Childhood is the first part of Gorky's autobiography trilogy. It describes Gorky's childhood life from three to ten years old.
When Alesha was three years old, he lost his father, and his mother varvara gave him to his grandfather Kashlin for foster care. My grandfather lives in the town of Novogo Road, Niger. When my grandfather was young, he was a tracker. Later, he opened a dyehouse and became a small business owner. When Aletha came to his grandfather's house, his grandfather's manor had begun to decline, and his grandfather became more bossy and irritable because of the depression of the manor. Aletha's two uncles, Mikhail and Yakov, kept quarreling and fighting to separate and embezzle Aletha's mother's dowry. In this family, alessa saw the fog of hatred between people, and even the children were poisoned by this atmosphere. As soon as Alisha entered grandpa's house, she disliked him, was afraid of him and felt the hostility in his eyes. One day, out of curiosity, with the encouragement of his cousin, he threw a white tablecloth into the dye vat and dyed it blue. As a result, my grandfather knocked me out and gave birth to a serious illness. From then on, Aletha began to observe the people around him with anxiety, feeling unbearable humiliation and pain for himself and others. His mother abandoned him and left home because she couldn't stand such a life. But in this dirty environment, there is another kind of person, another kind of life. There are optimistic and simple people in Shigang, and Gregory, an upright old worker. Every holiday night, Yakov plays the guitar and plays a touching tune. Grandmother danced folk dances, as if she had regained her youth. All this made Alisha happy and sad. Among these people, my grandmother has the deepest influence on Alisha. My grandmother is kind and just, loves life, and believes that good will always overcome evil. She knows many beautiful folk stories, which sympathize with the poor and the weak and praise justice and light. The god she believes in is also amiable and amiable to people. Grandpa's god, however, doesn't love others, and always finds fault with others and punishes them.
Later, my grandfather moved to Kahnert Street and recruited two tenants. One is a progressive intellectual, nicknamed "good thing". He was the first outstanding person Aletha met, and he left an indelible impression on Aletha. The other is Peter, who disguised himself as a coachman after robbing the church. His cruelty and slave habits aroused Aletha's antipathy.
One morning, my mother suddenly came back, and her change made Alisha feel very sad. At first, she taught alessa to read, but the torture of life gradually made her careless, and she often lost her temper and pulled a long face. Later, when his mother remarried, Aletha lost interest in everything around him and tried to avoid adults and wanted to live alone. In this way, after a summer of thinking, he finally strengthened his strength and confidence.
Mother is unhappy after marriage and is often beaten by her stepfather. Poverty and disease are eroding her beauty. Because she is in a bad mood, she often shows coldness and unfairness to Alisha.
Alisha didn't feel warm at home and was discriminated against and made things difficult at school. Therefore, in Aletha's mind, the emotion of "love" is gradually replaced by hatred of everything. Due to disagreement with her stepfather, Aletha returned to her grandpa's house, and grandpa went bankrupt completely! Their lives are getting harder and harder. In order to make ends meet, Aletha and his neighbor's children teamed up to collect junk and sell it after school. At the same time, I also felt friendship and sympathy. But it also attracted criticism from the school. He finished the third grade with honors and left the classroom of the school forever.
At this time, Alisha's mother died. After he buried his mother, he soon went to the "human world" to make a living.
This book was written by romain rolland.
Biography of a Celebrity, also known as Biography of a Giant, was a famous French critical realism writer, musician and social activist from the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century. Roman? Written by Roland, he collected three biographies of heroes: Beethoven, Tolstoy and Michelangelo.
Although all three people in biographies are musicians, sculptors, painters and novelists, they all have their own gardens. All three biographies focus on recording great geniuses, who have devoted their lives to seeking truth and justice and creating immortal masterpieces that can express truth, goodness and beauty during their hard journey.
