I learned about Mr. Lao She's pictographs in the class of Grade 6 of Hebei Education Edition 16.

Chinese learning is divided into four parts. Part I: Basic knowledge of Chinese. The basic knowledge of Chinese includes five aspects: words, sentences (grammar, punctuation, rhetoric), stylistic knowledge and literary knowledge. Key points of knowledge 1. The word 1 Pronunciation: the rules of Chinese Pinyin, and words that are easy to mispronounce. Mastering the key words with regular writing rules, if the syllables of these words are spelled correctly, the analogy effect can be achieved. These characters are: (1) the spelling rules of Uygur, Hui, Wen, Tuo, You and Liu; (2) the spelling rules of English, Ya, Yan, Ye and Halo; (3) The spelling rules of Gong, Rong, Xiong, Weng, Yong and Embarrassed; (4) Female, green, predatory, abusive and embarrassing spelling rules. In addition, pay attention to the spelling of sound insulation symbols. Leather pím?o is pronounced with phonetic symbols, and flowers huār are softly unmarked. 2. Glyph: Pay attention to the difference between similar words and homophones. Most of them are the notes in the book and the words that are easy to write wrong in the exercises after the book; There are also common typos in students' compositions. Generally, it is the words with phonetic notation at the bottom of the book, and the practice of phonetic notation after the book. Guide to learning methods 1. Form a good habit of looking up the dictionary. 2. You can record the words that you often make mistakes in a book and correct them regularly. 3. You can also practice word grouping with similar words and homophones. Second, the main points of word knowledge should master the meaning of the text and context, as well as the discrimination, synonyms, antonyms and discrimination of words. Words with different original meanings and contexts. (2) Synonym discrimination: choose the right words according to the context. ③ Judge the words' praise and criticism in combination with the context, and correctly understand the emotional color of changing words. Guide to learning methods 1. Every time you learn a new lesson, you should draw the words you don't know first, and understand the words by looking them up in the dictionary and combining them with the context, instead of memorizing them. 2. In the specific context, some words have changed, so we must strengthen our understanding of this part. 3. Words in notes and after-class exercises should be the focus. 4. Learning words should adhere to the principle of "continuous flow and continuous line". According to your own situation, you should learn and accumulate certain words every day. After a period of self-testing, you should select unfamiliar words through a sieve and review them again until there are fewer and fewer. 5. Write down the words you have accumulated in your notebook, and it is best to classify them, which is not only conducive to mastering the basic knowledge of Chinese. It is also conducive to cooperation. Sentence knowledge points (1) Grammar should master three knowledge phrases: phrase, simple sentence and complex sentence: five basic structures, juxtaposition, partial correction, verb-object, complement and subject-predicate simple sentence: six basic components, subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement complex sentence: seven basic types, juxtaposition and complement complex sentence. Use these grammatical knowledge to analyze and understand the content of the article; With this knowledge of grammar, I can make my article more fluent, concise and coherent. 1. The study of phrases should not be divorced from sentences, but should be combined with the role of phrases in sentences to understand the composition of sentences. 2. Using the basic positions of different components and different usages of structural auxiliary words, we can grasp the division of single sentence components. 1 [Adverbial] (Attributive) Subject || [Adverbial] Predicate (Attributive) Object Note: Adverbials indicating time and place usually precede the subject. If a word indicating time and place follows the predicate, it is called complement. The clever use of structural auxiliary words "de", "de", "de" and "de" is usually the attribute of subject or object. The word "land" is usually an adverbial of the predicate. The word "de" is generally the complement of the predicate. 3. The review of complex sentences is mainly to remember commonly used related words to distinguish the types of complex sentences, and to remember formulas for easy memory. There is a rhyme related to complex sentences, which can be memorized in a few minutes. You can try. This is also a consolidated list, but don't remember it wrong; Either yes, or no, or choose a table; Not only progressive, but also; Although it is a turning point, it can be supplemented; Because in that case, it is causal; Only peace is right, no matter what the conditions; Even if it is a sum, it is also a hypothesis. 4. Learning grammar knowledge focuses on using grammar knowledge to improve language expression ability, rather than simply memorizing grammar terms, concepts and theories, and single sentences focus on the modification of sick sentences; Complex sentences focus on the use of related words; Comprehension of clauses in complex sentences. Therefore, on the basis of mastering the basic knowledge of grammar, we should learn to use this knowledge to serve the correct use of language. (II) Knowledge of Punctuation1990 In March, the State Language Commission, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the State Press and Publication Administration revised and published the Usage of Punctuation, which pointed out: "Punctuation is an indispensable part of written language, which is used to express pause, mood and the persistence and function of words. So be sure to pay attention to the use of punctuation. " Usage of punctuation 16 kinds of punctuation. The following jingles can help students remember these punctuation marks: sentence, funny, pause, minute, rash, question, exclamation point; (7 kinds) Reference, inclusion, saving, disconnection, connection, naming, interval and emphasis. (9 kinds) (where "name" refers to book title and proper name) Learning guidance can correctly use punctuation marks in composition. It should be noted here that some students often tease each other in their compositions, which is obviously not possible. In addition, colons, quotation