representative work advocating social change. Based on an in-depth analysis of the internal and external difficulties of the Northern Song Dynasty, it puts forward complete reform proposals and shows the author's progress in "raising the diseases of the people and the flaws of governing the country" Thought. "A Hundred Years of Peace in the Dynasty" not only narrates and explains the situation and reasons of peace and tranquility in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, but also sharply reminds the crisis-ridden social problems at that time. It hopes that Shenzong will make a beneficial contribution in politics and believes that "the great The time to do something is today." The policy that was implemented in the second year was like a prelude. "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance", with hundreds of words, strictly refutes Sima Guang's accusations of the new law for invading officials, causing trouble, expropriating profits, and refusing to remonstrate. It is short, concise, concise, and well-worded, which embodies the author's Resolute, decisive and principled statesmanship. Anshi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, with excellent ideas, thorough reasoning, and simple and concise language. "With only one or two words, he can sweep away large paragraphs of other people" (Liu Xizai's "Art Summary. Wen") "Overview"), with strong generality and logical power. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting reforms and consolidating the achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty poetry and literature innovation movement. Some of Anshi's short essays, such as "Gun Shuo", "Reading the Biography of Mengchang Jun", "The Biography of the Assassin", "Shang Zhongyong", etc., evaluate the characters with vigorous writing, sharp writing style and rich emotional color. Give people a fresh feeling of openness. He also has some prose essays on landscape travels, such as "Records of the Rise and Construction of Chengpiyuan", which are concise, clear and labor-saving, similar to Liu Zongyuan's; "Records of Travels to Baochan Mountain", which also record travels and reason, combine the two closely and naturally, even if they are abstract The truth is vivid and vivid, and the specific notes add depth of thought, making the layout flexible and changeable.
Wang Anshi's poetry can be roughly divided into the early and late periods of Baxiang (around 1076). There are obvious differences in content and style. "Wang Jinggong was young and self-confident, so his poems only followed his direction and were no longer more subtle... Later, he became a shepherd officer. From the Song Dynasty, he collected fake Tang Dynasty poems. Interesting" (Ye Mengde's "Shilin Poetry"). The early poems were good at reasoning and had a very clear tendency. They involved many important and sharp social issues. They paid attention to the pain of the lower class people and made a voice of injustice for them. "Feelings", "Annexation", "Provincial Soldiers", etc. describe and remind the Song Dynasty's national weakness or internal corruption from political, economic, military and other aspects, and point out the impact of land annexation by big landlords and big businessmen on the country and people. He put forward the suggestion of "selecting the best soldiers"; "Collecting Salt", "Hebei People", etc., reflected the tragic experience of the people who were oppressed and exploited by the rulers at that time; "Examination Yuanzhong", "Evaluation Exam Paper" etc., directly criticized the imperial examination system that used poems and poems to select scholars, and required the recruitment of talents with the ability to manage the country; "Yuanri", "Ge Yuanfeng", etc. enthusiastically eulogized the new atmosphere brought by the reform and the people's happiness. Joy; "Shang Yang", "Jia Sheng", etc. express their new insights and progressive significance through the merits and demerits of historical figures. Anshi's secluded life in his later period brought about the evolution of his poetry creation. He lingered and was intoxicated in the mountains, rivers and countryside, and his subject matter was relatively narrow. A large number of poems about scenery and poems about objects took the place of the early political poems and expressed a leisurely taste. However, the artistic expression has reached maturity, "Elegance is exquisite, and it is free from vulgarity. Every time it is ironic, it will sink into the teeth and cheeks." (Huang Luzhi's words in "Houshan Poetry Talk") and "Bochuan Guazhou" ", "On the River", "Plum Blossoms", "Book on the Wall of Mr. Hu Yin" and other poems are carefully observed, exquisitely crafted, and the artistic conception is remote and fresh. They express the praise and love for the beauty of nature and have always been recited by people.