"Who is Right and Who is Wrong" was written at the beginning of the 20th century, which had a wide influence at that time and later generations. In these three biographies, romain rolland didn't stick to the trivial textual research of the master's life, nor did he trace back their creative process in general. Instead, we firmly grasp the similarities between these three artists and their respective fields, and strive to describe their long-term suffering and pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty. Romain rolland called them "heroes" and wrote with touching pen and ink their lofty courage to fight against fate and great feelings to bear the suffering of all mankind, which can be said to be another "heroic symphony" of ours.
As early as 1930s and 1940s, the famous translator Mr. Fu Lei translated Whose Biography into Chinese. First-class propagandist, first-class author and first-class translator made this work quickly become a classic, and it is still deeply loved by readers. The first half of the 20th century was a turbulent and painful period in human history. Romain rolland wrote "Whose Biography" and Mr. Fu Lei translated "Whose Biography", all by feeling, in order to learn the strength of survival and the courage to fight from the lives of these great men. Mr. Fu Lei said, "When the whole sky is shrouded in gloom", the inspiration he got from Who's Who is: "Only real suffering can drive away the suffering of romantic Dick's fantasy; Only by overcoming the heroic tragedy of suffering can we help us bear the cruel fate; Only by holding the spirit of' who will go to hell if I don't go to hell' can we save a depressed and selfish nation ... "
So, for today's readers, what can the biography of Who give us? In an era when material life is extremely rich and spiritual life is relatively poor, and in a society where people avoid the sublime and bid farewell to the sublime, Whose Biography may give us more embarrassment, because the lives of these giants are like a mirror, which shows our meanness and smallness. We would rather praise their works than feel the greatness of their personality. Romain rolland said at the end of the biography of Michelangelo that a great soul is like a mountain. "I'm not saying that ordinary human beings can survive at the peak. But once a year, they should go up and bow. There, they can change the breathing in the lungs and the blood flow in blood vessels. There, they will feel closer to eternity. In the future, they will return to the vast plains of life, and their hearts are full of courage in daily fighting. " For our time, this is really a stone.
Who's Who well proves an old saying of China people: Those who have achieved great things in ancient and modern times must have perseverance and extraordinary talents. Beethoven's "Seeking refuge in sadness and forbearance", Michelangelo's "The more I suffer, the more I like it" and Tolstoy's "I cry, I suffer, I just want the truth" all show that a great life is an endless battle. Our times are ever-changing and full of opportunities. We are eager for success, but we don't want to struggle. What we want is to become famous overnight. Impetuousness and quick success may make us achieve short-term achievements, but we must never be among the immortals of mankind. Therefore, reading Who's Who may sober us up.
On the basis of respecting Mr. Fu Lei's original translation, the newly published Biography of Whose by Yilin Publishing House revised the typographical errors of the old version, adopted the current translation methods for some common names and places, and supplemented some untranslated foreign names and places in the original text into Chinese as much as possible, which did a good thing for today's readers and enabled them to read this work more conveniently and better.
abstract
Who's Who includes three biographies: Beethoven, Michelangelo and Tolstoy.
Brief introduction of Beethoven's life: Beethoven was born in a poor family. His father is an opera singer, rude and alcoholic, and his mother is a maid. Beethoven himself was ugly, had a hard life in his childhood and adolescence, and was often scolded by his father. Beethoven1/Kloc-0 joined the theater band at the age of/0/,and became a great organist at the age of 13. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he lost his mother, and he was responsible for the education of his two brothers alone.
10 Beethoven left his hometown Bonn for Vienna, the music city. Soon, pain knocked on the door of his life. Since 1796, Beethoven's ears have been ringing day and night, and his hearing has been declining. At first, he kept this terrible secret alone. 180 1 year, he fell in love with a girl named Julietta, but because of her disability (he was deaf at this time) and Julietta's selfishness and vanity, she married an earl two years later. The double torture of body and spirit is embodied in his fantasy sonata.
