Zhang Zhidong is a representative figure of the Westernization Movement, which promoted the development of the entire national industry. His proposition of "Chinese learning as the body and Western learning as the application" was the general policy of the early Westernization Movement and reform. Mao Zedong spoke highly of Zhang Zhidong and believed that Zhang Zhidong should not be forgotten in the development of heavy industry. This fully illustrates Zhang Zhidong's social status and contribution.
What is the Westernization Movement? The Westernization Movement was a movement that sought wealth by introducing Western machines and making science and technology self-reliant. The Westernization Movement enabled the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in backward China and put China on the path of state capitalism. Zhang Zhidong mainly carried out the Westernization Movement from two parts, one was the main business, and the other was the founding of new schools.
1. Main industries
Zhang Zhidong supervised the construction of the Luhan Railway starting from Marco Polo Bridge and ending in Wuhan, which is now the famous Beijing-Hankow Railway. The biggest benefit of railways is that they can help people's livelihood.
Zhang Zhidong built Wuhan into a heavy industry base. The successful construction of the Lu-Han Railway actually paved the way for heavy industry. In 18 years, Zhang Zhidong founded a large number of modern industrial enterprises such as Hanyang Iron Works, Rail Factory, Hubei Textile Layout, and Coal Mines, laying the foundation of Hubei's modern industrial system.
Second, build new schools.
Zhang Zhidong vigorously established new schools, introduced talents, and strengthened the strength of China's normal education. It is common for students to study and go abroad, and Zhang Zhidong sent countless international students. It founded Ziqiang School, Hubei Normal School, Women's Normal School, etc. They are all seniors of the current university. They have trained batches of talents for China and made outstanding contributions to China's talent demand and training.
What is the story of the handsome Zhang Zhidong?
"Xiang Shuai" is the name given to Zhang Zhidong, a famous official in the late Qing Dynasty. Zhang Zhidong promoted the development of the entire country and founded a number of new schools in education, covering general education, military education, industrial education, teacher education and other aspects, and cultivated specialized talents at different levels. Politically, the political proposition of "taking Chinese learning as the body and Western learning as the application" was put forward; in terms of industry, a number of enterprises were established, such as steel mills, artillery factories, coal mines and cotton spinning mills, to promote development.
Zhang Zhidong is a celebrity both in the Qing Dynasty and now. He has a title that makes people remember him deeply, that is "Xiang Shuai". Why is Zhang Zhidong called Xiang Shuai? Zhang Zhidong, named Xiang Tao, was later appointed governor, and the governor also called him handsome, so the two were combined to form the expression Xiangshuai.
However, there is another theory about the origin of the title Xiang Shuai. Some scholars think it is Xiang Tao's account, while others think it is Zhang Zhidong's account. The records are quite different. The reason is that researchers believe that Zhang Zhidong has several characters, one is Xiao and the other is Xiang Tao. The second argument is that document authors have different views and concepts on font size, resulting in some deviations.
It is recorded in "The Family Ink of Duke Zhang Wenxiang" that Xiang Tao was used by Zhang Zhidong in his early years, so he was often called Xiang Shuai and Zhang Xiang Shuai, and some people also called him.
However, no matter what Zhang Zhidong's name is, he has left a deep impression on us. Zhang Xiangshuai has become the name of an era and a symbol of success.
What are Zhang Zhidong’s main works?
Zhang Zhidong not only made great political achievements, turning Hubei into an industrial production zone, but also created a new type of school and established the current education model and school-running model. He is also an intellectual. Before the age of 13, he studied many Confucian classics such as the Four Books and Five Classics, as well as many subjects such as economics and history. He also taught himself a military classic, such as "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu. When he was older, Zhang Zhidong went to take the imperial examination. First, he took the county examination as a scholar, and then he took the provincial examination as a scholar. After that, he started his official career and served in the Hanlin Academy. Therefore, Zhang Zhidong is a learned and talented person.
Zhang Zhidong's literary works are also very rich, among which the more famous ones include "_Xuan Yu", "Bibliographic Questions and Answers", "Reading the History of Song Dynasty", etc. Zhang Zhidong wrote this work in 1875. In addition, there are also poetry works "Xuanyu", as well as works "Guangyatang Poetry Collection" and "Reading the History of Song Dynasty".
Among them, "Jiuqu Pavilion" is relatively famous. In this book, Zhang Zhidong put forward the idea of ??"taking Chinese learning as the body and Western learning as the application", which had a great influence in the modern ideological circle. The author of "Encouraging Learning" proposed that if you want to learn knowledge well, you must first lay a good foundation. First, study Chinese Confucian classics steadily, and then start studying Western learning. Learn useful knowledge from it and then digest it. Only in this way can you learn better.
This is a book compilation that collects 231 volumes of Zhang Zhidong's works and manuscripts, including works on politics, economics, and education.
Introduction to Zhang Zhidong’s granddaughter Zhang Houcan
Zhang Zhidong’s granddaughter is named Zhang Houcan, and her first granddaughter Zhang Houcan frequently appears in people’s sight. Zhang Houcan was born in Nanpi, Hebei in 1927. From the moment she was born, she never saw her grandfather again. Her father is Zhang Zhidong, the thirteenth son of Zhang Zhidong. Zhang served as mayor of Tianjin.