In terms of poetic style, although Anshi's ancient-style poems often use allusions and are easy to generate discussions, pieces like "Ming Fei Song" and "Peach Blossom Journey" are novel in conception, full of emotion and rich imagination. Rhythmic poetry uses steady wording and appropriate parallelism, but sometimes it suffers from excessive carving. The Five Jue and Seven Jue are particularly famous. "Wang Banshan has prepared all kinds of styles and mastered quatrains" ("Hanting Poetry"), "Jinggong's quatrains are wonderful all over the world" ("Tingzhai Poetry"). His poems have an influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Jinggong Style" (Yan Yu's "Canglang Poetry Talk").
About 20 of An Shi's poems have been extant. Although he is not a famous ci poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Yi Gai. Ci and Music").
"Guizhixiang. Jinling Nostalgia", by describing the magnificent scenery and nostalgia of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties, which was "prosperous and diligent". It was heroic and melancholy, and was praised as a masterpiece of ancient times. Together with the phrase "the scenery is different when autumn comes under the fortress" in Fan Zhongyan's "The Proud Fisherman", it pioneered Su Dongpo's boldness and exerted a good influence on the later poetry circles.
From a literary perspective, Anshi’s works have outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and lyrics. The poetry innovation movement launched in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty was strongly promoted in his hands, and he contributed to eliminating the glitz and glamor that was prevalent in the early Song Dynasty. However, Anshi's literary ideas placed too much emphasis on "practicality" and often underestimated the role of artistic forms. Many of his poems are often too heavy on argumentative elements, thin and lacking in image and charm. There are also some poems about Zen and Buddhism, which are obscure and dry.
Collection of Wang Anshi's Ci
Huanxi Sand
The hundred-acre atrium is half covered with moss, and the white water lingers in front of the door. How many people can come to Aixian?
The cloister of the small courtyard is silent in spring, and there are two or three apricots planted in the mountain peach stream. For whom is it scattered and open?
Nanxiangzi
Since ancient times, the imperial state has been lush and green. It has been a dream for four hundred years, and it is a sorrow. The clothes of the Jin Dynasty have become ancient hills.
Take a leisurely swim around the water. Go up to the next floor and go upstairs again. Don’t ask about the past and look back. Outside the threshold, the Yangtze River flows freely.
Yu Jia Ao
The small bridge on the flat bank is surrounded by thousands of mountains, and the orchids and the water are lingering in the flowers and grass. The hut has several graceful windows. If there is no dust, there will always be a spring breeze.
At noon, I sleep on my pillow and listen to the singing birds. Suddenly I remembered my old friend, now my boss. Greedy dreams are good, but I forget about Handan Road at a loss.
Yuan Day·Wang Anshi
The sound of firecrackers marks the end of the year, and the spring breeze brings warmth to Tusu.
Thousands of households always exchange old talismans for new peaches.
Plum Blossoms
There are several plum blossoms in the corner, and Ling Han blooms alone.
I know it’s not snow from afar, because there is a faint fragrance coming.
Climb Feilai Peak
Feilai Mountain Qianxun Pagoda, hear the rooster crow and see the sun rise.
Don’t be afraid of the floating clouds covering your eyes, because you are at the highest level.
Spring Night
The sound of incense embers leaking from the golden stove is faint, and the breeze blows coldly through the wind.
The spring scenery makes me sleepless, and the moon moves the shadows of flowers onto the railing.
Gutong
The natural quality is from the dense forest, and it is hundreds of fathoms high. Ling Xiao is unyielding and has an open mind.
The roots become stronger with age, and the leaves become darker when the sun shines brighter. When I think about it in the bright future, I would like to play the five-stringed harp.
The Song of Concubine Ming
When Concubine Ming first left the Han Palace, her temples and feet were wet with tears in the spring breeze.
The wandering figure has no color, but the king cannot control himself.
When I came back, I was surprised by the painter's hand. I had never seen it before in my life;
The origin of the mood could not be painted, and it was in vain to kill Mao Yanshou at that time.
As soon as I left, I knew I would never come back, and I was so pitiful that I wore all my Han palace clothes;
I sent messages to ask about Sainan, but only swan geese flew every year.