1806 In May, Beethoven got engaged to Miss Brunswick, and the beauty of love produced a series of great works. Unfortunately, love abandoned him again, and his fiancee married someone else. However, Beethoven was in the heyday of his creation at this time, and he was carefree about everything. He attracted the attention of the world, and after his glory came the most tragic period: financial distress, the death of relatives and friends, deafness, and communication with people only on paper. Facing the hardships of life, it seems that nothing can make Beethoven yield. He reversed the frivolous style of Vienna at that time with his own creative style.
1827 On March 26th, Beethoven took his last breath on a snowy day.
The biography of Michelangelo: This biography is divided into two parts, the first part is "fighting", the second part is "abandoning" and
The ending is "death". 1475 On March 6th, Michelangelo was born in Capulli Sai, Santino, where his father was a judge. His mother died when he was six years old, and Michelangelo was adopted by the wife of a stonemason. At the age of thirteen, he entered the studio of domenico Girandayo. It is said that his excellent grades make teachers jealous. A year later, they broke up and Michelangelo transferred to a sculpture school. Soon, due to the conflict of religious beliefs, he left there and went to Venice, Rome and other famous cities, and the level of sculpture continued to improve.
1505 In March, Michelangelo was recruited by Pope Julius II to build a mausoleum for him. Soon, he was invited to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. In the following years, he was sent by successive popes to create works that he was not satisfied with with with pain. 1527 Michelangelo was involved in the whirlpool of a revolution and almost died. After the revolution, Pope Clemente found him out of his hiding place again, and Michelangelo had to work for the people he resisted again. Pope Clemente died in September 1537, and Michelangelo thought he could do his own thing quietly from now on. But as soon as he arrived in Rome, he was caught by his new owner, Paul III. It seems that fate doomed him to work for others only in endless interference.
1February 564 12, Michelangelo stood all day, writing a eulogy for Christ. 14 began to have a fever. 18 at 5 pm, this outstanding sculptor and painter finally passed away forever.
Biography of Tolstoy: Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of two and his father at the age of nine. As a teenager, Tolstoy was not only troubled by his own thoughts, but also despaired of his ugly appearance.
185 1 year, Tolstoy came to the Caucasus, and the clear environment surrounded by mountains made his chaotic brain wake up. The following year, he created excellent works such as Childhood, Teenager, Youth and Morning of a Landlord. During the Russian-Turkish War, Tolstoy visited the battlefield personally and was often in danger. Under such circumstances, he still wrote such an exciting work as Chronicle of Sevastopol. Tolstoy in this period was full and happy.
Tolstoy got married in 1862, and his happy family life gave him enough time and energy to create masterpieces that shocked the whole novel circle in19th century: War and Peace and Anna karenin. However, Tolstoy is distressed: he has status and wealth, but he is often ashamed of his rich life; He sympathizes with the lower classes and lacks confidence in them. So he was tired of his own life, determined to break with his own society, and could not get people's support. Mentally, he has always been lonely. At the age of eighty-two, he chose to run away and died in a small railway station.
How heavy is the air around us. The boss's Europa is unconscious in an atmosphere of heavy turbidity and corruption. Vulgar materialism suppresses ideas and hinders the actions of the government and individuals. Society suffocated in smart and humble selfishness. Humans can't breathe. -Open the window! Let the free air come back! Take a breath of hero.
Romain rolland (1866- 1944) is a French writer in the 20th century, a Nobel Prize in Literature winner in 19 15, and a world-famous pacifist. His mother is a devout religious believer and loves music very much, which has a far-reaching impact on Roland's love of music and his reverence for Beethoven in the future. 1880, the Roland family moved to Paris from Clancy, a city in central France. From 65438 to 0886, he was admitted to the prestigious Paris Normal School, during which he read a lot of literary and historical works. Roland holds lofty social ideals and enthusiasm, but the reality around him makes him depressed and confused, so he gave it to the great Russian writer Lev? Tolstoy wrote letters seeking answers to life. Tolstoy enthusiastically wrote a reply of 20 to 30 pages, answered various questions in detail, and pointed out in a highly concise way: "Everything that unites people is good and beautiful; Everything that divides people is evil and ugly. " Tolstoy's "kindness" words and deeds had an indelible impact on Roland's life.
