Yanmen Prefecture
(Tang Dynasty) Li He
Black clouds are pressing down on the city, threatening to destroy it, and the armor's light opens toward the sun's golden scales.
The sound of the trumpet fills the autumn sky, and the night is purple when stuffed with swallow fat.
The half-rolled red flag is near the Yishui River, and the sound of heavy frost and cold drums cannot be heard.
Report your favor on the golden platform, and support the Jade Dragon to die for you.
Article Appreciation
The poem has eight lines, the first four lines describe the scene before sunset. The first sentence is both a description of a scene and an event, successfully exaggerating the tense atmosphere and critical situation when the enemy is approaching the city. "Dark clouds are pressing down on the city, ready to destroy it." The word "pressing" vividly reveals the large number of enemy troops and the ferocity of the attack, as well as the disparity in strength between the two warring parties, the difficult situation of the defenders, etc. The second sentence describes the defenders inside the city to compare with the enemy troops outside the city. Suddenly, the situation changes, and a ray of sunlight shines through the gaps in the clouds, reflecting on the armor of the defenders. The golden light is shining and dazzling. eyes. At this moment, they are wearing strong armor and are ready to fight. Here, sunlight is used to show the camp and morale of the defenders. The scenes are intertwined and wonderful. It is said that Wang Anshi once criticized this sentence and said: "The dark clouds are pressing down on the city, how can there be a light shining toward the sun?" Yang Shen claimed that he had indeed seen such a scene, and accused Wang Anshi: "The old turban of Song Dynasty does not know poetry." ("Sheng") (An Shihua)) In fact, the reality of art and the reality of life cannot be equated. When the enemy is besieging a city, there may not be black clouds; when the defenders are arrayed, there may not be sunlight to shine and cheer. The dark clouds and sunlight in the poem are The means used by poets to create situations and ideas. The third and fourth sentences describe the cold and miserable battlefield atmosphere from both auditory and visual aspects respectively. It was late autumn, thousands of trees were shaking down, and in the dead silence, the horn sounded with a whimpering sound. Obviously, a thrilling battle is going on. "The sky is filled with the sound of trumpets", outlining the scale of the war. Relying on the strength of their numbers, the enemy troops advanced with great noise and pressed forward step by step. The defenders were not afraid of being alone and weak. Encouraged by the sound of the trumpet, they had high morale and fought back vigorously. The fighting lasted from daylight to dusk. The poet did not directly describe the fierce scene of cross-carriages and hand-to-hand combat. He only made a rough but highly expressive impression of the scene on the battlefield after the two sides withdrew their troops: The fierce battle lasted from day to night, and the sunset illuminated the battlefield. Blocks of rouge-like bright red blood condensed on the ground through the night fog, showing a purple color. This gloomy and solemn atmosphere sets off the tragic scenes on the battlefield, implying that both the offensive and defensive sides suffered a large number of casualties, and the defenders were still in a disadvantageous position, which paved the way for the rescue of friendly forces below.
The last four sentences describe the activities of the reinforcements. "Half a roll of red flag comes to Yishui", the word "half roll" has extremely rich meanings. Marching in the dark, with no flags or drums, in order to "surprise the unexpected and attack the unprepared"; "Lin Yishui" not only indicates the location of the battle, but also implies that the soldiers have the kind of ambition that "the wind is rustling and the Yishui is cold, and a strong man will never return once he is gone." Intense passion. Then describe the scene of the bitter battle: as soon as the reinforcements approached the enemy's camp, they beat drums to cheer and went into battle. Unfortunately, the night was so cold and frosty that even the war drums could not beat. Faced with many difficulties, the soldiers were not discouraged. "Report your favor on the Golden Platform, and support the Jade Dragon to die for you." The Golden Platform was built by King Yan Zhao in the southeast of Yishui during the Warring States Period. Legend has it that he once placed a large amount of gold on the platform, indicating that he would not hesitate to spend a lot of money to recruit scholars from all over the world. The poet quoted this story to express the soldiers' determination to serve the imperial court.
Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to use words that express bright colors when writing tragic and tragic battle scenes. However, almost every sentence in Li He's poem has bright colors, such as gold, rouge and purple. , not only bright, but also gorgeous. They are intertwined with black, autumn colors, jade white, etc. to form a colorful picture. A poet is like a skilled painter, who is particularly good at coloring, using color to represent objects, and using color to move people, not just outlines. When he wrote poems, he rarely used line drawing techniques. He always used imagination to paint things with various novel and strong colors, effectively showing their multi-layered nature. Sometimes, in order to make the picture more vivid, he also combines some things with different or even contradictory properties and makes them appear side by side to form a strong contrast. For example, the dark clouds pressing down on the city are used as a metaphor for the enemy's arrogance, and the armor of the sun is used to show the majestic appearance of the soldiers defending the city. The contrast between the two creates bright colors and a clear sense of love and hate. Li He's poems are not only strange, but also appropriate. Weird yet appropriate, these are the basic characteristics of his poetry creation. This poem uses bright and mottled colors to describe tragic and tragic battle scenes, which is strange; but this colorful and strange picture accurately expresses the frontier scenery and the rapidly changing war at a specific time and place. Fengyun seems very appropriate again. Only if it is strange and strange, the more novel it feels; only if it is appropriate, the more real it feels; if it is strange and appropriate, it will form a harmonious and emotional artistic conception. This is Li He's unique skill in creating poetry. What is valuable about him is also what is difficult about him.
The whole poem contains three scenes: one during the day, showing the officers and soldiers being heavily guarded; one before dusk, showing the hard training of troops; and one in the middle of the night, showing the officers and soldiers unexpectedly attacking the enemy.
The first couplet describes both scenes and events, exaggerating the tense atmosphere and critical situation of the enemy approaching the city. The second sentence writes that the soldiers guarding the city are waiting in full formation, using the sunlight to show the might and majesty of the defenders.
The neck couplets and jaw couplets exaggerate the tragic atmosphere of the battlefield and the cruelty of the battle from both sound and color.
The Neck Union troops marched in the dark and went into battle.
The last couplet quotes allusions to express the soldiers’ determination to serve the country to the death.
Yangexing
Gao Shi
The smoke and dust of the Han family are in the northeast, and the Han generals will resign and ruin their homes.
A man is proud of himself, but the emperor gives him great honor.
The gold and the drums go down to Yuguan, and the jingles meander among the jieshi.
The school captain's feather book flies across the vast sea, and the Chanyu's hunting fire shines on Langshan.
The mountains and rivers are desolate and borderless, and the horses and horses are riding on the mausoleum mixed with wind and rain.
The warriors are half dead in front of the army, but the beauties are still singing and dancing under the tent.
The desert is poor and the grass is blocked in autumn, and the soldiers are few and far between in the lonely city at sunset.
When encountering kindness, one always underestimates the enemy, and even though one has exhausted all his strength, he has not been able to clear the siege.
The iron robes have been guarding for a long time, and the jade chopsticks should be heard after parting.
The young woman in the south of the city wants to have her heart broken, and the conqueror looks back in the sky at Jibei.
The breeze in the side courtyard can be saved, but the vastness of the vast expanse is even less so.
The murderous spirit forms clouds at three o'clock, and the cold sound spreads throughout the night.
Looking at each other, there is a lot of blood, how can you care about Xun in death?
You don’t see the hardships of fighting on the battlefield, but I still remember General Li.
"Yan Ge Xing" is Gao Shi's masterpiece and a model work among the frontier fortress poems of the Tang Dynasty.
The first four sentences of the poem summarize the situation in the Northeast that was constantly harassed by enemies during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty and Zhang Shougui was rewarded for his meritorious service. It has no important significance for the thoughts that the poet wants to express, but it gives the whole poem a relatively grand and open momentum, which was the unique feature of the frontier poems at that time. "A man is self-respecting, and the emperor gives him a lot of honor." From this, we can appreciate the heroic style of men who went around and made contributions in the prosperous and open Tang Dynasty.
Twelve sentences from "Going down to Yuguan from the Golden Beat Drum" to "We exhausted our strength and failed to rescue the siege", the entire battle process is described in detail. Here are the endless marching formations, the desolate and desolate scenery of the frontier, as well as the detailed descriptions of the enemy's fierce attacks and the bloody battlefields of the soldiers, etc. The tone is realistic and the descriptions are extremely vivid. Rich in image. In particular, the poet used the sentence "The soldiers are half dead in front of the army, but the beauties are still singing and dancing under the tents", using extremely sharp contrasts to emotionally and passionately condemn the decadent life of the frontier generals.