marks, semicolons and punctuation marks are also easy to make mistakes, which is also where punctuation marks are deducted in the composition. In addition, colons and quotation marks are also easy to make mistakes, such as: ① I said, "You come, he won't come." "You come, he won't come." I said. "You come," I said. "He won't come." This kind of questions will be tested almost every year, so students must pay attention to it when reviewing. At the same time, punctuation should be used to understand the content of the article in reading. (3) Rhetoric: You should master three aspects of knowledge, 1 and eight rhetorical methods: metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, duality, repetition, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions; 2. Understand eight common sentence patterns: active sentence, passive sentence, affirmative sentence, negative sentence, declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence and exclamatory sentence, and choose to use sentence patterns according to the needs of expression; 3. Language expression should be concise, coherent and appropriate. Learning method guidance: analyze and understand the role of rhetorical devices and sentence changes in reading. Master this knowledge in writing and improve your ability to use language. Stylistic knowledge: including narrative, explanatory, argumentative, practical and stylistic knowledge. 1. Key points of narrative knowledge: ① Elements: time, place, character, cause, course and result (of events) ② Characters: first (me), second (you), third (him, them) ③ Order: direct narration, flashback and episode ④ Center: by remembering people, narrating and remembering. ⑤ Details: The contents related to the center should be detailed, concrete and vivid. A brief description of the secondary content related to the center. 2. Explain knowledge points: ① Object characteristics: the characteristics of things and the essence of things. (2) Description: hierarchical; Explain the order, including chronological order, spatial order, and logical order. Interpretation methods: classification, definition, comparison, analogy, examples and charts. 3. Main points of argumentative knowledge: ① Argument: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. Argument: The facts and reasons used to prove the argument. (3) Argumentation: discussion levels and argumentation methods (example method, quotation method and comparative argumentation method). 4. Key points of practical writing knowledge: we should focus on mastering several common practical writing formats. (1) Letters-General letters and special letters such as applications, proposals, thank-you letters and general letters ① Title: Generally speaking, letters are untitled (published letters can be named according to their contents or themes. (2) Address: Write the address of the recipient at the top of the first line, followed by a colon. ③ Text: Write the text in the two blanks of the second line. Change careers and write it in the top box. If the content is more, it can be segmented. ④ Ending: If you want to write wishes or pay tribute at the end, you can write words such as "wishes" and "sincerity" after the text, or you can write two spaces on a new line. Words such as "progress" and "salute" should start on a new line. ⑤ Signature and date: Write two lines at the bottom right of the letter. The first line is the signature and the second line is the date. In front of the signature, you can indicate the identity, qualifications or unit of the recipient as needed. ⑥ Fill in the standard envelope, and fill in the postal code of the recipient's area in the six small squares in the upper left corner of the envelope. Under the postal code of the receiving area, write down the detailed address of the recipient or the detailed name of the unit. Write the recipient's name in the middle below the recipient's address or company name. Write the sender's detailed address and name at the bottom right of the recipient's name. Write the postal code of the sender's area in the small box in the lower right corner of the envelope. (2) The teaching of notification learning method should not only master (not memorize) but also apply stylistic knowledge, and pay attention to applying these stylistic knowledge to solve the central problems of reading and writing. Specific guidance combines modern reading and writing. Third, literary common sense includes the common sense of novels, essays and poems, and understands the basic contents involved in the works of major writers. 1. About novels, essays and poems 2. Key points of knowledge. Features of the novel: centering on portraying characters, reflecting social life through the narrative of stories and the description between rings. ② Classification: short stories (including short stories), novellas and novels. ③ Elements: characters, stories (beginning, development, climax, ending, sometimes with prologue in front and ending in the back), and the specific environment of characters' activities. Character description methods: positive description: appearance, language, action, psychological description; The general description characteristics of prose ①: Prose (in a narrow sense) is a free and flexible style to express experiences and feelings. Content: Things, landscapes, or characters' notes are always part of the author's profound life experience. Form: Starting from the author's subjective feelings, focusing on personal lyricism, comprehensively using lyric, narrative, description, discussion and other expression techniques; In terms of structure and writing, it has distinct levels, rigorous structure, flexibility and freedom, and scattered forms; The language is elegant and distinctive. The characteristics of poetry: paying attention to lyrical expression, rich imagination and vivid image. The language is subtle, concise and rhymes, and the sentences are generally neat, full of rhythm and musical beauty. Genre: Poetry has evolved into many different forms in the long historical process. From the literary point of view, poetry includes poems, words and songs. Poetry is divided into traditional poetry and modern poetry. There are archaic poems (also called archaic poems, archaic poems, as opposed to modern poems) and modern poems (including metrical poems and quatrains), as well as literati poems (poems by authors) and folk songs (poems circulated by the people and created collectively or poems created by poets according to folk songs). Modern