The writing purpose of Whose Biography is lofty, creating the sun in the spiritual world, breathing the breath of heroes, and making people get spiritual support in the painful and disappointing reality. Who's Who is full of intense passion. Every reader who reads Who Who's Who will first strongly feel the irresistible enthusiasm in the works, and will be heartbroken by Roland's inspiring language.
From the structural point of view, Beethoven's biography, Michelangelo's biography and Tolstoy's biography seem to be independent and irrelevant, but in fact they are internally consistent. This consistency stems not only from the spiritual similarity of the three masters, but also from another important thought of Roland, namely, the European unity thought and the humanitarian spirit.
Whose Biography is a fascinating biography. The author devoted all his enthusiasm to successfully expose readers to the three masters in the biography and share their pains and failures. Also share their sincerity and success.
The most prominent place in Whose Biography is that it shows the physical and mental sufferings of the biographies in many aspects, their unremitting struggle with infinite suffering, and their passion for life that erupted in the struggle. Throughout the three biographies, the protagonists in Roland's novels have the same fate schema and trend: long-term suffering, torrent-like vitality, artistic creation embodying the will of life and the pursuit of exchanging pain for joy.
Roman Roland called these three great geniuses' heroes'. His view of hero is not the hero usually praised. Roman? The heroes Roland refers to have become "loyal servants of mankind" because of their great character. They are great because they can serve the public wholeheartedly. Roland himself said: "The hero I am talking about is not a person dominated by ideas or power; But a man with a great heart. In order to highlight the essence of heroes, Roland changed the writing style of conventional biographies, abandoned the general knowledge introduction of biographies, concentrated on grasping the highly unified spiritual character of characters, and projected his passion for heroes.
Beethoven, Michelangelo, Tolstoy, these people who were honored as heroes by Roman Roland, were either tortured by illness, or suffered, or because of inner confusion and contradiction, or the superposition of the three, and their deep distress almost choked their breath and destroyed their reason. They can persist in the arduous course because of their love and confidence in mankind. Beethoven's music of "taking pain as pleasure"; Michelangelo dedicated his life's hard work to a masterpiece that shocked the soul; Tolstoy always cared about the greatness and insignificance of thousands of creatures, so as to spread the seeds of love and the ideal of tolerance.
Fanxing spring
Poetry is short and alert, such as sobering, enough to wake up those groggy heads.
The spring 174:
Young man!
Take care of the description,
Time is turning pages,
Please write!
[Appreciation]
This is a very philosophical exhortation poem. At the beginning of the poem, young people are encouraged to study hard and "treasure and describe" their life poems by calling and using inverted sentences. Don't slack off and waste time. Then, use a personification and metaphor rhetoric to point out the reasons and urge people to make progress; Because "time is turning pages, please write"! Poetry is similar to Yue Fei's "Don't wait for leisure, white the head of a teenager, empty and sad". After reading this, the shocking aphorism of the ancient philosophers will ring in our ears: "The deceased is like a husband, never giving up day and night", thus lashing Ma Su and urging him to show his brilliant life diligently.
Notes on the stars in spring water
Bing Xin, 22, published Stars and Springs. How beautiful the youth of 22 years old is. She has lost the restlessness of the flower season and worn off the sharp edges and corners. It is still a passionate year, but it is a little more gentle and calm.
In this book, Bing Xin mostly uses flowers, grass, clean streams and meteors as the bedding to tell the beliefs or proverbs hidden in a careful place. What seems gentle and naive actually reveals the flashy and selfish phenomenon in social unrest.