The four sentences "Iron clothes guard the border far away and work hard for a long time" describe the depression and despair of the conscripts who were unable to return home because they had been guarding the border for a long time. "The young woman in the south of the city is about to have her heart broken, and the man looks back in the sky above Jiji." The poet connects the mutual longings between the man and the young woman using a montage-like technique, giving people a strong sense of tragedy in the image, and has a shocking effect.
From "Nakadu is floating in the side courtyard" to the end of the poem, the poet's deep feelings are expressed in the description of life in the frontier fortress. Here, the poet not only expresses his disgust for war, but also expresses his admiration and desire for Anbian generals like Li Guang; he also condemns the general's indifference to the soldiers and his arrogant and lewd behavior. The poet's emotional tone is very solemn, and the pain of thinking is reflected in the praise and criticism.
Gao Shi's frontier fortress poems are profound in ideological content and tragic in style. They are excellent representatives of realistic poetry in the Tang Dynasty.
Both Cen and Gao Shi had military life experience, and they were both good at seven-character ancient poems. Their poems all had the heroic spirit of generously serving the country and the revolutionary spirit of fighting without fear of hardship. Different from Gao Shi, he described more colorful life in border areas. The majestic and romantic color is the keynote of Cen Shen's frontier fortress poems. For example, his famous piece "Bai Xuege Sends Judge Wu Back to the Capital" is particularly outstanding.
Going out of the fortress
[Tang Dynasty] Wang Changling
The bright moon of Qin Dynasty and the pass of Han Dynasty, the people who marched thousands of miles have not returned.
But the flying generals of Dragon City are here, and Huma is not taught to cross the Yin Mountains.
"Out of the Fortress" is a work by Wang Changling, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. "Going out of the fortress" means going to the border line to guard the border. Most of the ancient poems describing military life were written about the bright moon and the border. The bright moon and the border have become two typical scenes in the lives of border guards. Probably the soldiers guarding the border are busy with military affairs during the day and have no time to miss home. On a quiet night, facing the desolate Guan Mountain at the border, they are lonely and desolate. When they raise their heads and see the bright moon thousands of miles away, they lower their heads and can't help but miss their relatives in their hometown. . The main idea of ??the poem is: This bright moon is the bright moon that the border guards looked up to during the Qin and Han Dynasties. This border is the border that the border guards guarded during the Qin and Han Dynasties. After a long journey away from their relatives, the soldiers stationed at the border defense line have not yet been able to return to their hometowns. . As long as there are generals like Li Guang guarding the border, the Hu cavalry will not be allowed to cross the Yinshan Mountains and invade southward. The whole poem reflects the author's sympathy for the soldiers stationed on the frontier who have not returned from the long battle. It also expresses the poet's hope that the court will appoint good generals, quell the frontier war as soon as possible, so that the country can be peaceful and the people can live a stable life.
Liangzhou Ci
Wang Han of the Tang Dynasty
A luminous cup of grape wine. If you want to drink pipa, you will be reminded immediately.
Don’t laugh when you are lying drunk on the battlefield. How many people have fought in ancient times?
Appreciation
The poem is a famous song about the cold borderland. The whole poem is about a feast in the harsh and desolate frontier fortress, describing the scene where the soldiers drank happily and got drunk to their heart's content. The first sentence uses colorful and beautiful words, and the tone is clearer and more pleasant, showing the luxurious style of the feast; the second sentence uses the word "want to drink" to further describe the lively scene, and the banquet is added with music to deliberately exaggerate the atmosphere.
Three or four sentences are extremely written about inviting people to consider and encourage each other to drink, to enjoy themselves, to be happy and forget their worries, and to be bold and open-minded. Regarding these two sentences, a retired scholar from Hengtang commented: "The broad-minded speech makes me feel doubly sad." Commentators have always thought it was sad and sentimental, and they hated war. Shi Buhua's "Poetry of Xian Maid" written by Shi Buhua in the Qing Dynasty commented: "If you write sad words, it will be easy to read, but if you write humorous words, it will be wonderful to read. It is up to the scholar to understand." Judging from the content, there are no words that dislike the military career, and there is no meaning of lamenting the loss of life. , it is hard to criticize the pain, it is sad and sentimental, it seems reluctant. Shi Buhua's words have depth. It has been famous throughout the ages, and has been widely discussed. Different people have different opinions, and scholars can enlighten themselves.