poetry, including new poetry (compared with traditional poetry, also known as free poetry and modern poetry), is a vernacular poem produced since the May 4th Movement. Some rhyme, some don't rhyme), folk songs, prose poems. From the content, poetry can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry. 3. Knowledge points about writers' works For the following important writers' works involved in the basic course, you need to be able to accurately remember (don't write typos) the author's name, the author's age (nationality), the evaluation of the author, the titles and sources of these authors' works, etc. Such as: China modern and contemporary writers: Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Lao She, Ye Shengtao, Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Bing Xin, Zhao Shuli, Zhou Libo, Wu Boxiao, Cang Kejia, Yan Lu, Xiao Gan, Wei Wei, Yang Shuo, Wang Yuanjian, Ai Qing, Tian Tian, He Jingzhi, Gong Liu and Ke Yan. Such as: China ancient poets and writers: Sima Qian, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Cen Can, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Mu Mu, Wang Bo, Wang Wei, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Lu You, Fan Zhongyan, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Yang Wanli, Wan Zhiyuan, Shi Naian and Pu Songling. For example, China's ancient literary works and their authors: The Book of Songs, Zuo Zhuan (Zuo Qiuming), The Analects of Confucius, Mencius (Monk), Han Feizi (Han Fei), Historical Records (Sima Qian), Liezi (Lieyukou) and Chilege. Such as: foreign writers and works: Andersen and the emperor's new clothes, dude and the last lesson, Chekhov and the chameleon, Mo Bosang and my uncle Yule, Mark Twain and running for governor, Gorky and Haiyan, ostrovsky and the meaning of life. Examination questions: in the senior high school entrance examination, this part of knowledge often examines the writer's works with multiple-choice questions, and uses the knowledge of novels and essays to read and analyze the ideological content of the article in short-answer questions and analysis questions. Learning method guidance: the knowledge of novels and essays should focus on the application of reading and writing. A writer's works should be classified according to the text. For example, according to the author, there are 7 works by Lu Xun, 2 works by Zhu Ziqing and 2 works by Wei Wei. According to the classification of countries and dynasties, there were 9 poems and 3 poems in Tang Dynasty, 5 poems and 4 poems in Song Dynasty and 3 poems and 8 poems before Han Dynasty. Only Taohuayuan is in the Jin Dynasty, and the works of individual writers are easy to mix. For example, both Wang Wei and Wang Bo were in the Tang Dynasty, and their poems all praised the friendship of friends. We might as well use "Dubohai" to distinguish this from people's names and remember them. For example, the folk songs in the Northern and Southern Dynasties are poems, a poem "Mulan Poetry" and a song "Chile Song". Of course, there are many such tips, which students can create by themselves to facilitate their memory. The second part of reading classical Chinese reading knowledge points Learning classical Chinese mainly focuses on the pronunciation, sentence breaking, sentence meaning understanding, reciting beautiful paragraphs and summarizing the main points of the article. In recent years, in order to better improve the reading ability of classical Chinese, we have also expanded the simple reading of classical Chinese outside textbooks. Study guide: 1. Correct pronunciation: correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks (notes under books) and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters. These are the key points of study. 2. Learn to break sentences: read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of sentences, and pause between words. In terms of meaning, ancient Chinese mostly used monosyllabic words to express meaning, so don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words as compound words in modern Chinese. Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence: ① Understand the meaning of the sentence with the help of text notes and reference books. ② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. Understand the meaning of the sentence in context. 4. If you want to recite beautiful paragraphs quickly and remember them firmly, you should first read the text accurately, word by word, without losing words or words, and read it carefully word by word. After reading it, you should consider reciting it. The most important thing for a new text is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading the wrong place. Secondly, reading comprehension, only by understanding the content can we recite it accurately. Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize. Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes. 5. Summary of the main points of the content According to the content of the article, questions are generally asked: Who wrote it, described what, introduced what characteristics, and expounded what kind of truth. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph. The reading method is the same as modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better. The third part is to understand the general requirements of modern Chinese reading and learning in junior high school. Today, we live in an information society and get a lot of information every day. Reading is our main channel to obtain information. Therefore, it is very important to cultivate the reading ability of modern Chinese. According to the new curriculum standard, junior high school students' reading ability can be summarized as ***6 points: 1. Reading ordinary modern articles, we can understand the meaning and function of words in the article and understand the ideological content of the article now. 2. Understand the idea of the article, clarify the structure of the article, and put it at the center of the article. 3. Understand the writing methods used in the article, and analyze these methods in order to express the content and highlight the central service (the role of writing methods). 4. Read the article, summarize the content in the article and learn to express it. 5. Be able to read articles in different styles according to different stylistic features. Familiar with reading and reciting the basic contents of articles and paragraphs. 6. Be able to evaluate and innovate the content of the article.