Perhaps, Bing Xin often touches petals, counts patterns, looks at flowers and listens to the subtle sounds of flowers and plants, which is why her articles are so delicate, delicate, gentle and fragrant. I often taste her articles and poems with fragrance.
Perhaps, Bing Xin often peeks at the stubbornness and naughty, stubbornness and tenacity of the grass, and she is infected by the vigorous vitality of the grass. Therefore, her poems make people feel her persistent pursuit of faith, her desire for family happiness, and her persistence in all things full of commercial flavor in nature. Her articles have such youthful blood boiling, as well as naive yearning and feelings when she was a girl.
Perhaps, Bing Xin often drips water into the stream, splashing the clear stream comfortably, letting the holy water wet one corner of her pleated skirt, praying for the blessing of the holy water, so that the holy water can't reach her ankles. So Bing Xin writes so clearly and thoroughly, as if she injected the freshness and purity of nature into her body and soul. She knows everything, and all the disguises and escapes cannot escape Bing Xin's clear blue eyes.
Perhaps, Bing Xin often stares at the bright starry sky on the balcony at midnight, letting his thoughts wander in ancient and modern times and in mysterious space. Therefore, her words are like the twinkling morning star, which instantly shines brightly, making everyone submit and dazzle.
Maybe, maybe ... a lot may be because Ms. Bing Xin is integrated with nature. While enjoying nature, she also exudes the infinite charm of her own words.
I like her poems, cute and small; I like her, quiet; I like her writing, delicate and fresh; I like the spring water with stars, because the love contained in it makes me feel the warmth of my family, and makes me love my family like Bing Xin!
Reflections on The Stars in Spring
This is the first modern poem that I have read completely, and it is also the first time that I have read Bing Xin's works, and it is the first time that I have read this touching masterpiece "Spring among the Stars". After reading it, I suddenly felt a feeling I had never felt before.
This article was written by Bing Xin, a famous writer in China, whose name I have heard since I was a child. When I was a child, my family told me the story of grandma Bing Xin every day, but I never had a chance to see her works. At that time, I only knew what ancient poetry was, and I didn't know the difference between the rhythm of modern poetry and ancient poetry. Once, I came across the article "Stars in Spring Water" and realized that modern poetry is more vivid, catchy and interesting than ancient poetry. Unconsciously, I fell in love with modern poetry. If you don't believe me, listen to me about the article "Spring Water Stars"!
Let's take a look at this passage first: the stars are twinkling-how can we hear their conversation in the dark blue sky?
In silence, in the twilight, they deeply praised each other. In just a few words, it outlines a beautiful, aesthetical, natural and harmonious picture. Moreover, the author's imagination is so magical and wonderful that the stars without feelings in the ice Leng Ye sky can still praise each other, and the author expresses his pursuit of "human love" very implicitly. You can see such a short poem and embody such a great spirit. I think grandma Bing Xin must have been very careful when she wrote it. It's nothing. Look at these words again:
Mom! The wind and rain came, and the birds hid in the nest;
The storm in my heart is coming, so I can only hide in your arms. A few words praised the noblest and most selfless maternal love. She enthusiastically praised maternal love. I expressed my heartfelt thanks to my mother. The whole association is natural and gentle to read.
In Spring Water, there is a passage that I can't forget for a long time. "Spring says to the youth from the green grass:' My light is on you, creating your living personality from the cold environment!' The poet tells people with personification that the dawn of revolutionary victory has come, and people should warmly welcome a better life in the future and create their own brilliant life. This is also a portrayal of the poet's revolutionary optimism and enthusiasm.
In a word, I think grandma Bing Xin's poems are shining stars in the vast night sky, small flowers scattered on the forgotten banks of the river, and they always exude refreshing fragrance.
The work "Springs of Stars" gave me a great whistle. She told me about human's pursuit of love, the greatness of maternal love, and that I should be optimistic about life ... which touched my great spirit and kindness.
