Question 2: The difference between symbolism and post-symbolism. Pre-symbolism mainly refers to:/kloc-a school of poetry that originated in France in the second half of the 9th century.
Representative figures are Baudelaire, Wei Erlun, Rambo and Malamei.
Baudelaire's sonnet He Ying put forward He Ying's famous symbolism theory for the first time. He believes that everything in nature is a symbol of each other, forming a "symbol forest", and all human senses are also corresponding and communicating with each other. Most importantly, human mind and nature also correspond and communicate with each other, and poetry is the product of this symbol and harmony. Therefore, this poem is called "symbol * *".
Valerie's symbolic poetics with musicalization as the core
Paul. Valerie (187 1- 1945), French, published "Old Poems" in19/2, and published the long poem "Young" in19/0/2.
The realistic existence of symbolism
First, symbolism pursues a rich spiritual world higher than the real world and its inherent vitality.
Symbolist poets think that the real world is contemptible and unreal. They try to transcend reality and enter the transcendental spiritual world and "the entity of inner life". They think that what really exists is only the * * * endowed by "some characteristics of nature and life and some works of human beings", from which people can learn "precious feelings, infinitely rich thoughts, wonderful combinations of thoughts, emotions and rigorous fantasies, and * * * connected with mystery, etc.
Second, symbolism pursues a kind of free artistic innovation of "creating readers".
Symbolic poetry should choose readers with elegant taste as interlocutors, and at the same time, through formal exploration and experiments, break the old aesthetic customs and inertia of readers and cultivate and "create" creative new readers.
Third, although there are many differences in writing styles, skills, opinions, feelings, writing styles and aesthetic ideals, symbolist poets have a high degree of spiritual consistency and strong cohesion, that is, they oppose writing only about the universality of human beings, and attach great importance to individuality, individual inner activities and reactions, and human uniqueness, trying to reconstruct individual spiritual history.
The definition of symbolism: musicalization
First of all, musicalization refers to a harmonious overall feeling effect produced by the relationship between words in poetry when readers appreciate poetry, that is, the harmonious relationship between words and people's overall feelings and emotions.
He said: "Poetry is the art of language, and the combination of some words can produce feelings that other words can't." This is "poetic sentiment", and the so-called "poetic sentiment" is "a feeling of excitement and ecstasy. It is caused by the coincidence of some emotions, physical and psychological, and some exciting environment (material or ideal) to some extent. It is to use "language means" to "arouse similar feelings and artificially promote such feelings", that is, to achieve a tacit understanding and harmony between "language structure" and "poetry". The poet is to "create a fictional ideal order with the most common materials" through personal efforts. The language of this poem can be "creative"
Question 3: Modernist literature, the representative of western symbolism, is the earliest, longest and most influential literary school.
The characteristics of symbolism literature:
1 emphasizes subjective truth and takes symbolism as the main creative technique, hence the name symbolism.
2. Use association, suggestion, contrast and other means to express the theme, and use a lot of symbolic associations to stimulate creative inspiration.
3. Emphasize the transfer of emotions.
4. Pursuing the beauty of sculpture and music in poetry; Pursue the neatness of form and the harmony of phonology.
Symbolism literature originated in France in the middle of19th century and spread to European and American countries in the early 20th century. It is the embodiment of symbolism in literature and a core branch of modernist literature, which mainly covers poetry and drama, and its influence continues to this day. Western mainstream academic circles believe that the birth of symbolism literature is a watershed between classical literature and modern literature.
French poet Charles? Baudelaire and American poet Allen? Poe was a pioneer of symbolism. Although the word "symbolism" first appeared in 1886, Baudelaire and Allen? As early as the middle of19th century, Poe's creation initially involved some symbolic concepts.
abstract
Symbolism rose formally in France in the mid-1980s, which was a reversal of positivism philosophy represented by Comte and naturalism literature represented by Zola. In the eyes of symbolists, positivism only mechanically demonstrates the causal relationship between practical things, while naturalism focuses on the influence of heredity and environment on the formation of human nature and cannot reveal the essence of art. Symbolists advocate exploring the conceptual world hidden behind nature and creating supernatural art with personal sensitivity and imagination. The thoughts of Nietzsche, Freud and Bergson can be regarded as the philosophical basis of symbolism.
Symbolists pay attention to describing personal phantoms and inner feelings, and rarely involve a wide range of social themes; In terms of artistic methods, it denies vague rhetoric and blunt preaching, and emphasizes the creation with textured images and the methods of suggestion, comparison and association. In addition, symbolism literary works pay more attention to musicality and rhythm.
As an international literary trend of thought, symbolism has different development characteristics in different countries and regions, which involves complex factors such as national temperament, cultural tradition and writer's personal temperament. French symbolism is purer, while Anglo-American symbolism is more complicated. Symbolic literature has achieved the highest achievement in the field of poetry, and many of the greatest poets in the 20th century can be classified as symbolic poets. In addition, symbolism has also made some achievements in the field of drama.
Pioneer: Baudelaire and Allen? slanting
American poet Allen? Poe's theory and creation had a great influence on the formation of French symbolism. In the Principles of Poetry Creation, he advocated anti-nature and anti-preaching poetry concepts, emphasizing formal beauty, suggestibility and musicality, which can be regarded as the origin of symbolism theory.
French poet Charles? Baudelaire's collection of poems Flowers of Evil (1857) can be regarded as the first poem with symbolic significance. In Flowers of Evil, Baudelaire described the morbid * * in a perceptual style, praised the "fanaticism of mind and function", but also expressed the pursuit of light and ideal. In the history of literature, Flowers of Evil can be regarded as a transitional work between romanticism and symbolism, which still follows the traditional poetic rhythm and relies on rhetoric. But this is the first poem that takes the ugliness of human nature in the city and society as the aesthetic object, expressing the anxiety and irritability of modern people in the ugliness of society.
