First, the relationship between poetry and music
"Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" says: "Poets lead souls, and singers feel the same. Therefore, it is said that' the heart is ambition, and words are poetry'. The ancients were simple, and their feelings were not confused. Later, when the monarch was in charge and the minister was in charge, he called it flattery in person and slandered it in the day, so he recited evil to satirize it. At first, it was just a song, and then the gentleman was restrained by the string to keep the precepts. "It's fun to sing every ancient poem and express what you want in the form of singing. Therefore, there is a saying in Confucius' On Poetry, "Poetry dies and hides its will, happiness dies and hides its feelings, and literature dies and hides its words." "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "The poet has ambition. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. Emotion is in the heart, and action is in the words. Not enough, so I lament. Lament for lack, so sing forever. I don't know how to dance with my hands without eternal songs, but I can dance with my feet. Love is born of sound, and sound is written as sound. The vocal music that governs the world, its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry. "So in ancient times, officials collected poems everywhere, which was a way for emperors to understand the customs of various countries and recognize their own gains and losses.
As can be seen from the causes of poetry, poetry is accompanied by music. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were frequent exchanges between vassal states, during which diplomats often quoted poems to strengthen their diplomatic rhetoric and express their attitudes more clearly. This is because the vivid and implicit language of poetry made it a social trend at that time, which led to the separation of poetry from the existing form of music, and then poetry was gradually used independently by people.
Music was also one of the Six Classics in the pre-Qin period, but because the inheritance of music was mainly taught by music officials, there was no need for text teaching. It is precisely because of the special form of music inheritance that the music classics that recorded the score of poetry disappeared in the Western Han Dynasty, leaving only the music theory and music theory thoughts in other documents.
Therefore, it can be said that there are two reasons for its disappearance, one is the form taught by Yue itself, and the other is that The Book of Songs can exist without Yue.
Second, from The Book of Songs to The Book of Songs and Modern Book of Songs.
The warp and weft are fundamental, so the change from The Book of Songs to The Book of Songs shows that The Book of Songs has become a classic and a compulsory course for the ancients.
The Book of Songs reflects the social life and people's thoughts and feelings in the Zhou Dynasty to some extent. "Summer, Yin, poetry does not exist. Zhou started in Hou Ji, with Liu Ke in the front, Wang as the king, and Wang in the front. The prince of Wu quelled the chaos and became king. The Duke of Zhou turned to peace, praising beauty and virtue, and Wu Zetian, quiet and vigorous, resentful and prosperous. Later, Wang Ze died of poor poetry, and Master Lu recorded it. Confucius deleted poems, took merchants and took Lu, with 300 articles. For Qin, I thought it was irony and a fairy. " Until the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism gradually rose, and various schools that taught the Book of Songs also rose one after another. "At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, there were Lu people who entered the exam for the public, and they were trained by poetry in Bo, for Lu. Yuan Gusheng, a native of Qi, also wrote poems for Qi. Han Ying, a Yan man, also wrote poems for Chinese poetry. Finally, in the later Han Dynasty, the three factions stood side by side. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, there was another poem in Yunzixia, which was written by Mao Yan. This is an ancient study of Shi Mao, but it doesn't hold water. In the later Han Dynasty, there were Jiujiang Xie and Shi Mao, who taught them. Donghai Wei was once studied. Confucianism comes down in one continuous line, which is called Mao poetry. " All three poems were popular official scripts at that time, belonging to the Confucian School. The Confucian School was in its heyday and was in a dominant position in the Han Dynasty, but the three poems did not abide by the books they taught, and were still in chapter and sentence in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with the three schools of poetry, classical Chinese poetry and Mao poetry are both seal scripts. This China classic is widely circulated among the people. The classic interpretation says: "Qi Baishi has been dead for a long time, and Lu happened to be in Jiangdong. Although Han Shi has not been handed down to the world, only Shi Mao and Jian Zheng are independent Chinese studies, which are still in use today. "
The above-mentioned "Poems Written by Zhao Renshan in Yun's Exegetical Biography" is different from that in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. The classic interpretation says: "The author of Shi Mao was written by Mao Gong, and Hejian gave him a good post. Xu Zhengyun: Gao Hangzi was awarded in the summer, Wang Maogong in Hejian was awarded, and Mao Gong gave the Book of Notes on Poetry at home to Zhao Gong. Xiao Maogong presented Dr. Wang to Hejian, so he was not in Han, so he was not listed in the school. " The Qing Dynasty's Summary of Siku Quanshu said: Records of Mao Zedong's Poems, 29 volumes. Thirty volumes of Mao's poems have been handed down to this day. However, it is said that Mao Gong doesn't have his name. "Once"? The Scholars begins with Zhao Renmao's Biography of Poems, Sui Zhizai's Twenty Volumes of Mao Poems, and Han Hejian's Taishou's Biography of Fang Zhouzi. However, according to Zheng Xuan's poems and Luji's poems about plants, trees, insects and fish, this is Mao Heng, not Mao Ji. "
Three "Four Begins"
The order of the four poems in Preface to Mao Poetry is different from that in On Poetry. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "It is based on a country's affairs and one person's foundation, which is called' wind'. Talking about things in the world, forming a wind in all directions, this is called "elegance." Ya, yes, Wang said that it is also a waste. Politics is big and small, so there are "Xiaoya" and "elegance". The man who eulogized Ode was described as a man who praised the success of the gods. It is called "four beginnings" and poetry is the most important. " The fifth simple cloud in Bamboo Book says: "If there are successful people, they will praise their families (yes). Wang Deye of the Qing Palace was also very helpful. The ceremony of honoring the ancestral temple is thought to be original ... "Confucius said that" ode "is a tribute to virtue, after many words. It is happy and late, its songs are applied and interpreted, and its thinking is profound and far-reaching. "Elegant", Sheng Deye, multi-word. "Xiaoya" is also virtuous. It is too difficult to talk a lot and complain about what is right. It's too old and too small. "Bangfeng" is also rich in products and deep pockets. Its words, its voice is good. "Confucius divided into four stages according to the size of virtue. Praise, elegance and body went from Pingde, Gaode and Xiaode to no virtue in turn. Ping's people are right, and Ping's virtue is the embodiment of Confucian doctrine of the mean, which can be called the highest realm of virtue. The book of songs begins with ode, which shows that Confucius pays attention to the gradual method in the process of teaching the book of songs, which is also enlightening to our professors today.