My family spreads news thousands of miles away, but fortunately I can’t remember each other in Fencheng;
If you don’t see me, the long door is closed, Gillian, and your life will be full of frustration.
The Song of Concubine Ming (Part 2)
Concubine Ming married Hu Er for the first time, and hundreds of felt carriages were all made up of Hu Concubine.
The words of passion are nowhere to be found, and they are conveyed to the pipa and the heart knows itself.
The golden pole stirs the spring breeze, and I watch Feihong persuade Hu Jiu.
The maids in the Han Palace wept secretly, but the passers-by on the sand looked back.
Han’s kindness is shallow while Hu’s kindness is deep. The joy of life lies in understanding each other.
It is a pity that the green tomb has been destroyed, but there are still mourning strings left to this day.
"Xie Gongdun"
Everything depends on ghosts? What's the point of shame?
"Suiwan"
The moon reflects on the forest and pond, and the wind smiles and speaks coolly. Looking down at the pity green net, a small stand stands with delicate fragrance. Take your children with you to find something new, support your children and take a wild voyage. The relationship has lasted for a long time, and I cherish the passing time at the end of the year.
"Mountain Travel"
The poem describes a clear and shallow scene, which penetrates the green shade. The flat head is made of Chu, the long ears are the successor of Wu Yin, the dusk ridge has a beautiful appearance, and the cold spring still has a good sound. Whoever agrees with this true meaning will also look for the tired bird.
One of the two poems of "Shu Hu Yin's Wall"
One water protects the fields and surrounds them with green, and two mountains with rows of gates bring green.
"Late Steps on Zhongshan Mountain"
The light rain and gentle breeze have fallen on the neem flowers, which are as fine red as snow specks on the flat sand. On Jinli Zhuwujiangcun Road, I often see Yicheng restaurants.
Budhisattvaman
Several thatched huts are adjacent to the water, with light shirts and short hats hanging in the willows. What dynasty is it today? Look at the Yudu Stone Bridge.
The new moon is dying, and I wake up late after being drunk at noon. What is the most emotional thing? Oriole calls once or twice.
The fragrance of cinnamon branches
I came to see you off, it was late autumn in my motherland, and the weather was beginning to be calm. Thousands of miles of clear river looks like a train, and the green peaks are like clusters.
The expedition sails to the setting sun, with the west wind at our back and the wine flag standing diagonally. The clouds are light on the colorful boat, the herons are rising on the stars and rivers, and it is difficult to draw a picture.
Thinking about the past and the prosperous competition, sighing at the building outside the door, filled with sorrow and hatred. For thousands of years, I have been lamenting the honor and disgrace over this.
The old events of the Six Dynasties flow with the flowing water, but the cold smoke and fragrant grass are green. To this day, Shang women still sing this song all the time, leaving behind songs in the backyard.
Qianqiu Suiyin
The annex is cold and the anvil is in the lonely city, and the sound of autumn enters the vast outline.
The geese returning from the east go from the sea, while the geese coming from the south fall towards the sand head. The typhoon in Chu and the moon in Yu Lou are just like yesterday.
I have no choice but to be bound by fame and fortune! I have no choice but to be attracted by it! It's a pity that the romantic always has nothing to do!
In the beginning, I asked you to stay in China to express your feelings, but now you have mistakenly made an appointment with me in Qinlou. In the middle of a dream, after waking up from the wine, I thought about it.
Bodhisattva Man. Collection of Sentences
The begonias with wild hair are all near the water. Do you know what the flowers here look like? The cold moon is white, and the fragrant breeze can be smelled across the bank.
The yellow bird singing on the branches is approaching, and the sound is corresponding from the other side of the bank. Feel free to sit on the strawberry moss with a glass of wine.
After the failure of Wang Anshi’s reform, the victorious old party suddenly lost its opponent for criticism. The scholar-bureaucrats could not live in a life of one party and one mind, so they split internally into the "Luo Party" and "Shu Party" The three parties, including the "Shuo Party" and the "Shuo Party", were hurling insults at each other over some trivial differences. They were in the same situation and were even more intense than the original struggle with the New Party.