Pre-symbolism: Willand, Rambo, Malamei
After Baudelaire, 19 Paul, a famous French poet in the 1970s and 1980s? Wei Erlan (1844- 1896) carried forward the symbolist's emphasis on the musicality of poetry. In "The Art of Poetry" (1884), Wei Erlan argued that poetry should have musicality, which is fluid, hazy and spiritual. The choice of words requires the combination of fuzziness and accuracy; Color halo, not color; Don't use aphorisms and gags. In short, poetry should pursue a pervasive atmosphere.
Wei Erlan's poems are kind and natural, and the beauty of rhythm is unique among symbolist poets. Representative works include Three Years Later (1866), Bai Yue, Prison, etc.
In the early 1970s, Aarti Er, a poetic genius who had a homosexual relationship with Wei Erlun? Rambo (1854- 189 1) is a symbol of France. & gt
Question 4: Chinese language and literature, foreign literature topics, essay topics, what is symbolism symbolism literature?
A. History: Charles? Baudelaire (182 1- 1867) and1a maverick in the mid-9th century, won a great reputation for his shocking poetry anthology Flowers of Evil (1857) and dozens of unique literary comments. (1) He sublimated ugliness and evil into artistic beauty, which opened the way for future generations to express the morbid beauty of society. (2) He introduced the poems in nature into the metropolis and described the abnormal life in Paris from his own unique perspective, which opened up a new field for poetry creation. (3) Its synaesthesia theory laid a theoretical foundation for symbolism. In the poem Induction, the world is regarded as a symbolic forest, and there is some mysterious connection between subjectivity and objectivity, as well as between human senses.
In 1970s, symbolism rose in France. A group of depressed, cynical and cynical young people with delicate emotions and quick thinking have formed many literary groups and published many literary publications. They turned to their inner world for truth. 1886, Moreas published the Manifesto of Symbolism, which named this new school.
Theory B: anti-romanticism, aestheticism, realism and naturalism. Trying to re-grasp the characteristics of literature, trying to explore the convergence of subjectivity and objectivity, therefore, "synaesthesia" has become the theoretical cornerstone of symbolism. They believe that there is a more real and truly eternal world hidden in the depths of the perceptual objective world, and people can only understand it by instinct. It is the poet's highest task to convey this secret artistically. A real poet, with a feeling different from ordinary people, can profoundly grasp the bizarre nature and life, reach the realm of communication between things and me, and create art with unique charm.
C. Style features: hazy beauty and mysterious color. There are many symbols, hints and metaphors, and poetry is erratic, half bright and half dark, leaving more room for taste. In addition, the pursuit of music makes poetry full of musical sense and inherent rhythm, which adds dreamy poetry and polysemous charm to poetry.
D, representative writer: (1) Paul? Wei Erlun (1844- 1896) is a famous French symbolist poet. He began to write poems in 1960s, and was deeply influenced by panas School. His first collection of poems, Sentiment (1866), shows his ability to express complex feelings by suggestive means. 187 1 year, he met the poet Bo Han and went to London, Brussels and other places together the following year. During this period, his most mature work, The Silent Roman (1874), was fully displayed in musicality and suggestibility. There are also many kinds of poems. His poems, with melancholy mood, delicate rhythm and simple and smooth verses, imply the pain and sadness of life.
(2) aldo? Bo Han (1854- 189 1) is a symbolic poet with the most rebellious spirit. His writing period is only five years (from 16 to 20 years old), leaving only 140 electric poems and two prose poems, but his position is unshakable. He believes that poets should be "psychics" and their task is to explore the mysterious "unknown" through emotional dislocation. His poems "Vowel" and "The Alchemy of Literature" vividly developed Baudelaire's synaesthesia theory, while his masterpieces "Drunk Boat" and "Dawn" are famous for their magnificent imagination and ingenious synaesthesia.
(3) Stephen? Stephane Mallarme (1842- 1898) is a master of symbolism. He devoted himself to the study of poetics and wrote works such as music and literature. He is a "pure poetry" theorist, whose poetic form is extremely rigorous and emphasizes musicality. He believes that the poet's task is to reveal the "absolute world" behind ordinary things in a strange way. His poems are few, but they are ingenious, profound, obscure and dreamy. The famous ones are Afternoon of the Faun (1876) and the chance will never be ruined by rolling dice (1897). Malarme is recognized as a symbolic leader, because he held a "Tuesday Party" in his apartment at No.5 Rome Street for ten years. Guests include Gide, Valery and Claudel, as well as Wilde of England, Verhalen of Belgium and Og of Germany. In the 1990s, the disintegration of this rally marked the decline of the symbolism movement.
Attachment: Late symbolism
First of all, what is a symbol:
Symbol in ancient Greece means "patchwork" and "analogy". The earliest ... >>
Question 5: Why does symbolism think that art is comprehensive? Comparing this kind of poetry with China's ancient poetry, we can find that it is the closest to China's poetry style, which emphasizes both emotion and rhetoric, rather than a large narrative story. Western poetry, like their novels, has a tradition of realism. From Homer's Iliad to Divine Comedy, from Faust to Shakespeare, whether fiction or fact, western poetry is inseparable from long stories, but it is rarely purely lyrical and emotional. Just as our narrative novels are underdeveloped, so are their main emotional poems. But the beauty gods of eastern and western literature will gradually patronize those barren areas. It is also a necessity for western poetry to break away from the realistic poetry pattern in the later period, and symbolism is a pure feat.