Paul Kochakin, born in a poor railway worker's family, lost his father in his early years and made a living entirely by his mother washing and cooking for others. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs and was humiliated there. He hates bullying shopkeepers. He hates rich people who spend their time drinking.
After the "October Revolution" broke out, imperialists and reactionaries attempted to strangle the nascent Soviet regime. Paul's hometown, Shebetoka, Ukraine, has also experienced years of foreign armed intervention and civil war. The Red Army liberated the town of Shebetovka, but it quickly retreated, leaving only the old Bush Viktojuk to do underground work in the town. He stayed at Paul's house for a few days and told him a lot about the revolution, the working class and class struggle. Zhu was the initial leader of Paolo on the revolutionary road.
On a fishing trip, Paul met tonya, the daughter of a forestry official.
One day, Zhu was captured by the white bandit troops. Paul inquired about his whereabouts everywhere. On the way of the bandit troops escorting Zhu, Paul swooped down, knocked the bandit troops down in the trench and escaped with Zhu. Paul was sent to prison because of the snitch of Victor, the son of Polish aristocrat Lizensky. In prison, Paul endured torture and was strong and unyielding. In order to welcome Bai Fei leader Petriu to visit the town, a second-class officer mistakenly released Paul as an ordinary prisoner. Afraid of falling into the clutches again, he didn't dare to go home, so he involuntarily came to the front of tonya's garden and jumped into it. Because Paul saved Niya on his last fishing trip, and she liked his "passionate and stubborn" personality, so her arrival made her very happy. Paul also thinks that tonya is different from other rich girls. They all feel hazy love. In order to take refuge, he agreed to tonya's request and stayed. A few days later, tonya found Paul's brother Arqing, and he sent his brother to Khartoum to join the Red Army.
Paul worked as a scout after joining the army and later became a cavalry. He is an able man who dares to charge on the battlefield and an excellent political propagandist. He especially likes reading Gadfly, Spartacus and other works, and often reads aloud or tells stories to his comrades. In a fierce battle, his head was badly injured, but he overcame his death with tenacious perseverance. His physical condition prevented him from returning to the front, so he immediately devoted himself to restoring and building the country. He worked in the league, eliminated counter-revolutionaries and devoted himself to hard manual labor. In particular, the work of building railways is particularly difficult; Autumn rain, mud, heavy snow, frozen soil, lack of clothes and food, open-air accommodation, but also attacked by armed bandits and threatened by disease.
During this period, his love with tonya was in crisis, and tonya's vulgar individualism disgusted him. When I saw her again when I was building the railway, she had married a rich engineer. When Paul was the secretary of the Youth League Committee in the railway factory, he had frequent contact with Lida, a member of the Youth League Committee, and they gradually developed feelings. But he mistook Rita's brother for her lover and lost the chance to fall in love with her.
At the end of the road construction work, Paul got typhoid fever and caused pneumonia, so the organization had to send Paul back to his hometown to recuperate. On the way, he falsely reported that Paul was dead, but Paul defeated death for the fourth time and returned to the world. After his illness, he returned to work and joined the party. Due to various injuries and selfless work, Paul's physique is getting worse and worse, and he has lost his ability to work. The party organization had to terminate his work and let him stay in hospital for a long time. While recuperating at the seaside, he met Daya and fell in love. While constantly helping Daya to make progress, Paul began to study tenaciously and improve his writing ability. 1927, Paul was completely paralyzed and then became blind. The raging disease finally bound the soldier full of fighting passion to the hospital bed. Paul once had suicidal thoughts, but he soon got out of the trough. This paralyzed, blind man with no writing experience began his heroic career-literary creation. Paul endured great physical and mental pain. First he wrote in a cardboard box, then he dictated it himself and asked someone to record it for him. With the help of his mother and wife, his novel How Steel was Tempered was finally published in 1934! Paul took up new weapons and started a new life.