4. Conservative thoughts, stubborn opinions, and hatred of deep-seated social changes from the bottom of their bones
As mentioned above, the education received by scholar-bureaucrats was limited to the Nine Books of Confucianism. The core of Confucianism is to respect ancestors and the ancients, emphasizing that the laws of ancestors are immutable. The scholar-bureaucrats armed with this kind of thinking were naturally conservative and stubborn, which manifested themselves in mechanically copying the dogmas in Confucian books academically; politically they opposed anything that did not exist in ancient times and opposed any measures to reform the status quo.
Except for the Shang Yang Reform instigated by Gongsun Yang in the Weihe River Basin in the 4th century BC, which made the ignorant Qin Kingdom suddenly dominate and reunify the world, all reforms in Chinese history have It was a failure, especially the failure of Wang Anshi's Reform in the Middle Ages and the Reform Movement of 1898 in modern times, which made later Chinese people sigh with regret. As long as one of these two reforms succeeds, China today will be an unparalleled world power. In foreign countries, it is often the supreme ruler who obstructs reforms, but this is not the case in feudal China. The emperor, the supreme ruler, is often the supporter and leader of reforms. For example, Emperor Shenzong Zhao Xu of the Song Dynasty and Emperor Guangxu were the protectors of these two reform movements. For the failure of the reform, the vested interests were the main culprits. In addition, the scholar-bureaucrats also stood on the opposite side of the reform. They instinctively opposed any new laws that were not in the ancestral code.
Wang Anshi's Reform
Due to the deep appreciation of Shenzong, Wang Anshi was appointed as the Councilor for Political Affairs in the second year of Xining (1069). The following year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously promote reforms and carry out reforms. . Wang Anshi clearly stated that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and believed that only on the basis of developing production can the country's financial problems be solved. After taking office, Wang Anshi continued to develop this insight. In the reform, he regarded the development of production as a top priority and placed it in a top priority position. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of the state power in the reform, he did not agree with the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed too many patent searches, and proposed and insisted on the idea that "it is not appropriate to question the law too much." and practices. Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above-mentioned thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, launching extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce, and from villages to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system to improve the quality and combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen their control over the vast rural areas. In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education systems were also reformed. The reform offended the interests of big landowners and big bureaucrats. The empress dowagers of the two palaces, relatives of the emperor and conservative scholar-bureaucrats united to oppose the reform. Therefore, Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the first time in the seventh year of Xining. The next year he paid homage to the prime minister again. After Wang Anshi returned to the prime minister, he could not get more support and could not continue to implement the reform. In the ninth year of Xining, he resigned as prime minister for the second time and lived in Jiangning Mansion. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), the reign of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, the conservatives gained power and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of illness soon after.
Enlightenment from the failure of Wang Anshi’s reform
For the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the economy, ancient Chinese emperors and promising politicians tried their best to survive and experienced glory and success. fail. Here, there are tragic heroes, capable ministers and emperors who are famous in history, and historical passers-by who have caused infamy throughout the ages. Wang Anshi was such a passer-by in history. He left his mark and the right and wrong behind him, but he did not leave any glory. If there is any glory, it is literature, not political achievements.
Collection of Wang Anshi's Ci
Huanxi Sand
The hundred-acre atrium is half covered with moss, and the white water lingers in front of the door. How many people can come to Aixian?
The cloister of the small courtyard is silent in spring, and there are two or three apricots planted in the mountain peach stream. For whom is it scattered and open?
Nanxiangzi
Since ancient times, the imperial state has been lush and green. It has been a dream for four hundred years, and it is a sorrow. The clothes of the Jin Dynasty have become ancient hills.
Take a leisurely swim around the water. Go up to the next floor and go upstairs again. Don’t ask about the past and look back. Outside the threshold, the Yangtze River flows freely.
Yu Jia Ao
The small bridge on the flat bank is surrounded by thousands of mountains, and the orchids and the water are lingering in the flowers and grass. The hut has several graceful windows. If there is no dust, there will always be a spring breeze.
