During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, first, the country was divided for a long time. From the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty to the establishment of the Three Kingdoms, the Western Jin Dynasty achieved a brief reunification, but it only lasted for twenty or thirty years. Then there were successive years of melee and the great division between the north and the south until the reunification in the Sui Dynasty. The literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was produced under this background. Now, I will introduce to you the ideological and cultural background of the literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the development process of literature. Let’s take a look. The ideological and cultural background of the literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. First of all, the gentry system was an important feature of the political life in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the special class status of the gentry gave them strong independence and social power. They monopolized politics and inherited the nobility. This resulted in the common people from poor families having no opportunity to advance in officialdom, leading to the situation that "there are no poor families in the upper class, and there are no poor families in the lower class." The situation of “powerless people”. This social phenomenon caused the literary creation of this period to show the common people's strong resistance to the control of political rights by the gentry and their dissatisfaction. Secondly, in terms of ideological status. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were an important historical period in the development of ideas in Chinese history. They were also the most active period in Chinese history. They were another era of ideological liberation after the "Hundred Schools of Thought" in the Warring States Period. With the decline of Confucianism, new values ????of life, outlook on life, and social ethics continue to emerge, and the ontology and speculative logic of philosophy continue to develop. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism emerged. Metaphysics, Buddhism and Taoism all had a profound impact on literature. The development process of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The development process of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can be roughly divided into three stages, namely Jian'an, Zhengshi literature, literature of the Two Jin Dynasties and literature of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It lasted about 400 years! 1. Jian'an and Zhengshi literature. Jian'an literature is the beginning of literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At this time, the literary world was centered on the Cao family and his son, with a group of writers such as Wang Jie and Liu Zhen gathered around them. The high promotion of political ideals, the lamentation of the short life, the strong personality, and the rich tragic color, these characteristics constitute the characteristics of the era of "Jian'an style". Zhengshi literature was at the time of the Wei, Jin, and Dynasties changes, and the political situation was terrifying. In the history of philosophy, Zhengshi is the founding period of Zhengshi metaphysics. In the history of literature, the main representatives of Zhengshi literature are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. Their works exposed the hypocrisy of ethics and showed the depression and passion under the pressure of politics. . 2. Literature of the Two Jin Dynasties. During the Taikang period of Jin Dynasty, the literary world prospered. "Three Zhangs, Two Lus, Two Pans and One Zuo" are representative poets of the Taikang period. Taikang's poetry style was mainly complicated and lost the "wind power" of Jian'an poetry, but it made many useful explorations in the use of language. Zuo Si's poem "Ode to History", which suppresses the clan system and expresses the injustice of poor scholars, is in the same vein as Jian'an poetry. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, under the trend of the gentry's light and mystical philosophy, mystical poetry came into being. The convergence of Xuanyan and Buddhism in the Eastern Jin Dynasty further promoted the development of Xuanyan poetry, which dominated the poetry world of the Eastern Jin Dynasty for a hundred years. Tao Yuanming appeared during the Jin and Song Dynasties. He created pastoral poetry. He was the most accomplished poet in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. 3. Literature of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The early Song Dynasty experienced a transformation from metaphysical poetry to landscape poetry. Xie Lingyun was the first poet to vigorously write landscape poetry. The emergence of landscape poetry expanded the subject matter of poetry and enriched the expression techniques of poetry. Bao Zhao of the Song Dynasty made a breakthrough in Qiyan Yuefu. Folk songs from the Northern and Southern Dynasties brought a fresh breath to the poetry world. There were two noteworthy cultural phenomena in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. First, there was a major change in poetry style. Shen Yue, Xie I and others jointly created the "Yongming Style", which made necessary preparations for the formation of modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty; second, the romantic and elegant palace style poetry It has become the mainstream of poetry. It mainly expresses palace life with gorgeous words and sentences, and women have become the objects of chanting. The most representative literature in the Northern and Southern Dynasties is the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. During this period, the phenomenon of uneven development between the north and the south also appeared. This is well reflected in the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Most of the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties reflect the people's sincere and pure love life. , the style is clear and graceful, while the folk songs of the Northern Dynasties reflect the turbulent social reality in the north and the deep suffering of the people. The style is rough and vigorous, which are related to the social reality of the north and the south at that time.
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