Zhang Houcan is a psychologist. She graduated from the Psychology Department of Fu Jen Catholic University in 1948. After graduation, she chose to stay in school and become a teacher. Now she is an expert in psychology. She is a professor of psychology at Beijing Normal University and a member of the school committee.
Not only that, she is also a counselor of the State Council and an executive director of the Chinese Psychological Society.
Since Zhang Houcan came into contact with psychology, he has been deeply rooted in this field. He has been practicing psychology for more than 50 years. He is not only engaged in teaching in this area, but also researches psychology, human cognition, psychometrics and other fields.
Zhang Houcan has a pioneering spirit. In 1982, he successfully introduced psychology to China and made outstanding achievements in many aspects such as "Chinese character recognition" and "cognitive style", becoming the founder of psychology.
Not only that, Zhang Houcan also edited the textbook "Encouraging Learning" and offered a "psychological measurement" course for the first time. Based on this theory, he carried out some codification work. Zhang Houcan's contribution to psychology has been highly praised by people in the industry. Zhang Houcan is also working hard for education reform.
With his rigorous academic attitude and educational concepts such as easy-to-understand teaching, Zhang Houcan cultivated a group of psychological talents. His name was included in the "Who's Who in the World".
What is the current situation of Zhang Zhidong’s descendants?
Zhang Zhidong had 13 sons, some of whom later got married and had children, continuing the Zhang family's legacy. Zhang Zhidong was a famous representative of the Westernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty and a famous official in the late Qing Dynasty. He played an important role in the development of education and heavy industry. Zhang Zhidong died in 1909, so what happened to his descendants after his death?
Son: Zhang Quan, who later got married and had two daughters named Zhang Zunyan and Zhang Zunling.
Son: Zhang, has a daughter who is now a psychology professor at Beijing Normal University.
Sons: Zhang Houyi and Zhang Houying are currently engineers of Beijing Water Supply Group Company.
Son: Zhang Houmei, a computer engineer who has developed in the United States for many years.
Great-grandson: His name is Zhang Fahe, and he has been developing in Taiwan Province.
Zhang Zhidong’s descendants are active in all walks of life and have made great contributions to China’s development. More than 100 years ago, Zhang Zhidong vigorously promoted the New Deal, developed industry, established educational schools, implemented the New Army to improve the combat effectiveness of the army, built railways, strengthened municipal construction, and developed commerce. Zhang Zhidong vigorously promoted the New Deal in Hubei, but he not only promoted the construction of Wuhan, but also promoted the modernization of China.
At the symposium on the 120th anniversary of Zhang Zhidong’s birth, the organizers invited the descendants of Xu, Zhang Zhidong’s first granddaughter and the first person in charge of the fireworks factory founded by Zhang Zhidong.
The first granddaughter Zhang Hou said that she had never met her grandfather. She is Zhang's daughter. When Zhang Zhidong died, Zhang was still a 9-year-old boy. Now the 9-year-old boy's daughters are 82 years old. Zhang Hou has been engaged in psychological research and is one of the founders of psychology. Not only that, he has also served as counselor of the State Council and vice president of the International Academy of Psychology.
Tell the legendary story of Zhang Zhidong.
Zhang Zhidong is a famous figure in the late Qing Dynasty and a representative of the Westernization movement. Zhang Zhidong is praised by many people, especially for his conduct in life. And
1: Zhang Zhidong’s three indisputables
In Zhang Zhidong’s will, there are three indisputables: do not compete with the common people for profit; 2. Do not compete with the scribes for reputation; third Third, don’t compete for time unnecessarily.
Don’t compete with the common people for profit. Common people only care about profit. This group of people can care about their interests and will not let go of small profits, let alone big profits. There are many people who forget their loyalty.
Do not argue with the scribes. Scholars regard money as dirt, but what they care most about is face and reputation. If anyone doesn't give him face and ruins his reputation, then just entertain him.
Don’t argue about right and wrong. People who like to cause trouble will come to you and have a big fight even if you don’t mess with them.
The above three types of people each have their own weaknesses. If we can avoid these three types of people, then our world will have a lot less worries, we will be happy, and we can do more things with peace of mind.
Two: Young people succeed.
During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong’s hometown Nanpi County held a county examination, and many scholars rushed to participate. At that time, Zhang Zhidong was still a 10-year-old baby, and Zhang Zhidong also went to the examination room to take the exam. The examiner looked down upon Zhang Zhidong at this age and said to him, what are the children doing here? This made Zhang Zhidong very unhappy, and he said arrogantly, "I am here to take the exam, not an age competition." The examiner made things difficult for Zhang Zhidong, saying he would take the exam if he was qualified; if not, he would go home. Unexpectedly, when the first couplet came out, Zhang Zhidong was very convincing. The boy from Nanpi County is ten years old in the first couplet, and Long Live the Emperor of Beijing in the second couplet.
This made the examiner admire him very much and let him take the exam. In this exam, Zhang Zhidong was a scholar.