At noon, I sleep on my pillow and listen to the singing birds. Suddenly I remembered my old friend, now my boss. Greedy dreams are good, but I forget about Handan Road at a loss.
Yuan Day·Wang Anshi
The sound of firecrackers marks the end of the year, and the spring breeze brings warmth to Tusu.
Thousands of households always exchange old talismans for new peaches.
Plum Blossoms
There are several plum blossoms in the corner, and Ling Han blooms alone.
I know it’s not snow from afar, because there is a faint fragrance coming.
Climb Feilai Peak
Feilai Mountain Qianxun Pagoda, hear the rooster crow and see the sun rise.
Don’t be afraid of the floating clouds covering your eyes, because you are at the highest level.
Spring Night
The sound of incense embers leaking from the golden stove is faint, and the breeze blows coldly through the wind.
The spring scenery makes me sleepless, and the moon moves the shadows of flowers onto the railing.
Gutong
The natural quality is dense and lonely, hundreds of fathoms high. Ling Xiao is unyielding and has an open mind.
The roots become stronger with age, and the leaves become darker when the sun shines brighter. When I think about it in the bright future, I would like to play the five-stringed harp.
The Song of Concubine Ming
When Concubine Ming first left the Han Palace, her temples and feet were wet with tears in the spring breeze.
The wandering figure has no color, but the king cannot control himself.
When I came back, I was surprised by the painter's hand. I had never seen it before in my life;
The origin of the artistic conception could not be painted, and it was in vain to kill Mao Yanshou at that time.
As soon as I left, I knew I would never come back, and I was so pitiful that I wore all my Han palace clothes;
I sent messages to ask about Sainan, but only swan geese flew every year.
My family spreads news thousands of miles away, but fortunately I can’t remember each other in Fencheng;
If you don’t see me, the long door is closed, Gillian, and your life will be full of frustration.
The Song of Concubine Ming (Part 2)
Concubine Ming married Hu Er for the first time, and hundreds of felt carriages were all made up of Hu Ji.
The words of passion are nowhere to be found, and they are conveyed to the pipa and the heart knows itself.
The golden pole stirs the spring breeze, and I watch Feihong persuade Hu Jiu.
The maids in the Han Palace wept secretly, but the passers-by on the sand looked back.
Han’s kindness is shallow while Hu’s kindness is deep. The joy of life lies in understanding each other.
It is a pity that the green tomb has been destroyed, but there are still mourning strings left to this day.
"Xie Gongdun"
Everything has to be paid to the devil? What's the point of shame?
"Suiwan"
The moon reflects in the forest and pond, and the wind smiles and speaks coolly. Looking down at the pity green net, a small stand stands with delicate fragrance. Take your children with you to find something new, support your children and take a wild voyage. The relationship has lasted for a long time, and I cherish the passing time at the end of the year.
"Mountain Travel"
The poem describes a clear and shallow scene, which penetrates the green shade. The flat head is made of Chu, the long ears are the successor of Wu Yin, the dusk ridge has a beautiful appearance, and the cold spring still has a good sound. Whoever agrees with this true meaning will also look for the tired bird.
One of the two poems of "Shu Hu Yin's Wall"
One water protects the fields and surrounds them with green, and two mountains with rows of gates bring green.
"Late Step on Zhongshan Mountain"
The light rain and gentle breeze have fallen on the neem flowers, which are as fine red as snow spots on the flat sand. On Jinli Zhuwujiangcun Road, I often see Yicheng restaurants.
Bodhisattvaman
Several thatched huts are leisurely near the water, with light shirts and short hats hanging in the willows. What dynasty is it today? Look at the Yudu Stone Bridge.
The new moon is dying, and I wake up late after being drunk at noon. What is the most emotional thing? Oriole calls once or twice.
The scent of cinnamon twigs
I came to see you off, it was late autumn in my motherland, and the weather was beginning to be calm. Thousands of miles of clear river looks like a train, and the green peaks are like clusters.