The harsh and desolate environment of the frontier and the tense and turbulent military life made it difficult for the frontier soldiers to have a joyful banquet. I was lucky enough to encounter him once. It is not difficult to imagine the excitement and excitement, the scene of drinking and getting drunk. This poem is a portrayal of this kind of life and feelings. The wine in the poem is the grape wine abundant in the Western Regions; the cup is said to be a wine cup made of white jade in Xihu during the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty. It is like "bright night light", so it is called "luminous cup"; the musical instrument is used by the Hu people pipa; there are also words such as "battlefield" and "battle". All this shows a strong border color and flavor of military camp life.
With passionate writing, sonorous and exciting tones, and dazzling words, the poet settled on the first sentence of this opening chapter - "Luminous cup of grape wine", as if the curtain suddenly opened, In front of people's eyes is a grand banquet that is colorful, dazzling, and full of wine. This scene surprises and excites people, creating an atmosphere and setting the tone for the lyrical tone of the poem. The word "want to drink" at the beginning of the second sentence exaggerates the extraordinary alluring charm of this feast of wine and food, and shows the bold and cheerful character of the soldiers. Just when everyone was "wanting to drink", the band played the pipa and the banquet began. The rapid and cheerful melody seemed to urge the soldiers to raise their glasses and drink, making the already warm atmosphere suddenly boil. This poem changes the customary syllables of the seven-character sentence and adopts the syntax of two up and five down, which further enhances its appeal. The word "urge" here, some people say, means to urge departure, which seems difficult to connect with the following. Some people interpret it as: no matter how much you urge, you should still drink as usual. This is also not in line with the heroic and cheerful mental state of the soldiers. The word "horse" often reminds people of "set off". In fact, among the barbarians in the Western Regions, the pipa was originally played on horseback. "The pipa will be heard soon" is intended to exaggerate a scene of joyful feasting.
The third and fourth lines of the poem are about drinking and drinking at the banquet. In the past, some people thought that these two sentences were "a broad-minded statement that made people feel sad". Others said: "I pretended to talk about drinking heavily, but I was extremely sad." Although the words are different, they are all inseparable from the word "sad". Later, words such as gloomy, sad, sentimental, anti-war, etc. were used to summarize the thoughts and feelings of this poem, based on three or four sentences, especially the last sentence. "How many people have fought in ancient times" is obviously an exaggeration. Shi Buhua in the Qing Dynasty said these two lines of poetry: "If you make a sad statement, it will be easy to read, if you make a joke, it will be wonderful to read. It is up to the scholar to understand." ("Xian Maid's Poems") This sentence is quite inspiring to us. Why is it that "sad words are easy to read"? Because it is not advocating the horror of war, nor is it expressing distaste for military life, nor is it lamenting the loss of life. Let's go back and look at the scene of the banquet: Listening to the cheerful and exciting sound of pipa, the soldiers were really in high spirits. After a while of drinking, the soldiers became slightly tipsy. Maybe someone wanted to put the cup away. At this time, someone in the audience shouted: What are you afraid of? Just get drunk. Even if you are lying drunk on the battlefield, please don't laugh. "How many people have fought in ancient times?" Aren't we already ignoring life and death? Already? It can be seen that these three and four sentences are just words to persuade people to drink during the banquet, and they are not sad. Although they are a bit "joking", they also find the most "reasons" for getting drunk with the most environmental and character characteristics. ". "Lying drunk on the battlefield" not only shows bold, cheerful and excited feelings, but also the courage to face death, which is consistent with the warm atmosphere displayed by the luxurious banquet. This is a joyful feast, and the scene and artistic conception are definitely not just one or two people drinking and drinking to drown their sorrows. The emotions reflected in its bright language and ups and downs of rhythm are unrestrained and fanatical; it gives people an artistic charm of excitement and yearning, which is the characteristic of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This poem has been recited by people for thousands of years.
Marrying the Army
Wang Changling·Tang
Qinghai is covered with long clouds and dark snow-capped mountains, and the lonely city looks out at Yumen Pass.
The yellow sand will wear the golden armor in a hundred battles, and the Loulan will never be returned until it is broken.
Appreciation of the work:
"The long clouds in Qinghai darken the snow-capped mountains, and the lonely city looks at Yumen Pass in the distance." The sky above Qinghai Lake is filled with long clouds; to the north of the lake, there are faint snow-capped mountains that stretch for thousands of miles; beyond the snow-capped mountains, there is an isolated city standing in the desert of the Hexi Corridor; further to the west, there is the military fortress - Yumen Pass, which is far opposite to the isolated city. . This long scroll, which covers a vast area thousands of miles from east to west, is the typical environment in which soldiers guarding the border in the northwest lived and fought at that time. It is a bird's eye view and a summary of the entire northwest frontier.
Why are Qinghai and Yumen Pass mentioned in particular? This is related to the war situation between ethnic groups at that time. The powerful enemies in the west and north of the Tang Dynasty were Tibet and Turks. The mission of the Hexi Jiedushi is to cut off the communication between Tibet and Turks. One town takes care of the two powerful enemies in the west and the north. It is mainly to defend Tibet and protect the Hexi Corridor.
The "Qinghai" area was the site of many battles between the Tubo and Tang armies; and outside the "Yumen Pass" was the sphere of influence of the Turks.
So these two sentences not only describe the scene of the entire northwest frontier, but also point out the extremely important geographical situation of the "isolated city" rejecting the Tubo in the south and defending the Turks in the west. The strong enemies in these two directions are exactly what the soldiers guarding the "isolated city" are concerned about, so it is appropriate for Qinghai and Yuguan to appear on the screen. Rather than saying that this is what the soldiers saw, it is better to say that this is the picture that emerged in the minds of the soldiers. These two sentences convey rich and complex emotions while describing the scene: the border guards' concern for the border defense situation, their pride and sense of responsibility for their tasks, as well as the loneliness and hardship of the border guard life, are all integrated into a tragic, open and beautiful poem. In the misty and dim scenery.
In the third and fourth sentences, the description of the environment where the scene blends is transformed into a direct lyrical one. "The yellow sand wears golden armor in a hundred battles" is a poem with strong summary power. The long time of guarding the border, the frequency of battles, the arduousness of the battles, the strength of the enemy troops, and the desolation of the border areas are all summarized in these seven words. "Hundred Wars" is relatively abstract. The word "yellow sand" highlights the characteristics of the northwest battlefield, making people think of the scene of "the ancient battlefield of clouds and sand at dusk"; "Hundred Wars" means "wearing golden armor" ", we can even imagine how hard and fierce the battle was, and we can also imagine that there were a series of heroic sacrifices in the style of "white bones covering the grass" during this long period of time. However, even though the golden armor was worn out, the soldiers' ambition to serve the country did not fade away. Instead, they became more determined in the wind and sand of the desert.
"If Loulan is not destroyed, it will never be returned" is the heroic oath of the soldiers who have experienced hundreds of battles. The more difficult and frequent the battles are in the previous sentence, the more sonorous and powerful this sentence becomes. The first two or two sentences have a broad realm, tragic feelings, and rich implications; between the third and fourth sentences, there is obviously a turning point, and the two sentences form a sharp contrast. Although the "yellow sand" sentence describes the hardships of war, the actual feeling of the entire image is majestic and powerful, rather than low and sad.
Therefore, the last sentence is not a sigh of relief that there will be no day to return home, but a firmer and deeper vow based on a deep awareness of the hardship and long-term nature of the war. This is an important part of the excellent frontier fortress poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The ideological characteristic of the novel is that while describing the heroic ambitions of the border guards, it does not avoid the hardships of war. This article is an obvious example. It can be said that the lyricism of three to four or two sentences, which is not empty and superficial, is exactly what is needed to describe the environment in one or two sentences, which is rich in details. The high degree of unity between the typical environment and the characters' emotions is a prominent advantage of Wang Changling's quatrains, which is also clearly reflected in this article. The whole poem shows the grand ambition of the soldiers stationed at the border.