The expedition sails to the setting sun, with the west wind at our back and the wine flag standing diagonally. The clouds are light on the colorful boat, the herons are rising on the stars and rivers, and it is difficult to draw a picture.
Thinking about the past and the prosperous competition, sighing at the building outside the door, filled with sorrow and hatred. For thousands of years, I have been lamenting the honor and disgrace over this.
The old events of the Six Dynasties flow with the flowing water, but the cold smoke and fragrant grass are green. To this day, Shang girls still sing this song all the time, leaving behind songs in the backyard.
Qianqiu Suiyin
The annex is cold and the anvil is in the lonely city, and the sound of autumn enters the vast outline.
The geese returning from the east go from the sea, while the geese coming from the south fall towards the sand head. The typhoon in Chu and the moon in Yu Lou are just like yesterday.
I have no choice but to be bound by fame and fortune! I have no choice but to be attracted by it! It's a pity that the romantic always has nothing to do!
In the beginning, I asked you to stay in China to express your feelings, but now you have made an appointment with me in Qinlou by mistake. In the middle of a dream, after waking up from the wine, I thought about it.
Bodhisattva Man. Collection of Sentences
The crabapples with their wild hair are all near the water. Do you know what the flowers here look like? The cold moon is white, and the fragrant breeze can be smelled across the bank.
The yellow bird singing on the branches is approaching, and the sound is corresponding from the other side of the bank. Feel free to sit on the strawberry moss with a glass of wine.
After Wang Anshi’s reform failed, the victorious old party suddenly lost its opponent for criticism. The scholar-bureaucrats could not live with one party and one mind, so they split internally into the "Luo Party" and "Shu Party" The three parties, including the "Shuo Party" and the "Shuo Party", were hurling insults at each other over some trivial differences. They were in the same situation and were even more intense than the original struggle with the New Party.
4. Conservative thoughts, stubborn opinions, and hatred of deep-seated social changes from the bottom of their bones
As mentioned above, the education received by scholar-bureaucrats was limited to the Nine Books of Confucianism. The core of Confucianism is to respect ancestors and the ancients, emphasizing that the laws of ancestors are immutable. The scholar-bureaucrats armed with this kind of thinking were naturally conservative and stubborn, which manifested themselves in mechanically copying the dogmas in Confucian books academically; politically they opposed anything that did not exist in ancient times and opposed any measures to reform the status quo.
Except for the Shang Yang Reform instigated by Gongsun Yang in the Wei River Basin in the 4th century BC, which made the Qin Kingdom in an ignorant state suddenly dominate and unify the world, all reforms in Chinese history have It was a failure, especially the failure of Wang Anshi's Reform in the Middle Ages and the Reform Movement of 1898 in modern times, which made later Chinese people sigh with regret. As long as one of these two reforms succeeds, China today will be an unparalleled world power.
In foreign countries, it is often the supreme ruler who obstructs reforms, but this is not the case in feudal China. The emperor, the supreme ruler, is often the supporter and leader of reforms. For example, Emperor Shenzong Zhao Xu of the Song Dynasty and Emperor Guangxu were the protectors of these two reform movements. For the failure of the reform, the vested interests were the main culprits. In addition, the scholar-bureaucrats also stood on the opposite side of the reform. They instinctively opposed any new laws that were not in the ancestral code.
Wang Anshi's Reform
Due to the deep appreciation of Shenzong, Wang Anshi was appointed as the Councilor for Political Affairs in the second year of Xining (1069). The following year, he was promoted to prime minister and began to vigorously promote reforms and carry out reforms. . Wang Anshi clearly stated that financial management is the top priority for the prime minister, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and believed that only on the basis of developing production can the country's financial problems be solved. After taking office, Wang Anshi continued to develop this insight. In the reform, he regarded the development of production as a top priority and placed it in a top priority position.
Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of the state power in the reform, he did not agree with the state's excessive intervention in social production and economic life, opposed too many patent searches, and proposed and insisted on the idea that "it is not appropriate to question the law too much."